光学活性α-羟基磷酸酯的合成

扼要综述了近年来关于光学活性α一羟基膦酸酯的新合成方法,介绍了有关的手性试剂和不对称反应。关键词##4光学活性;;α-羟基膦酸酯;;不对称合成     

亮点介绍

手性路易斯碱催化的α-乙酰氧基-β-烯胺酯的不对称氢化硅烷化反应:光学活性α-羟基-β-氨基酸衍生物的合成Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2011,50,7304～7307光学活性的α-羟基-β-氨基酸片段广泛存在于天然产物以及生理活性物质中,是一类非常重要的化合物,其中最具代表性的就是紫杉醇侧链及其类似物.因此,光学活性α-羟基-β-氨基酸衍生物的合成引起了广泛而持久的兴趣,多年来众多研究小组发展了多种高效、高选择性的合成方法.最近,中国科学院成都有机化学研究所张晓梅等设计了一类α-乙酰氧基-β-烯胺酯底物1,并以新型路易斯碱催化剂2催化其不对称氢化硅烷化反应,以较高的对映选择     

有机催化不对称Mannich反应

有机催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一.不对称Mannich反应是合成光学活性β-氨基羰基化合物的有效手段.目前报道的催化不对称Mannich反应的有机催化剂主要有脯氨酸及其衍生物、手性磷酸、手性(硫)脲和金鸡纳碱衍生物等,取得了良好的催化活性和对映选择性.本文评述了各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Mannich反应中的应用研究进展,以及不对称诱导反应的机理、催化剂分子结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响.     

有机小分子催化的不对称Strecker反应研究进展

有机小分子催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一. 不对称Strecker反应是合成光学活性α-氨基酸衍生物的有效手段. 目前报道的催化不对称Strecker反应的有机催化剂主要有手性胍类、手性(硫)脲衍生物、氮-氧偶极化合物、手性Brønsted酸等, 取得了良好的催化活性和对映选择性. 对各类有机小分子催化剂在有机催化不对称Strecker反应中的应用研究进展, 以及催化剂结构与反应条件对催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响进行了简要评述.     

由葫芦脲和苯胺构筑的假聚轮烷及其自由基稳定性的研究

多组分有机化学反应就是多个反应原料同时参与反应, 一步形成多个化学键. 不对称催化多组分反应需要手性催化剂在过渡态中同时控制三个以上的底物. 不对称催化多组分反应的挑战性在于要同时控制高的化学选择性﹑非对映选择性和对映选择性. 华东师范大学胡文浩科研小组与中国科学院成都有机化学研究所合作发现了一类基于捕捉活泼羟鎓叶立德中间体的三组分新反应可以一步合成α,β-双羟基芳基乙酸酯类化合物. 近期在调控反应选择性方面取得突破性进展, 筛选出一类手性锆催化剂, 成功实现了该类三组分反应的高立体选择性不对称催化, 生成赤式为主的产物对映选择性达98%, 从而为高效构建该类手性化合物提供了一条新的绿色合成途径.     

醛对羟鎓叶立德的对映选择性捕捉: 铑/锆共催化芳基重氮酸酯﹑ 苄醇和醛的三组分反应

多组分有机化学反应就是多个反应原料同时参与反应, 一步形成多个化学键. 不对称催化多组分反应需要手性催化剂在过渡态中同时控制三个以上的底物. 不对称催化多组分反应的挑战性在于要同时控制高的化学选择性﹑非对映选择性和对映选择性. 华东师范大学胡文浩科研小组与中国科学院成都有机化学研究所合作发现了一类基于捕捉活泼羟鎓叶立德中间体的三组分新反应可以一步合成α,β-双羟基芳基乙酸酯类化合物. 近期在调控反应选择性方面取得突破性进展, 筛选出一类手性锆催化剂, 成功实现了该类三组分反应的高立体选择性不对称催化, 生成赤式为主的产物对映选择性达98%, 从而为高效构建该类手性化合物提供了一条新的绿色合成途径.     

WalPhos配体/铑配合物对β,γ-不饱和膦酸酯的不对称催化氢化

用手性配体(Rc,Sp)-WalPhos与铑形成的配合物为催化剂,在1.0 MPa的氢气压力、二氯甲烷溶剂中以及室温的反应条件下,对β-取代-β,γ-不饱和膦酸酯底物进行不对称催化氢化,合成了具有β-手性中心的手性膦酸酯类化合物,所有考察的底物均可完全转化,最高获得了87%的ee值。     

WalPhos配体/铑配合物对β,γ-不饱和膦酸酯的不对称催化氢化

用手性配体(R c,S p)-WalPhos与铑形成的配合物为催化剂,在1.0 MPa的氢气压力、二氯甲烷溶剂中以及室温的反应条件下,对β-取代β,γ-不饱和膦酸酯底物进行不对称催化氢化,合成了具有β-手性中心的手性膦酸酯类化合物,所有考察的底物均可完全转化,最高获得了87%的ee值。     

α-氨基膦酸(酯)不对称合成研究进展

α-氨基膦酸作为天然氨基酸的含磷类似物, 具有广泛的生物活性, 详细介绍了使用手性辅助基团诱导和手性催化剂催化两种方法不对称合成光学活性α-氨基膦酸(酯)的最新研究进展.     

手性磷酰胺类化合物不对称催化合成α-芳基丙醇类化合物

对一系列磷酰胺类化合物进行了考察,发现以芳香醛类化合物与二乙基锌作为底物,手性磷酰胺类化合物4a(N-(1R,2R)-2-(异丙基氨基)-1,2-二苯基乙基)-P,P-二苯基次膦酰胺)作为催化剂,通过发生不对称还原反应合成具有生理活性的α-芳基丙醇类化合物.手性磷酰胺类化合物合成所使用的起始物料不仅廉价易得,而且催化效...     

Preparations of Chiral Menthyl α-Sulfinylacrylates. The Optically Active Dienophiles with Double Asymmetric-Induction Capability

The introduction of optically active carboxylates onto the chiral vinyl sulfoxides increased their reactivities toward electron-rich dienes in Diels-Alder cycloadditions, thus much milder reaction conditions were used. The two chiral auxiliaries became cither a matched or mismatched pair which can be justified by their ability of chiral induction. Here we report a preparative-scale synthesis of optically active α-sulfinylacrylates with double asymmetric capability.     

An asymmetric organocatalytic povarov reaction with 2-hydroxystyrenes

An organocatalytic asymmetric three-component Povarov reaction involving 2-hydroxystyrenes has been established to provide an efficient method to access structurally diverse cis-disubstituted tetrahydroquinolines in high stereoselectivities of up to >99:1 dr and 97% ee. This protocol also provides an easy access to tetrahydroquinolines with chiral quaternary stereocenters upon using α-alkyl 2-hydroxystyrenes as substrates. The theoretical studies revealed that the Povarov reaction proceeded through a sequential vinylogous Mannich reaction and an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction, wherein the phosphoric acid acted as bifunctional catalyst to activate 2-hydroxystyrene and aldimine simultaneously.     

Amino acids in catalytic synthesis of α-aminophosphonates

The reaction of acetophenone with chiral α-amino acids and their esters has been studied in catalytic one-pot three-component synthesis of α-aminophosphonates. α-Aminophosphonates are found to form mixtures of diastereomers in high yields.     

A practical synthesis of optically active aromatic epoxides via asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of α-chlorinated ketones with chiral rhodium-diamine catalyst

A practical method for the synthesis of optically active aromatic epoxides has been developed via the formation of optically active α-chlorinated alcohols and intramolecular etherification. Optically active alcohols with up to 99% ee can be obtained from the asymmetric reduction of aromatic ketones with a substrate/catalyst ratio of 1000-5000 using a formic acid/triethylamine mixture containing a well-defined chiral Rh complex, Cp*RhCl[(R,R)-Tsdpen]. The asymmetric reduction of α-chlorinated aromatic ketones with a chiral Rh catalyst is characterized by a rapid and carbonyl group-selective transformation because of the coordinatively saturated nature of diamine-based Cp*Rh(III) hydride complexes. The outcome of the reduction is significantly influenced by the structures of the ketonic substrates as well as the hydrogen source such as formic acid or 2-propanol. Commercially available reagents and solvents can be used in this reaction without special purification. This epoxide synthetic process in either a one- or two-pot procedure is practical and particularly useful for the large-scale production of optically active styrene oxides from α-chlorinated ketones.     

Acyclic chiral amines and amino acids as inexpensive and readily tunable catalysts for the direct asymmetric three-component Mannich reaction

The direct three-component asymmetric Mannich reaction catalyzed by acyclic chiral amines or amino acids is presented. Simple acyclic chiral amines and amino acids--such as alanine-tetrazole (9), alanine, valine, and serine-catalyzed the three-component asymmetric Mannich reactions between unmodified ketones, p-anisidine, and aldehydes with high chemo- and stereoselectivity, furnishing the corresponding Mannich bases with up to >99 % ee. This study demonstrates that the whole range of amino acids in nature, as well as nonproteogenic amino acid derivatives, can be considered in the design and tuning of novel, inexpensive organocatalysts for the direct asymmetric Mannich reaction.     

Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo-isoquinolines via Three-Component 1,3-Dipolar-Cycloaddition

An asymmetric three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines, bromoacetates and α,β-unsaturated pyrazole amide is realized by using a chiral N,N’-dioxide-Y(OTf)₃ complex as the catalyst. The process includes a base-promoted formation of dihydroisoquinolium ylides in situ, and a chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition with α,β-unsaturated pyrazole amides. A series of hexahydropyrrolo-isoquinolines are obtained in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.     

Construction of Chiral Quaternary Carbon Centers via Asymmetric Metal Carbene gem-Dialkylation

The catalytic asymmetric construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters has received tremendous interest over the past decades, and numerous efficient protocols have been disclosed based on the formation of one C−C bond between two assembling reactants. However, the use of asymmetric multi-component reactions that build two C−C bonds on the same carbonic center with concomitant assembly of quaternary stereocenters is rare and remains challenging. Herein, we disclose an enantioselective three-component reaction of α-diazo ketones with alkenes and 1,3,5-triazines under dirhodium/chiral phosphoric acid cooperative catalysis, which leads to a practical and atom-economic synthesis of poly-functionalized chiral ketones that bear a α-quaternary stereocenter in generally good to high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. In comparison to the previous method for the construction of tertiary and quaternary stereocenters via carbene gem-difunctionalization reactions, this reaction features an unprecedented gem-dialkylation process via sequential installation of two C−C bonds on the carbene center in one reaction, providing an essential complement to the asymmetric construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters using common and readily available starting materials.     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis and application of a new,easily chiral auxiliary for the synthesis of peptidomimetics via an Ugi reaction

A new chiral auxiliary derived from α-phenylethylamine, α-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine is presented. It significantly expands upon the application of α-phenylethylamine derivatives used as chiral auxiliaries. A straightforward, chemoenzymatic synthesis of non-racemic α-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine is described and the new chiral auxiliary applied to an asymmetric Ugi reaction. The mild conditions used for the cleavage of the auxiliary allowed to obtain chiral, non-racemic peptidomimetics possessing reactive α,β-unsaturated double bonds.     

A class of α-amino acids-derived multifunctional amidophosphane precatalysts: application to the highly enantio- and diastereoselective silver(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction

A class of multifunctional amidophosphanes derived from chiral α-amino acids have been developed with two amide bonds, a tertiary amine and a phosphine. In combination with Ag(I) salts, these amidophosphanes have been demonstrated as highly efficient multifunctional catalysts in the asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides as well as the three-component reaction of the α-iminoesters in situ generated. Under optimal conditions, highly functionalized endo-8 pyrrolidines were obtained with good to excellent yields (up to 99% yield) and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee).