Numerical Simulations on the Formation of Speckles in Nanofluids Illuminated by a TEM00 Laser Beam

On the basis of a Rayleigh scattering model for a single nanoparticle illuminated by a TEMoo laser beam, we theoretically and numerically study the speckle formation when nanofluids are illuminated by a TEMoo laser beam. The results show that the laser speckles possess a Gaussian distribution, which are in agreement with the experimental results. The results may be useful for using a laser speckle velocimetry to determine the velocitiies of nanoparticles in nanofluids.     

The effect of particle size on the thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids

We present new data for the thermal conductivity enhancement in seven nanofluids containing 8–282 nm diameter alumina nanoparticles in water or ethylene glycol. Our results show that the thermal conductivity enhancement in these nanofluids decreases as the particle size decreases below about 50 nm. This finding is consistent with a decrease in the thermal conductivity of alumina nanoparticles with decreasing particle size, which can be attributed to phonon scattering at the solid–liquid interface. The limiting value of the enhancement for nanofluids containing large particles is greater than that predicted by the Maxwell equation, but is predicted well by the volume fraction weighted geometric mean of the bulk thermal conductivities of the solid and liquid. This observation was used to develop a simple relationship for the thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids in both water and ethylene glycol.     

Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based γ-alumina nanofluids

This paper is concerned about pool boiling heat transfer using nanofluids, a subject of several investigations over the past few years. The work is motivated by the controversial results reported in the literature and the potential impact of nanofluids on heat transfer intensification. Systematic experiments are carried out to formulate stable aqueous based nanofluids containing γ-alumina nanoparticles (primary particle size 10–50 nm), and to investigate their heat transfer behaviour under nucleate pool boiling conditions. The results show that alumina nanofluids can significantly enhance boiling heat transfer. The enhancement increases with increasing particle concentration and reaches ∼ ∼40% at a particle loading of 1.25% by weight. Discussion of the results suggests that the reported controversies in the thermal performance of nanofluids under the nucleate pool boiling conditions be associated with the properties and behaviour of the nanofluids and boiling surface, as well as their interactions.     

Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based γ-alumina nanofluids

This paper is concerned about pool boiling heat transfer using nanofluids, a subject of several investigations over the past few years. The work is motivated by the controversial results reported in the literature and the potential impact of nanofluids on heat transfer intensification. Systematic experiments are carried out to formulate stable aqueous based nanofluids containing γ-alumina nanoparticles (primary particle size 10–50 nm), and to investigate their heat transfer behaviour under nucleate pool boiling conditions. The results show that alumina nanofluids can significantly enhance boiling heat transfer. The enhancement increases with increasing particle concentration and reaches ∼ ∼40% at a particle loading of 1.25% by weight. Discussion of the results suggests that the reported controversies in the thermal performance of nanofluids under the nucleate pool boiling conditions be associated with the properties and behaviour of the nanofluids and boiling surface, as well as their interactions.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected issue number.     

超短激光照射下颗粒的散射效应

对两个纳米颗粒受超短激光照射时表面吸收光强的分布情况进行了研究。基于米散射理论和蒙特卡罗方法建立程序来模拟和追踪光子的运动轨迹,米散射理论主要用于确定光子的散射方向,运用兰贝特定律和解析解对模拟结果进行验证。通过对比材料为金和黑体时双颗粒的光强分布发现,颗粒的散射和激光照射宽度的增加会使颗粒相邻处的光强增大,颗粒底部的光强主要取决于颗粒的反照率大小以及散射光强的分布情况。     

Comparison between Experimental and Theoretical Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids Containing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with TiO2 Nanoparticles

This article reports the thermal conductivity modeling of nanofluids containing decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes with TiO₂ nanoparticles. TiO₂ nanoparticles and decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes are synthesized with different amounts of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The experimental results show that the measured thermal conductivities of TiO₂ nanofluids and multi-walled carbon nanotube nanofluids are higher than the predicted values by theoretical models. The comparison results of multi-walled carbon nanotube nanofluids and multi-walled carbon nanotube–TiO₂ nanofluids reveal that the predicted values by the Xue model are closer to the measured values. In addition, the results show that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing multi-walled carbon nanotube–TiO₂ increases with respect to TiO₂ content of hybrid.     

Particle agglomeration and properties of nanofluids

The present study demonstrates the importance of actual agglomerated particle size in the nanofluid and its effect on the fluid properties. The current work deals with 5 to 100 nm nanoparticles dispersed in fluids that resulted in 200 to 800 nm agglomerates. Particle size distributions for a range of nanofluids are measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Wet scanning electron microscopy method is used to visualize agglomerated particles in the dispersed state and to confirm particle size measurements by DLS. Our results show that a combination of base fluid chemistry and nanoparticle type is very important to create stable nanofluids. Several nanofluids resulted in stable state without any stabilizers, but in the long term had agglomerations of 250 % over a 2 month period. The effects of agglomeration on the thermal and rheological properties are presented for several types of nanoparticle and base fluid chemistries. Despite using nanodiamond particles with high thermal conductivity and a very sensitive laser flash thermal conductivity measurement technique, no anomalous increases of thermal conductivity was measured. The thermal conductivity increases of nanofluid with the particle concentration are as those predicted by Maxwell and Bruggeman models. The level of agglomeration of nanoparticles hardly influenced the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The viscosity of nanofluids increased strongly as the concentration of particle is increased; it displays shear thinning and is a strong function of the level of agglomeration. The viscosity increase is significantly above of that predicted by the Einstein model even for very small concentration of nanoparticles.     

Numerical simulations of confocal Raman spectroscopic depth profiles of materials: a photon scattering approach

We present a simple model that uses a novel photon scattering approach to predict the depth profile response obtained when confocal Raman spectroscopy is applied both to silicon and to a number of related polymeric materials of varying optical clarity. This paper first provides an overview of the models proposed to date to demonstrate the evolution in understanding of the confocal Raman response of semi‐transparent materials, based upon geometrical optics. A new model is then described that is based upon the twin notions of a permanent extended Raman illuminated volume and the degree of extinction of the incident and Raman scattered photons from the whole of the illuminated volume as it is gradually moved further into, or defocused above, the sample. The model's predictions are compared with empirical data from previous studies of a range of semi‐crystalline polymers with different scattering properties and, by means of contrast, with that of a silicon sample. We show that, despite its inherent simplicity, the physics this model utilizes is able successfully to predict the form of the depth profile for each material, something that has not been achieved by any model previously proposed, and that the parameters used in the model scale with independent physical measurements. Finally the model is used to account for the fact that useful Raman spectra can be obtained when the laser is focused as much as 40 µm above the sample surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纳米流体对流换热机理分析

考虑在纳米流体中纳米颗粒做布朗运动引起的对流换热, 基于纳米颗粒在纳米流体中遵循分形分布, 本文得到纳米流体对流换热的机理模型. 本解析模型没有增加新的经验常数, 从该模型发现纳米流体池沸腾热流密度是温度、纳米颗粒的平均直径、 纳米颗粒的浓度、纳米颗粒的分形维数、沸腾表面活化穴的分形维数、基本液体的物理特性的函数. 对不同的纳米颗粒浓度和不同的纳米颗粒平均直径与不同的实验数据进行了比较, 模型预测的结果与实验结果相吻合. 所得的解析模型可以更深刻地揭示纳米流体对流换热的物理机理.     

Synthesis and nonlinear light scattering of microemulsions and nanoparticle suspensions

Microemulsions composed of normal or inverse micellar solutions and aqueous suspensions of pristine (uncoated) or silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles, mainly γ-Fe₂O₃, were synthesised and their optical limiting properties investigated. The microemulsions are colorless solutions with high transparency for visible wavelengths while the aqueous suspensions of iron oxide are of pale yellow colour. Optical limiting experiments performed in 2 mm cells using a f/5 optical system with a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser delivering 5 ns pulses with 10 Hz repetition rate, showed clamping levels of ∼3 μJ for the suspensions of both pristine and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. A strong photoinduced nonlinear light scattering was observed for the water-in-oil microemulsion and the aqueous suspensions of nanoparticles while oil-in-water microemulsions did not show a significant nonlinear effect. Measurements carried out using an integrating sphere further verified that the photoinduced nonlinear light scattering is the dominating nonlinear mechanism while the nonlinear absorption of iron oxide nanoparticles is negligible at 532 nm.     

0.351μm激光辐照靶角度和时间分辨的侧向散射研究

 建立了一套角度和时间同时分辨的散射光诊断系统,利用星光Ⅱ装置输出的0.351μm激光辐照平面靶,研究了激光与靶作用产生的侧向散射光的时间行为,实验对金盘靶、CH膜靶和泡沫CH靶与激光作用产生的散射激光进行了研究,在多个角度获得了时间分辨的散射光信息,由角分布的结构得到了等离子体密度分布的一些重要信息。     

A thermal conductivity model for nanofluids including effect of the temperature-dependent interfacial layer

The interfacial layer of nanoparticles has been recently shown to have an effect on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. There is, however, still no thermal conductivity model that includes the effects of temperature and nanoparticle size variations on the thickness and consequently on the thermal conductivity of the interfacial layer. In the present work, the stationary model developed by Leong et al. (J Nanopart Res 8:245–254, 2006) is initially modified to include the thermal dispersion effect due to the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. This model is called the ‘Leong et al.’s dynamic model’. However, the Leong et al.’s dynamic model over-predicts the thermal conductivity of nanofluids in the case of the flowing fluid. This suggests that the enhancement in the thermal conductivity of the flowing nanofluids due to the increase in temperature does not come from the thermal dispersion effect. It is more likely that the enhancement in heat transfer of the flowing nanofluids comes from the temperature-dependent interfacial layer effect. Therefore, the Leong et al.’s stationary model is again modified to include the effect of temperature variation on the thermal conductivity of the interfacial layer for different sizes of nanoparticles. This present model is then evaluated and compared with the other thermal conductivity models for the turbulent convective heat transfer in nanofluids along a uniformly heated tube. The results show that the present model is more general than the other models in the sense that it can predict both the temperature and the volume fraction dependence of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids for both non-flowing and flowing fluids. Also, it is found to be more accurate than the other models due to the inclusion of the effect of the temperature-dependent interfacial layer. In conclusion, the present model can accurately predict the changes in thermal conductivity of nanofluids due to the changes in volume fraction and temperature for various nanoparticle sizes.     

Investigation on characteristics of thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids

It has been shown that a nanofluid consisting of nanoparticles dispersed in base fluid has much higher effective thermal conductivity than pure fluid. In this study, four kinds of nanofluids such as multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in water, CuO in water, SiO₂ in water, and CuO in ethylene glycol, are produced. Their thermal conductivities are measured by a transient hot-wire method. The thermal conductivity enhancement of water-based MWCNT nanofluid is increased up to 11.3% at a volume fraction of 0.01. The measured thermal conductivities of MWCNT nanofluids are higher than those calculated with Hamilton–Crosser model due to neglecting solid–liquid interaction at the interface. The results show that the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids depends on the thermal conductivities of both particles and the base fluid.     

527 nm激光辐照盘靶受激布里渊散射光角分布

 在“星光Ⅱ”激光装置上，开展了527 nm激光与金盘靶和铝盘靶相互作用实验，研究了激光辐照盘靶的受激布里渊散射光散射机制，获得了散射光能量角分布。实验结果表明：激光辐照金盘靶时，在入射激光能量大致相同的情况下，受激布里渊散射光能量在匀滑的条件下比没有匀滑时低一个数量级以上（背反能量除外），束匀滑对散射光的抑制作用十分明显。在匀滑条件下，越靠近背反方向，散射光能量越大。散射光能量分布沿方位角的变化不大。激光辐照铝盘靶时，散射光能量分布的离散性较大。     

Bimodal temporal distribution of photons in ultrashort laser pulse passed through a turbid medium

The criteria were determined for simultaneous observation of scattered and unscattered (ballistic) peaks in temporal distribution of a narrow pulsed laser beam passed through a strongly scattering medium. Conditions were found for such an observation on the basis of non-stationary two-flux model for radiation transport. Calculation results permitted the definition of a compromise between the parameters of the initial laser pulse and the properties of a scattering medium. This provided the separate observation of various types of photons. The theoretical calculations were confirmed by experiments on recording pulse profiles of passed radiation of fs-laser in a water–milk solution.     

Application of SAXS to the study of particle-size-dependent thermal conductivity in silica nanofluids

Knowledge of the size and distribution of nanoparticles in solution is critical to understanding the observed enhancements in thermal conductivity and heat transfer of nanofluids. We have applied small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to the characterization of SiO₂ nanoparticles (10–30 nm) uniformly dispersed in a water-based fluid using the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Size distributions for the suspended nanoparticles were derived by fitting experimental data to an established model. Thermal conductivity of the SiO₂ nanofluids was also measured, and the relation between the average particle size and the thermal conductivity enhancement was established. The experimental data contradict models based on fluid interfacial layers or Brownian motion but support the concept of thermal resistance at the liquid–particle interface.     

纳米流体辐射特性理论分析与实验研究

随着人类社会的飞速发展,能源紧缺、环境污染问题日益严重。当下,开发新能源、发展新能源技术已成为全球各国首要能源策略。作为一种清洁能源,太阳能蕴藏着巨大能量,太阳能利用和相关技术在世界范围内也引起了广泛关注。基于纳米流体的太阳能直接吸收式集热装置能够耦合光伏与光热技术,有利于提高太阳能综合利用的效率。由于纳米流体辐射理论对于开发新的光伏热实验平台具有重要的作用,而纳米流体辐射特性研究仍处于起步阶段,所以对于纳米流体辐射规律及机理的研究具有重要的意义。首先综述了纳米流体辐射特性的研究现状,并对纳米流体的辐射特性进行了理论研究,进而采用瑞利散射模型和Mie(米氏)模型对纳米流体最重要的辐射特性之一的透射率进行了理论分析;而后运用实验进行对比验证,分析不同理论模型与实验数据间的吻合性。结果表明：Mie模型比瑞利散射模型更加准确,在光伏热实验平台开发利用中具有更好的适用性。该研究旨在利用纳米颗粒改变流体对太阳能的辐射特性,探索一种实际设计时纳米流体辐射特性简易高效的计算准则,并得到影响纳米流体辐射特性的重要因素之一的体积分数的变化规律,从而提高太阳能直接吸收式集热装置的太阳能利用率。纳米流体辐射特性理论的分析与研究,有利于促进纳米技术在太阳能领域的应用,提高太阳能的综合利用效率。     

Pumping power of nanofluids in a flowing system

Nanofluids have the potential to increase thermal conductivities and heat transfer coefficients compared to their base fluids. However, the addition of nanoparticles to a fluid also increases the viscosity and therefore increases the power required to pump the fluid through the system. When the benefit of the increased heat transfer is larger than the penalty of the increased pumping power, the nanofluid has the potential for commercial viability. The pumping power for nanofluids has been considered previously for flow in straight tubes. In this study, the pumping power was measured for nanofluids flowing in a complete system including straight tubing, elbows, and expansions. The objective was to determine the significance of two-phase flow effects on system performance. Two types of nanofluids were used in this study: a water-based nanofluid containing 2.0–8.0 vol% of 40-nm alumina nanoparticles, and a 50/50 ethylene glycol/water mixture-based nanofluid containing 2.2 vol% of 29-nm SiC nanoparticles. All experiments were performed in the turbulent flow region in the entire test system simulating features typically found in heat exchanger systems. Experimental results were compared to the pumping power calculated from a mathematical model of the system to evaluate the system effects. The pumping power results were also combined with the heat transfer enhancement to evaluate the viability of the two nanofluids.     

旋转镜鼓式热像仪的光雷达回波特性

 旋转镜鼓式热像仪对光场的扫描主要由镜鼓来完成，在激光束的照射下，镜鼓棱及其邻域的后向散射不可避免地给散射光引进了一个附加的多普勒频移。对平行光束经热像仪后的动态回波特性进行分析研究，提出了一种测量光束多普勒频移的方法，并建立了相应的实验系统。实验结果与理论分析是一致的，为判别热像仪的工作方式提供了一种可能的方法。     

Influence of the particle size distribution on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids

In a previous study, we have obtained an equation to predict the thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing nanoparticles with conductive interface. The model is maximal particle packing dependent. In this study, the maximal packing is obtained as a function of the particle size distribution, which is the Gamma distribution. The thermal conductivity enhancement depends on the averaged particle size. Discussion concerning the influence of the suspension pH on the particle packing is made. The proposed model is evaluated using number of sets from the published experimental data to the thermal conductivity enhancement for different nanofluids.