F原子与瞬态自由基CH_2SH反应的理论研究

用量子化学从头算和密度泛函理论（DFT）对F原子与自由基CH_2SH在势能面上 的反应进行了研究。在B3LYP/6-311G水平上计算出了各物种的优化构型、振动频率 和零点振动能(ZPVE);各物种的总能量由B3LYP/6-311 + G(2df, pd)//B3LYP/6- 311G计算,另外对反应物和产物还计算了其G3能量。结果表明：首先F通过与C或S 结合的两种途径与CH_2SH相配位,再通过H（4）原子转移形成甲基,然后甲基再旋 转,甲基中H（4）原子最终与F结合,反应产物为HF和CH_2S。反应为放热反应,分 别为ΔH_r = -370.7 kJ/mol (DFT)和-396.94 kJ/mol (G3)。此外依据计算出的反 应热,可得自由基·CH_2SH的生成热Δ_fH°_(298.15) = 146.44 kJ/mol (DFT), 而Δ_fH°_0 = 167.36 kJ/mol (G3)。它们与以前的实验和理论值是一致的。     

果糖催化合成四氢苯并[b]吡喃衍生物:动力学和机理研究(英文)

Fructose was used as an efficient catalyst for three-component condensation reactions of aryl aldehydes,malononitrile,and dimedone in a mixture of EtOH and H_2O as green solvents.The advantages of this method are a short reaction time,high yields,low cost,easy accesses,and simple work-up.The mechanism of the synthesis of a derivative of 4H-tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran was clarified using spectroscopic kinetic methods.The activation energy(Ea=65.34 kJ/mol)and related kinetic parameters(ΔG=69.14 kJ/mol,ΔS=20.99 J/(mol·K),andΔH=62.89 kJ/mol)were calculated,based on the effects of temperature,concentration,and solvent.The first step in the proposed mechanism was identified as the rate-determining step(k1),based on the steady-state approximation.     

双核铕-苯甲酸-邻菲咯啉三元络合物非等温热分解动力学研究

采用TG-DTG和DTA技术研究了Eu2(BA)6(PHEN)2 (BA苯甲酸根离子;PHEN1,10-邻菲咯啉)在静态空气中的热分解过程,根据TG曲线确定了热分解过程中的中间产物及最终产物,运用Acher法、Madhusudanan-Krishnan-Ninan (MKN)法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法对非等温动力学数据进行分析,推断出第一步热分解反应的动力学方程为dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α)2, 第一步热分解反应的活化能为135 kJ/mol, 活化自由能ΔG为149 kJ/mol, 活化焓ΔH为129 kJ/mol, 活化熵ΔS为-33 J/(mol·k), 同时用等温TG法得到失重10%为寿终指标的寿命方程为lnτ=-22.66+1.646×104/T.     

三重态类硅烯HB＝SiLiF的结构及其与R—H(R=F,OH,NH_2)的插入反应

用密度泛函理论(DFT)和二次组态相互作用(QCISD)方法研究了三重态类硅烯HB=SiLiF的结构及其与RH(R=F,OH,NH2)的插入反应.计算结果表明,类硅烯HB=SiLiF有三种平衡构型,其中四元环构型能量最低,是其存在的主要构型.HB=SiLiF与HF,H2O和NH3发生插入反应的机理相同.QCISD/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)计算的三个反应的势垒分别为124.85,140.67和148.16kJ·mol-1,反应热分别为-2.22,20.08和23.22kJ·mol-1.相同条件下发生插入反应时,反应活性都是H—FH—OHH—NH2.     

气液色谱法研究双-(O,O′-二正辛基二硫代磷酸酯)合镍(Ⅱ)与伯醇加合反应的热力学性质

本文用气液色谱法研究了 Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与 C_1—C_4伯醇加合反应的热力学性质.测定了317—353K 范围内加合反应的平衡常数,用作图法求得反应的ΔH和ΔS.ΔH、ΔS 与伯醇的碳原子数之间呈线性关系:-ΔH=11.8+4.57X (kJ/mol)-ΔS=30.6+16.4X (J/mol·K)用静电作用模型描述了加合物成键的实质.加合反应的平衡常数可以用经验公式描述:lgK=-1.601-0.8572X+(619.1-237.8X)/T     

D152树脂对铜(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

The sorption behavior and mechanism of D152 resin for Cu~(2+) is investigated.D152 resin has a good adsorptivity for Cu~(2+) in the HAc-NaAc medium at pH=4.73.The statically saturated sorption capacity is 309mg/g·(resin).Cu~(2+)adsorbed on D152 resin can be eluted quantitatively by using 0.1-2.0mol/L hydrochloric acid as an eluant.The apparent rate constant and activation energy are k_(298)=1.86×10~(-5) sec~(-1) and Ea=12.3kJ/mol.The sorption behavior of D152 resin for Cu~(2+) obeys the Freundlich isotherm.The sorption thermodynamic parameters of D152 resin for Cu~(2+)are enthalpy change ΔH=14.6 kJ/mol,free energy change ΔG=-0.72kJ/mol,entropy change ΔS=51.4J/(mol·K).respectively.     

三氯醋酸钕与8-羟基喹啉配合物的热化学研究

用溶解量热法 ,在自行研制的具有恒定温度环境的新型反应量热计中 ,测定了NdCl3·6H2 O(s)、CCl3COOH(s)和Nd(TCA) 3·3H2 O(s)在1mol/LHCl中的溶解焓。再根据盖斯定律设计了一个热化学循环 ,计算得到了六水合氯化钕与三氯醋酸反应的反应焓ΔrHmθ(2 98.15K) =2 0 1.688kJ/mol,并求出了Nd(TCA) 3·3H2 O(s)的标准生成焓ΔfHmθ[Nd(TCA) 3·3H2 O ,s ,2 98.15K ] =-3 0 5 3 .3kJ/mol。同时测定了Nd(TCA) 3·3H2 O(s) ,C9H7NO(s) ,Nd(TCA) (C9H6 NO) 2 (s)和CCl3COOH(s)在 4mol/LHCl、二甲亚砜和无水乙醇混合溶剂中的溶解焓 ,再根据盖斯定律设计了一个热化学循环 ,计算得到了三氯醋酸钕与 8 羟基喹啉反应的反应焓ΔrHmθ(2 98.15K) =-3 .2 2 6kJ/mol,并求出了Nd(TCA) (C9H6 NO) 2 (s)的标准生成焓ΔfHmθ[Nd(TCA) (C9H6 NO) 2 ,s ,2 98.15K] =-13 5 5 .6kJ/mol。     

Thermochemical Properties and Decomposition Kinetics of Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate Monohydrate

Ammonium magnesium phosphate monohydrate NH4MgPO4·H2O was prepared via solid state reaction at room temperature and characterized by XRD, FT-IR and SEM. Thermochemical study was performed by an isoperibol solution calorimeter, non-isothermal measurement was used in a multivariate non-linear regression analysis to determine the kinetic reaction parameters. The results show that the molar enthalpy of reaction above is （28.795 ± 0.182） kJ/mol （298.15 K）, and the standard molar enthalpy of formation of the title complex is （-2185.43 ± 13.80） kJ/mol （298.15 K）. Kinetics analysis shows that the second decomposition of NH4MgPO4·H2O acts as a double-step reaction： an nth-order reaction （Fn） with n=4.28, E1=147.35 kJ/mol, A1=3.63×10^13 s^-1 is followed by a second-order reaction （F2） with E2=212.71 kJ/mol, A2= 1.82 × 10^18 s^-1.     

三聚磷酸二氢铝吸附Cd~(2+)的动力学研究

采用动态吸附法研究三聚磷酸二氢铝吸附镉离子的动力学行为并进行吸附活化状态热力学参数分析。结果表明,当三聚磷酸二氢铝粒径小于150μm、搅拌器转速大于200r/min、Cd2+的初始浓度为500mg/L时,三聚磷酸二氢铝对镉离子的化学吸附符合二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率常数k与温度T之间的关系符合Arrhenius方程式,吸附的活化能为Ea=27.93kJ/mol,吸附的频率因子A=65.33L/mg·min,ln(k/T)与1/T之间的关系符合Eyring公式,其活化焓ΔH=25.44kJ/mol,活化熵ΔS=-218.54J/mol·K。     

高效液相色谱法测定金属配合物｛Fe［3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪］3｝2+两种几何异构体的动力学转变

通过高效液相色谱法研究了3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪(PDT)和Fe(Ⅱ)的配合物［Fe(PDT)3］2+的面式和经式两种几何异构体之间的动力学平衡过程。结果表明:不同温度(30,35,40,45 ℃)下,两种几何异构体含量(x)之间的相互转变均符合动力学一级反应,其xeln［(xe-x0)/(xe-x)］值和反应时间t(min)之间的关系分别为:xeln［(xe-x0)/(xe-x)］=0.082t+0.729 (r2=0.9911,T=45 ℃),xeln［(xe-x0)/(xe-x)］=0.049t+0.598 (r2=0.9987,T=40 ℃),xeln［(xe-x0)/(xe-x)］=0.022t+0.586 (r2=0.9987,T=35 ℃),xeln［(xe-x0)/(xe-x)］=0.012t+0.591(r2=0.9988,T=30 ℃)。两种异构体之间的动力学相互转变过程中的活化焓(ΔH)、活化熵(ΔS)和活化能(ΔEa)分别为:ΔH=103.84 kJ·mol-1,ΔS=271.93 J·mol-1·K-1,ΔEa=86.74 kJ·mol-1 (面式异构体向经式异构体转变);ΔH=106.47 kJ·mol-1,ΔS=257.65 J·mol-1·K-1,ΔEa=94.43 kJ·mol-1 (经式异构体向面式异构体转变)。     

Enhancement of the recollision rate in diffusion-influenced reactions in an inhomogeneous medium

Brownian dynamics simulations were performed to determine the first collision and recollision rates of spherical reagent particles in a reaction medium made heterogeneous by the presence of randomly located inert spherical obstacles in a continuum solvent. The recollision rate vp (and hence the overall reactive collision rate when activation energy is high) was always enhanced by the presence of obstacles, the degree of enhancement increasing with the volume fraction occupied by obstacles (phi) and with decreasing reagent concentration phiR. Enhancement increased with obstacle size at high phiR, and fell with increasing obstacle size at low phiR. The vp-phiR data follow a power law, where the scaling factor betap decreased with decreasing obstacle size and increasing phi, and the prefactor kp initially increased with phi and then fell (except for large obstacles). The behavior of betap appears to be largely due to the obstacles reducing the probability that reagent particles escape from each other after collision, while the dominant factors responsible for the behavior of kp appear to be initially the effect of obstacles in enhancing effective local reagent concentration, and then (for small obstacles), their reduction of the reagent-particle coordination number. As the energy of activation falls, the reactive collision rate becomes less influenced by the reagent recollision rate and more influenced by the rate of first collision. For low-activation-energy reactions, the presence of obstacles depresses the reactive collision rate if reagent concentration is low or if the obstacles are small and their concentration high. The fall in the reactive collision rate with decreasing activation energy is steeper, the lower the reagent concentration and the smaller the obstacles.     

State-to-state quantum dynamics of the H + HBr reaction: competition between the abstraction and exchange reactions

Quantum state-to-state dynamics for the H + HBr(υ(i) = 0, j(i) =0) reaction was studied on an accurate ab intio potential energy surface for the electronic ground state of BrH(2). Both the H + HBr → H(2) + Br abstraction reaction and the H' + HBr → H'Br + H exchange reaction were investigated up to a collision energy of 2.0 eV. It was found that the abstraction channel is dominant at lower collision energies, while the exchange channel becomes dominant at higher collision energies. The total integral cross section of the abstraction reaction at a collision energy of 1.6 eV was found to be 1.37 A?(2), which is larger than a recent quantum mechanical result (1.06 A?(2)) and still significantly smaller than the experimental value (3 ± 1 A?(2)). Meanwhile, similar to the previous theoretical study, our calculations also predicted much hotter product rotational state distributions than those from the experimental study. This suggests that further experimental investigations are highly desirable to elucidate the dynamic properties of the title reactions.     

Rotational dependence of the proton-transfer reaction HBr+ + CO2 → HOCO+ + Br. II. Comparison of HBr+ (2Π(3/2)) and HBr+ (2Π(1/2))

The effects of reactant ion rotational excitation on the exothermic proton-transfer reactions of HBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)) and DBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)), respectively, with CO(2) were studied in a guided ion beam apparatus. Cross sections are presented for collision energies in the center of mass system E(c.m.) in the range of 0.23 to 1.90 eV. The HBr(+)/DBr(+) ions were prepared in a state-selective manner by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization. The mean rotational energy was varied from 3.4 to 46.8 meV for HBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)) and from 1.8 to 40.9 meV for DBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)). Both reactions studied are inhibited by collision energy, as expected for exothermic reactions. For all collision energies considered, the cross section decreases with increasing rotational energy of the ion, but the degree of the rotational dependence differs depending on the collision energy. For E(c.m.) = 0.31 eV, the cross sections of the deuteron transfer are significantly larger than those of the proton transfer. For higher E(c.m.) they differ very little. The current results for the exothermic proton transfer are systematically compared to previously published data for the endothermic proton transfer starting from HBr(+)((2)Π(3/2)) [L. Paetow et al., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 174305 (2010)]. Additional new data regarding the latter reaction are presented to further confirm the conclusions. The dependences on rotational excitation found cannot be explained by the corresponding change in the total energy of the system. For both the endothermic and the exothermic reaction, the cross section is maximized for the smallest rotational energy, at least well above the threshold.     

Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of F2 ＋ 2HBr = 2HF ＋ Br2

1 INTRODUCTION The replacement reactions between halide and hy- drogen halide, or halide and halide are basic reac- tions in chemistry. Goldfinger et al. have speculated by experiment that the gas reaction between chlorine and hydrogen bromide might be a two-step intermo- lecular reaction[1, 2]. But gas reactions between other halides and hydrogen halides haven’t been reported experimentally so far. About theoretical investiga- tion, colinearity quantum mechanics, vibrational tran- sitio…     

Negative collision energy dependence of Br formation in the OH + HBr reaction

The reaction between HBr and OH leading to H(2)O and Br in its ground state is studied by means of a crossed molecular beam experiment for a collision energy varying from 0.05 to 0.26 eV, the initial OH being selected in the state |JOmega> = |3/2 3/2> by an electrostatic hexapole field. The reaction cross-section is found to decrease with increasing collision energy. This negative dependence suggests that there is no barrier on the potential energy surface for the formation pathway considered. The experimental results are compared with the previously reported quantum scattering calculations of Clary et al. (D. C. Clary, G. Nyman and R. Hernandez, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 101, 3704), and briefly discussed in the light of skewed potential energy surfaces associated with heavy-light-heavy type reactions.     

A new method of bromination of aromatic rings by an iso-amyl nitrite/HBr system

A mixture of iso-amyl nitrite/HBr is shown to be a mild and efficient reagent for electrophilic aromatic bromination. The reaction succeeds with slightly activated arenes and heterocyclic compounds. By using HCl instead of HBr, chlorination can also be performed in few cases. The i-amONO₂/HBr mixture can also be utilized for bromination in the α-position of electron withdrawing groups. A possible mechanism is briefly discussed.     

基态钙原子与二氯甲烷反应的动力学研究

利用准经典轨线方法在扩展的Lond-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato势能面上对Ca+CH2Cl2→CaCl+CH2Cl反应进行了动力学研究. 在低碰撞能Ecol=9.632 kJ/mol下, 计算得到产物CaCl的振动分布峰位于ν=0. 散射截面随着碰撞能的增加而减少. 产物的角分布趋向后向散射. 随着碰撞能的增加, 产物的转动取向趋向强烈, 〈P2(J’,K)〉略大于-0.5. 采用准经典轨线方法计算得到的结果与实验及其它理论计算结果相符合.     

A time-dependent quantum dynamical study of the H + HBr reaction

Time-dependent wave packet calculations were carried out to study the exchange and abstraction processes in the title reaction on the Kurosaki-Takayanagi potential energy surface (Kurosaki, Y.; Takayanagi, T. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 7838). Total reaction probabilities and integral cross sections were calculated for the reactant HBr initially in the ground state, first rotationally excited state, and first vibrationally excited state for both the exchange and abstraction reactions. At low collision energy, only the abstraction reaction occurs because of its low barrier height. Once the collision energy exceeds the barrier height of the exchange reaction, the exchange process quickly becomes the dominant process presumably due to its larger acceptance cone. It is found that initial vibrational excitation of HBr enhances both processes, while initial rotational excitation of HBr from j(0) = 0 to 1 has essentially no effect on both processes. For the abstraction reaction, the theoretical cross section at E(c) = 1.6 eV is 1.06 A(2), which is smaller than the experimental result of 3 +/- 1 A(2) by a factor of 2-3. On the other hand, the theoretical rate constant is larger than the experimental results by about a factor of 2 in the temperature region between 220 and 550 K. It is also found that the present quantum rate constant is larger than the TST result by a factor of 2 at 200 K. However, the agreement between the present quantum rate constant and the TST result improves as the temperature increases.     

Influence of collision energy and reagent rotation on the cross sections and product polarizations of the reaction F + HCl

Quasiclassical trajectory calculations have been carried out for the F+HCl reaction in three dimensions on a recent DHSN PES of the ground 1(2)A' electronic state [M. P. Deskevich, M. Y. Hayes, K. Takahashi, R. T. Skodje, and D. J. Nesbitt, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 224303 (2006)]. The effects of the collision energy and the reagent initial rotational excitation on the cross sections and product polarization are studied for the v = 0 and j ≤ 10 states of HCl over a wide collision energy range. It has been found that either the collision energy or the HCl rotational excitation increase remarkably reaction cross sections. The QCT-calculated integral cross sections are in good agreement with previous QM results. A detailed study on product polarization for the title reaction is also performed. The calculated results show that the product rotational angular momentum j' is not only aligned, but also oriented along the direction perpendicular to the scattering plane. The orientation of the HF product rotational angular momentum vector j' depends very sensitively on the collision energy and also affected by the reagent rotation. The theoretical findings and especially the roles of the collision energy and initial rotational momentum on the product polarization are discussed and reasonably explained by the HLH mass combination, the property of the PES, as well as the reactive mechanism.     

Investigation on the mechanism and applications of the reaction Cl_2+2HBr=2HCl+Br_2

The mechanism of reaction CI2+2HBr=2HCI+Br2 has been carefully investigated with density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311G** level. A series of three-centred and four-centred transition states have been obtained. The activation energy (138.96 and 147.24 kJ/mol, respectively) of two bimolecular elementary reactions CI2+HBr→HCI+BrCI and BrCI+HBr→HCI+Br2 is smaller than the dissociation energy of CI2, HBr and BrCI, indicating that it is favorable for the title reaction occurring in the bimolecular form. The reaction has been applied to the chemical engineering process of recycling Br2 from HBr. Gaseous CI2 directly reacts with HBr gas, which produces gaseous mixtures containing Br2, and liquid Br2 and HCI are obtained by cooling the mixtures and further separated by absorption with CCI4. The recovery percentage of Br2 is more than 96%, and the CI2 remaining in liquid Br2 is less than 3.0%. The paper provides a good example of solving the difficult problem in chemical engineering with basic theory.