符合独立五元环规则的C100(417)Cl28形成机理的密度泛函理论研究

实验上捕获到C₁₀₀(417)Cl₂₈,但其形成机理仍不清楚。本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了生成C₁₀₀(417)Cl₂₈的反应机理,考虑了可能的经Stone-Wales (SW)转化、直接氯化和来自于骨架转变等反应路径。结果表明：C₁₀₀(417)Cl₂₈形成的最主要来源是通过C₁₀₂(603)骨架转变,即经历氯化、C₂失去和SW转变而来。该结果能很好解释实验结果,对富勒烯氯化物的合成提供了理论依据。     

内嵌金属碳氮化物团簇富勒烯的稳定性与生成机理

对新结构富勒烯金属包合物的探索是富勒烯领域中的研究重点。本文从内嵌团簇与富勒烯碳笼尺寸匹配的角度出发,对基于金属碳氮化物团簇的新结构富勒烯金属包合物进行了研究。通过量子化学计算研究了M_3NC团簇(M=Y,La,Gd)内嵌在D_2(186)-C_(96)和D_2(35)-C_(88)分子中所形成包合物的稳定性和电子结构,发现富勒烯碳笼接受内嵌团簇转移的六个电子形成了稳定结构。结合文献已报道过的Sc_3NC@I_h(7)-C_(80)分子,阐明了M_3NC团簇与富勒烯碳笼之间的尺寸匹配效应,并发现D_2(186)-C_(96)、D_2(35)-C_(88)和I_h(7)-C_(80)三种富勒烯碳笼均具有五元环均匀分布的结构特点。我们对富勒烯之间的转变路径进行了研究,提出了不含Stone-Wales异构化过程的富勒烯直接生成机理,即可以通过增加碳原子的过程使五元环重排,在保持稳定性结构单元的同时转变为更大碳笼。     

NH_4Cl焙烧氯化Pr_2O_3及其动力学研究

研究了NH_4Cl(s)焙烧氯化Pr_2O_3(s)制备PrCl_3(s)的热力学可行性、反应过程、适宜条件和动力学.结果表明:NH_4Cl(s)焙烧氯化Pr_2O_3(s)制备PrCl_3(s)在热力学上是可行的;氯化反应的过程为NH_4Cl(s)先与Pr_2O_3(s)生成2NH_4Cl·PrCl_3(s),然后NH_4Cl·PrCl_3(s)渐渐分解为PrCl_3(s);氯化反应的起始温度为457.35 K,497 K时反应进行完全;T≥643 K时PrCl_3(s)开始水解为Pr OCl(s);氯化焙烧温度理论上应控制在T≤643 K.制备PrCl_3(s)的适宜条件为n(NH_4Cl)∶n(Pr_2O_3)=12∶1、T=(623±10)K和t=40 min,氯化率为100%;氯化反应动力学符合Bagdasarrym模型,反应进度遵从Erofeev方程,氯化反应的表观活化能48.246 k J·mol~(-1),频率因子A_0为2.28×10~3,反应过程限制环节是界面化学反应控制.     

AlCl歧化反应分解法制备金属铝过程中[AlCl]_n的形成机理

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的广义梯度近似(GGA)法,对氧化铝真空还原氯化歧化法制备金属铝的过程中[AlCl]n(n=1-10)团簇的稳定结构、能量和团簇形成过程的过渡态及其振动频率进行了理论研究,预测了其基态结构及成长趋势.结果表明:[AlCl]n(n=1-10)团簇可能存在的结构都是以[Al]n骨架外接n个Cl原子成型,且具有较好的几何对称性;从过渡态计算得到的活化能来看,正过程的活化能总是比逆过程的活化能要小,即[AlCl]n(n=1-10)团簇具有较好的成长趋势.以上研究结果有助于进一步了解用碳热还原氯化歧化法制备金属铝过程中液态金属铝的生成.     

Be在富勒烯C74笼内稳定位置的理论研究

为了研究富勒烯金属包合物Be@C74的结构和电子性质,本文采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法优化了Be@C74的结构,计算了它的势能面、LUMO-HOMO、电子亲和势、电子化能以及Mulliken集居数。结果表明:Be原子位于C74笼中心并且近似保持基态的电子构型;Be原子和C74笼之间是相互排斥作用;Be原子包入C74笼中心后,C74笼只有微小的变形;包合物Be@C74笼的给予和得到电力的能力与C74空笼几乎不变;Be与C74笼之间只有微小的杂化。     

单分子水对CH_2SH+NO_2反应机理影响的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p)水平下对单分子水参与下的CH_2SH+NO_2反应的微观机理进行了研究.为了获得更准确的能量信息,采用HL复合方法和CCSD(T)/aug-ccpvtz方法进行单点能校正.结果表明,加入单分子水后的CH_2SH+NO_2反应体系,共经过10条不同的反应路径,得到6种反应产物.与裸反应(CH_2SH+NO_2)相比,水分子在反应中起到了明显的正催化作用.不仅使生成产物trans-HONO的能垒(-52.84kJ·mol~(-1))降低了176.94kJ·mol~(-1),而且不需经过复杂的重排和异构化过程便可得到产物cis-HONO.在生成产物cis-HONO通道(Path3和Path4)中,活化能垒分别为143.65和126.70kJ·mol~(-1),而其裸反应的活化能垒却高达238.34kJ·mol~(-1).生成HNO_2的通道中(Path5和Path6)活化能垒分别为295.23和-42.19kJ·mol~(-1).其中Path6的无势垒过程使HNO_2也成为该反应的主要产物.另外,单分子水还可通过氢迁移的方式直接参与CH_2SH+NO_2的反应,活化能垒(TS7-TS10)分别为-10.62,151.03,186.22和155.10kJ·mol~(-1).除直接抽氢通道中的(Path8-Path10)外,其余反应通道均为放热反应,在热力学上是可行的.     

Sm金属富勒烯的高效提取和电化学性质研究

在金属富勒烯 [1]的形成过程中 ,存在从金属到碳笼的电子转移 .La系金属富勒烯中 ,金属原子转移 2或 3个电子给碳笼形成 + 2或 + 3价的金属离子和带有大量负电荷的碳笼 .尽管如此 ,金属富勒烯仍具有良好的接受电子的能力 [2 ,3] .大多数的 La系金属富勒烯 ( Y,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,L u)的电化学方法研究表明 ,它们可以接受 5到 6个电子 ,但是 ,Sm的金属富勒烯的氧化还原性质尚未见报道 ,其主要原因是 Sm金属富勒烯的合成产率低 ,仅是 La金属富勒烯的 7% ,从而使得其分离非常困难 ,需要通过多步 HPLC循环才能得到 [4 ,5] ,高…     

离子液体[C2mim][GaCl4]的溶解热研究

在干燥氩气氛下, 用等摩尔的高纯无水GaCl3和[C2mim][Cl](氯化1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑)直接搅拌混合, 制备了淡黄色透明的的离子液体[C2mim][GaCl4] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorogallate) . 在298.15 K下, 利用具有恒温环境的溶解反应热量计, 测定了这种离子液体的不同浓度摩尔溶解焓 . 针对[C2mim][GaCl4]溶解于水后即分解的特点, 在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上, 提出了确定这种离子液体标准摩尔溶解焓的新方法, 得到了[C2mim][GaCl4]在水中的标准摩尔溶解焓, ＝－132 kJ•mol－1, 以及Pitzer焓参数组合: ＝－0.1373076和 ＝0.3484209. 借助热力学循环和Glasser离子液体晶格能理论, 用Ga3＋, Cl－和[C2mim]—的离子水化焓数据以及本文得到的[C2mim][GaCl4]标准摩尔溶解焓, 估算了配离子4Cl－(g)解离成Ga3＋(g)和4Cl－(g)的解离焓ΔHdis([GaCl4]-)≈5855 kJ•mol－1. 这个结果揭示了离子液体[C2mim][GaCl4]的标准摩尔溶解焓绝对值并不很大的原因, 即是很大的离子水化焓被很大的[GaCl4]－(g)的解离焓相互抵消了.     

富勒烯合成化学研究进展

富勒烯是一类由12个五元环和若干六元环组成的笼状分子, 自20世纪80年代中期被发现以来就以其独特的结构和新奇的性质而成为科学界研究的热点, 25年来, 无论在基础研究还是在实际应用领域都有了长足的进步, 人们在发展富勒烯合成新方法和寻找富勒烯新结构方面做了大量的工作。本文对富勒烯的各种宏量合成方法进行了回顾, 并概述了迄今已发表的60余种富勒烯新结构,包括各种富勒烯空笼、内嵌富勒烯、富勒烯笼外修饰衍生物及氮杂富勒烯等结构。     

非对称反铂抗癌药物反-异丙胺·间羟甲基吡啶·二氯铂水解机理的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论PBE1PBE方法及CPCM模型计算具有空间位阻的非对称反铂抗癌药反-异丙胺·间羟甲基吡啶·二氯铂的水解反应机理.结果表明,由于空间效应,水分子从垂直于Pt平面四边形配位的方向进攻,其水解反应为水的H,O原子分别与Cl,Pt原子形成平面四边形结构的协同作用结果,Pt的5d电子和Cl的3p电子分别向水的H—O反键轨道离域,O的孤对电子向Pt的价层空轨道或Pt—Cl反键轨道离域,速率决定步骤经过一个近似三角双锥的过渡态完成.随着反应的进行,离域效应增强,Pt与O作用增强,而Pt—Cl键减弱.溶剂化效应使两步水解反应的各反应物、生成物和过渡态的能量较气相时低63.6～386.3kJ/mol,单点能垒较气相反应低约17.1～36.2kJ/mol.从空间位阻较小的异丙基相反方向进攻的反应通道更易进行,其中1B和2B通道活化焓(分别为79.7和87.8kJ/mol)最小,是第一、二步水解反应的主要通道.第二步水解活化能垒远高于顺铂,两步水解活化能垒均高于对称的反铂trans-[PtCl2(i-pra)2].     

Electroactive Polymerization Behaviors of Fused-Pentagon Chlorofullerenes: <Superscript>#1809</Superscript>C<Subscript>60</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>8</Subscript> and <Superscript>#271</Superscript>C<Subscript>50</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>10</Subscript>

The fullerenes that violate isolated pentagon rule (IPR) have unusual electronic properties resulting from their fused-pentagon structures. Numerous non-IPR fullerenes have now been captured by chlorination, affording opportunity to go insight into the properties involved in non-IPR fullerenes in the forms of chlorofullerenes (CFs). Here cyclic voltammetry (CV) is employed to probe the electrochemical properties of non-IPR ^#1809C₆₀Cl₈ in comparison with those of ^#271C₅₀Cl₁₀. Differing from IPR-satisfying CFs such as C₆₀Cl₈ and C₆₀Cl₁₀ (referring to I _h-symmetric C₆₀), the two non-IPR CFs exhibit divergent electroactive polymerization characters. In addition, the electrocatalytic effect of ferrocene that is otherwise employed as internal reference has been shown in the CV process of CFs.     

Capturing the Most‐Stable C56 Fullerene Cage by In Situ Chlorination

The most‐stable ^#916C₅₆ carbon cage has been captured by in situ chlorination during the radio frequency furnace process. The resulting exohedral ^#916C₅₆Cl₁₂ was separated and unambiguously characterized by single crystal X‐ray structure determination. The discovery of ^#916C₅₆ provides evidence for a thermodynamically controlled mechanism of fullerene formation, and on the other hand shows that the in situ chlorination does not remarkably influence the fullerene formation itself but just results in the capture of preformed cages. A detailed analysis of the chlorination pattern of ^#916C₅₆Cl₁₂ reveals the main factors controlling the reactivity of non‐IPR fullerenes. A high degree of aromatization was observed in the remaining π‐system by considering geometric criteria and nucleus‐independent chemical‐shift analysis (NICS). Along with the well‐known stabilization of pentagon pentagon junctions during chlorination, the formation of aromatic islands plays an important role in the stabilization of the fullerene cage and also in the determination of the chlorination pattern. Based on these empirical rules, the preferable addition patterns for non‐IPR fullerene cages can be easily predicted.     

Chlorination‐promoted Transformation of Isolated Pentagon Rule C78 into Fused‐pentagons‐ and Heptagons‐containing Fullerenes

Cage transformations in fullerenes are rare phenomena which are still not fully understood. We report the first skeletal transformation of an Isolated‐Pentagon‐Rule (IPR) isomer of C₇₈ fullerene upon high‐temperature chlorination which proceeds by six‐step Stone–Wales rearrangements affording non‐IPR, non‐classical (NC ) C₇₈(NC 2)Cl₂₄ with two cage heptagons, six pairs of fused pentagons, and an unprecedented loop‐like chlorination pattern. The following loss of a C₂ unit results in C₇₆(NC 3)Cl₂₄ containing three cage heptagons.     

Fused-Pentagon Isomers of C60 Fullerene Isolated as Chloro and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives

The carbon cage of buckminsterfullerene I_h-C₆₀, which obeys the Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR), can be transformed to non-IPR cages in the course of high-temperature chlorination of C₆₀ or C₆₀Cl₃₀ with SbCl₅. The non-IPR chloro derivatives were isolated chromatographically (HPLC) and characterized crystallographically as ¹⁸⁰⁹C₆₀Cl₁₆, ¹⁸¹⁰C₆₀Cl₂₄, and ¹⁸⁰⁵C₆₀Cl₂₄, which contain, respectively two, four, and four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. High-temperature trifluoromethylation of the chlorination products with CF₃I afforded a non-IPR CF₃ derivative, ¹⁸⁰⁷C₆₀(CF₃)₁₂, which contains four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. Addition patterns of non-IPR chloro and CF₃ derivatives were compared and discussed in terms of the formation of stabilizing local substructures on fullerene cages. A detailed scheme of the experimentally confirmed non-IPR C₆₀ isomers obtained by Stone–Wales cage transformations is presented.     

Synthesis of Long‐Sought C66 with Exohedral Stabilization

Previously reported fused‐pentagon fullerenes stabilized by exohedral derivatization do not share the same cage with those stabilized by endohedral encapsulation. Herein we report the crystallographic identification of ^#4348C₆₆Cl₁₀, which has the same cage as that of previously reported Sc₂@C₆₆. According to the geometrical data of ^#4348C₆₆Cl₁₀, both strain relief (at the fused pentagons) and local aromaticity (on the remaining sp²‐hybrided carbon framework) contribute to the exohedral stabilization of this long‐sought 66 carbon atom cage.     

Capturing the Antiaromatic #6094C68 Carbon Cage in the Radio‐Frequency Furnace

Although all fullerenes do not satisfy the classical aromaticity condition, as a result of their nonplanar nature, they experience effective stabilization due to extensive cyclic π‐electron delocalization and exhibit pronounced “spherical aromaticity”. This feature has raised the question of the opposite phenomenon, that is, the existence of antiaromatic carbon cages. Here the first experimental evidence of the existence of antiaromatic fullerenes is reported. The elusive ^#6094C₆₈ was effectively captured as C₆₈Cl₈ by in situ chlorination in the gas phase during radio‐frequency synthesis. The chlorinated cage was separated by means of multistage HPLC, and its connectivity unambiguously determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Halogen‐stripped pristine ^#6094C₆₈ was monitored by mass spectrometry of the chlorinated C₆₈Cl₈ cage. Quantum chemical calculations reveal the highly antiaromatic character of ^#6094C₆₈, in accordance with all geometric, energetic, and magnetic criteria of aromaticity. Chlorine addition leads to substantial stabilization of the cage owing to aromatization in the resulting C₆₈Cl₈, which explains its high abundance in the primary fullerene soot. This work provides new insights into the process of fullerene formation and better understanding of aromaticity phenomena in general.     

Two Successive C2 Losses from C86 Fullerene upon Chlorination with the Formation of Non‐classical C84Cl30 and C82Cl30

High‐temperature chlorination of a fullerene C₈₆ with VCl₄ afforded non‐classical C₈₄Cl₃₀ and C₈₂Cl₃₀ containing one and two heptagons, respectively, in the carbon cages. Two types of C₂ losses, which differ in the final arrangements of separate or fused pentagons, can occur successively in either order, producing rather flat or concave regions on the shrinked carbon cage. In the chlorination‐promoted skeletal transformation of C₈₆ (isomer no. 16) with the loss(es) of C₂ units, the structures of the starting, intermediate, and final compounds were all revealed unambiguously by X‐ray single crystal diffraction.     

Chlorination of Two Isomers of C86 Fullerene: Molecular Structures of C86(16)Cl16, C86(17)Cl18, C86(17)Cl20, and C86(17)Cl22

Chlorination of a mixture of C₈₆ isomers no. 16 (C_s) and no. 17 (C₂) with VCl₄ or a (TiCl₄+Br₂) mixture afforded crystalline chlorides with 16 to 22 Cl atoms per fullerene cage. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction with the use of synchrotron radiation enabled us to determine the chlorination patterns of C₈₆(16)Cl₁₆, C₈₆(17)Cl₁₈, C₈₆(17)Cl₂₀, and C₈₆(17)Cl₂₂. At these degrees of chlorination, addition patterns of C₈₆(16) and C₈₆(17) chlorides have some features in common, owing to the close similarity in the cage structures of both isomers. The average energy of C?Cl bonds decreases with increasing number of attached Cl atoms.     

New Isolated‐Pentagon‐Rule and Skeletally Transformed Isomers of C100 Fullerene Identified by Structure Elucidation of their Chloro Derivatives

High‐temperature chlorination of C₁₀₀ fullerene followed by X‐ray structure determination of the chloro derivatives enabled the identification of three isomers of C₁₀₀ from the fullerene soot, specifically numbers 18, 425, and 417, which obey the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). Among them, isomers C₁‐C₁₀₀(425) and C₂‐C₁₀₀(18) afforded C₁‐C₁₀₀(425)Cl₂₂ and C₂‐C₁₀₀(18)Cl_28/30 compounds, respectively, which retain their IPR cage connectivities. In contrast, isomer C_2v‐C₁₀₀(417) gives C_s‐C₁₀₀(417)Cl₂₈ which undergoes a skeletal transformation by the loss of a C₂ fragment, resulting in the formation of a nonclassical (NC) C₁‐C₉₈(NC)Cl₂₆ with a heptagon in the carbon cage. Most probably, two nonclassical C₁‐C₁₀₀(NC)Cl_18/22 chloro derivatives originate from the IPR isomer C₁‐C₁₀₀(382), although both C₁‐C₁₀₀(344) and even nonclassical C₁‐C₁₀₀(NC) can be also considered as the starting isomers.     

Die struktur des dreikernigen hexamethylbenzolniob-komplexes [(Me6C6)3Nb3Cl6]+ Cl- · 3 CHCl3

Well developed crystals of [(Me₆C₆)₃Nb₃Cl₆]⁺ Cl^? · 3 CHCl₃ can be obtained from a solution of [(Me₆C₆)₃Nb₃Cl₆] Cl in CHCl₃ (monoclinic, P2₁/c, a 11.850(3), b 15.906(6), c 28.529(8) Å, β 98.14(3)°, Z  4). An X-ray structure determination shows the structure of the complex cation to be highly symmetric (non-crystallographic D_3h symmetry) and to agree within narrow limits with the known structure of the corresponding 2+ cation. Important distances are: NbNb 3.347(4) and NbCl 2.504(2) Å. The C₆ rings of the hexamethylbenzene rings are not planar. The average folding angle of the C₆ groups is 156.6°. In the crystal the Cl^? anion is bonded by weak H-bridges to three CHCl₃ molecules.