Wohl-Ziegler反应的研究 芳香醚的侧链溴化与苯环溴化

本文报告对-甲苯甲醚在不同情况下与 N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)的作用。作者认为溶剂是使溴化反应具选择性的一种重要因素。用四氯化碳则可以得到收率为65%的侧链溴化产物,如用冰醋酸则得到收率为68%的苯环溴化产物。我们在研究苯甲醚与 NBS 作用时,观察到有溴放出,而后又有溴化氢气体出现,由于这些现象,使我们进一步研究 NBS与数种溶剂,例如四氯化碳,氯仿,苯及苯腈的作用。同样发现都在不同的时间内能放出溴,并且过氧化苯甲酰对于在每一种上述溶剂中进行的反应都具催化作用,加速放出溴。我们认为芳香醚与 NBS 所进行的苯环溴化的反应机构基本上是与溴的苯环溴化的反应机构相同。据此我们可以解释,(1)何以三氯化铝与过氧化苯甲酰都能够作为苯环溴化的催化剂,(2)何以间-甲苯甲醚与间-二甲氧基苯即使在四氯化碳中也容易苯环溴化,以及(3)何以间-甲苯甲醚不易进行侧链溴化,此外也研究对-甲氧基苯乙酮的侧链溴化与苯环溴化。我们研究对甲氧基乙苯与2,4-二甲氧基乙苯的溴化反应,发现前者很容易进行侧链溴化,这是符合于游离基丙烯型溴化反应机构的,而后者即使在四氯化碳中首先是苯环溴化,如果再加一克分子 NBS,则第二个溴原子能进入侧链。这结果说明在很活化的苯环上即使有侧链,首先、还是苯环溴化。我们也测定了溴进入苯环的位置,这些事实都符合于我们所设想的,芳香醚的 Wohl-Ziegler 苯环溴化基本上是溴进行苯环溴化的吸电子反应机构。2,4-二甲氧基-5-溴苯甲酸可以从2,4-二甲氧基苯乙酮经侧链氧化再进行苯环溴化合成,方法简便,收率良好。     

对NBS反应中低溴浓度的估算

NBS(N-溴代丁二酰亚胺)的应用对烯丙位和苄位上的特殊溴化提供了一个极有用的方法。对于这类反应,NBS的特殊价值是由于分子卤素在双键存在下不能完成取代而给出加成,但NBS却能发生取代反应而双键不受干扰。对于这个反应历程直到     

β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物与丙烯酰胺及N-溴代丁二酰亚胺的区域专一性氨溴加成反应

以β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物为底物,丙烯酰胺和N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)为氮源和卤素源,建立了碳-碳双键上的选择性氨溴加成反应新体系.以二氯甲烷为溶剂,在没有惰性气体保护及乙醇钠促进下,β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物与丙烯酰胺和NBS于室温反应即可高收率地获得α-氨基-β,β-二溴加成产物,最高收率达83%;以甲醇为溶剂,在无水碳酸钠作用下,β-甲基-β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物也可高收率地获得相应的邻位氨溴加成产物,最高收率达97%.共考察了25种不同结构β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物的氨溴加成反应,结果表明,该反应具有广泛的适应性.采用核磁共振波谱及质谱表征了产物的结构,并提出了可能的反应机理.     

二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷及其类似物的合成

报道二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷的一种简便合成方法.1,4-二乙氧基-2,5-二(烷氧基甲基)苯(1)在对甲苯磺酸催化下生成柱形杯[5]芳烃化合物2;2与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)反应,生成二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷(3).该方法反应条件温和、操作简单、选择性好、收率高.2与硝酸发生硝化反应,生成二-(4-硝基-2,5-二甲氧基苯基)甲烷(4).所合成的二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷和二-(4-硝基-2,5-二甲氧基苯基)甲烷经过1H NMR,13C NMR和MS表征确认.     

乙酰乙酰苯胺类化合物导向的2,2-二溴乙酰苯胺衍生物的合成

以N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)为溴源,醋酸为催化剂和溶剂,经过活泼亚甲基的两次连续的溴化,羰基的质子化和碳碳键的断裂等过程合成了2,2-二溴乙酰苯胺衍生物.该方法具有操作简便、反应条件温和和高效等特点.所有反应都能以极高的收率得到相应的目标产物.     

新型树枝状分子3,5-二[3,5-二(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇的合成

采用收敛法,以对氰基苄溴和3,5-二羟基苯甲醇为原料,依次合成了端基为腈基的芳醚树枝状分子3,5-二(4-腈基苯甲氧基)苯甲醇(4)和3,5-二[3,5-二(4-腈基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇(6);4与6分别经水解制得以羧基为端基的新型芳基苄醚树枝状分子3,5-二(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲醇和3,5-二[3,5-二(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇,其结构经UV-Vis,1H NMR,IR,MS和元素分析表征.     

具有Frétchet树枝结构的新型酞菁锌(Ⅱ)配合物:四-{3,5-二-[3,5-二-(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]-苯甲氧基}酞菁锌(Ⅱ)的合成与表征

报道了一种新型Frétchet树枝配体取代酞菁锌(II)配合物:四-{3,5-二-[3,5-二-(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]-苯甲氧基}酞菁锌(II)的合成与表征.首先将对氰基苄溴与3,5-二羟基苯甲醇通过Frétchet反应合成3,5-[二-(4-氰基苯甲氧基)]苯甲醇(1),1与四溴化碳和三苯基膦在四氢呋喃中反应合成3,5-二-(4-氰基苯甲氧基)苄溴(2),2与3,5-二羟基苯甲醇反应合成3,5-二-[3,5-二-(4-氰基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇(3),接着,3与4-硝基邻苯二甲腈合成"前驱物"四-{3,5-[二-(4-氰基苯甲氧基)]}苯甲氧基邻苯二甲腈(4),然后以1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)为催化剂,醋酸锌为模板剂,4通过缩聚反应合成氰基端基的Frétchet树枝配体取代酞菁锌四-{3,5-二-[3,5-二-(4-氰基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]-苯甲氧基}锌酞菁配合物5,最后,5的氰基端基在NaOH溶液中水解为相应的以羧基端基Frétchet树枝配体取代酞菁锌:四-{3,5-二-[3,5-二-(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]-苯甲氧基}酞菁锌(II)(6).采用元素分析,IR,1H NMR,ESI-MS和MALDI-TOF-MS表征所有化合物的结构,通过UV/Vis,稳态和瞬态荧光光谱法研究了5和6的光物理性质.5和6是一类性能较好的树枝状酞菁光敏剂.     

H_3PO_4/Zr(OH)_4高效促进NBS对取代烷基苯的亲电溴代

使用固体酸H3PO4/Zr(OH)4催化NBS对取代烷基苯进行苯环溴代反应.根据不同取代烷基苯的反应活性,在乙腈中,高产率(79%～96%)地得到了相应的苯环单溴代产物,同时反应体系中无苄位溴代的副产物生成.在反应过程中,固体酸催化剂可以重复使用多次.     

3,5-二溴-PADAP 分光光度法测定微量离子的研究

系统研究了3,5-二溴-PADAP 在酸性介质中质子化后与 NO-2和 SCN- 形成三元离子缔合物的最佳条件.提出了测定微量 NO-2 的分光光度新方法,表观摩尔吸光系数 ε630=1.2×104L.mol-1.cm-1,缔合物组成比为 n(3,5-二溴-PADAP)∶n(NO2-)∶n(SCN-)=1∶1∶1.本法应用环境水体中微量的测定,与经典方法对照结果吻合.     

β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物与二溴海因高度区域选择性氨溴加成反应

以β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物为底物,二溴海因为氮源/卤素源,乙腈作溶剂,建立了碳碳双键上高度区域选择性氨溴加成反应新体系.β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物与二溴海因在室温无水碳酸钠催化下反应,可高收率获得邻位氨溴加成产物,最高收率达97%;β-甲基-β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物在氢氧化钾催化下回流反应,也可高收率得到邻位氨溴加成产物,最高收率达95%.实验结果表明,对于硝基苯乙烯衍生物,当苯环4-位具有强供电子基团如CH3O时,可以得到单一的α-氨基-β-溴加成产物,但其收率相对较低;当硝基苯乙烯衍生物的苯环4-位有强吸电子基团如NO2时,反应收率则很高.这一实验结果证明β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物(缺电子烯烃)与二溴海因的氨溴加成反应具有亲核加成的特征.本文共考察了20种不同结构的β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物的氨溴加成反应情况,其产物结构经核磁共振波谱及质谱分析确证,并提出了可能的反应机理.     

3-氰基吡啶与Grignard试剂的反应研究

3-取代酰基吡啶可由3-氰基吡啶与相应的卤代烷基镁加成,然后酸化水解来制备.我们曾用该法顺利地制备了一系列的3-取代酰基吡啶,另外还得到少量的4-烷基-3-取代酰基吡啶.但当用氯化苄基镁时,只得到少量的3-取代酰基吡啶,而主要产物却是4-苄基-3-氰基吡啶.为了探讨这两种反应中各组分的相对含量,用高压液相色谱分别对3-氰基吡啶与溴化丁基镁、氯化苄基镁的反应产物进行了分析.为了解释反应产物的异常现象,对反应物进行了量子化学计算,用前线轨道理论对以上反应进行了讨论.     

New process for the preparation of 3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentylbenzene

A new process for the preparation of 3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentylbenzene, which is used as medicinal intermediate and raw material for the synthesis of HIV restrainer, is proposed in this paper. Technical 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid reacted with lithium hydride to form a salt (I) which acylated n-butyllithium directly to give 1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-pentanone (II) in 85.06% yield. Then (II) was reduced through a Wolff-K-Huangminglong reaction at 210°C to give 3,5-dimethoxy-1-pentylbenzene (III). Finally, (III) refluxed with melt pyridine hydrochloride at 200°C for 2 h to afford the target product 3,5-dihydroxy-1-pentylbenzene (IV). The total yield of (IV) amounted to 61.50% and its mass percentage was 98.22%. The products were characterized by means of IR, ¹H-NMR, GC and HLPC-MS. The results indicated that this synthetic route was feasible, characterized by simple process and higher yield, and superior to the published ones.     

Synthesis and characterization of 3,5-lutidinyl chalcogen and -dichalcogen compounds: X-ray crystal structure of bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl) diselenide and 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)-3,5-lutidine

The synthesis of 3,5-lutidinyl chalcogen and -dichalcogen compounds has been described by a method involving selective mono- and dilithiation of 3,5-lutidine (1) ring. The selective mono- and dilithiation of 1 has been achieved by reacting BF₃-complexed 3,5-lutidine (2) with 1 and 2 equiv of LTMP/LDA respectively. The subsequent insertion of elemental selenium followed by aerial oxidation or quenching with iodomethane leads to the formation of bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl) diselenide (5) and 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)-3,5-lutidine (7) respectively. In addition, sequential incorporation of sulfur and selenium atom in the same lutidine ring has been reported for the first time. Single-crystal X-ray studies of (5), having a rare C-Se-Se-C torsion angle of 180°(4), and (7) have also been reported.     

Giant motion of La atom inside C82 cage

An anomalous charge density distribution of La atom encapsulated in a C₈₂ cage has been revealed for La@C₈₂ by the maximum entropy method (MEM)/Rietveld analysis using synchrotron powder diffraction data. The obtained La atom charge density shows a feature almost like a bowl or a hemisphere, suggesting that the La atom has a giant motion (large amplitude motion) inside the C₈₂ cage at room temperature. From the obtained MEM charge density, the main results are (1) the cage structure of La@C₈₂ (I) has C_2V symmetry; (2) La atom locates at an off-centered position adjacent to a six-membered ring of the carbon cage; (3) the nearest La–C distance is 2.55(8) and (4) the amount of charge transfer from the La atom to the carbon cage is about 3.2 e, which corresponds to the nominal electronic structure, La³⁺@C₈₂³⁻.     

Regioselectivity of the reaction of 4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives with chloroethynylphosphonates and structure of the products

Chloroethynylphosphonates reacted with 4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols in anhydrous acetonitrile to afford fused heterocyclic compounds, 6-(dialkoxyphosphoryl)-3H-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-7-ium chlorides, with high regioselectivity. The products were converted into inner salts (zwitterions) of the corresponding phosphonic acids or their monoesters with the positive charge localized on N⁷. A probable reaction mechanism implies initial formation of sulfonium ion via attack by the thionic sulfur atom on the acetylenic carbon atom linked to chlorine, followed by intramolecular cyclization involving attack on the other acetylenic carbon atom by N² of the triazole ring.     

Structure/reactivity studies on an alpha-lithiated benzylsilane: chemical interpretation of experimental charge density

Modern organic synthesis (e.g., of natural products) is virtually impossible without employment of enantiomerically enriched compounds. In many cases, alkyllithium compounds are key intermediates for the generation of these stereogenic substances. In recent years, the lithiated carbon atom in silicon-substituted benzyllithium compounds has become a focus of interest because it is possible to maintain its stereogenic information. Starting from a highly enantiomerically enriched benzylsilane, (R,S)-2 x quinuclidine could be obtained, and the absolute configuration at the metalated carbon atom was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In solution, a quartet was found in the (13)C NMR spectrum for the metalated carbon atom because of coupling between carbon and lithium, indicating a fixed lithium carbon contact at room temperature. After reaction of (R,S)-2 x quinuclidine with trimethylchlorostannane, the trapped product (S,S)-4 was obtained with a dr > or = 98:2 with inversion of the configuration at the metalated carbon. Multipole refinement against high-resolution diffraction data and subsequent topological analysis of the benchmark system (R,S)-2 x quinuclidine provide insight in the electronic situation and thus the observed stereochemical course of the transformations. Surprisingly, the negative charge generated at the carbanion hardly couples into the phenyl ring. The neighboring silicon atom counterbalances this charge by a pronounced positive charge. Therefore, the alpha-effect of the silicon atom is caused not just by a polarization of the electron density but also by an electrostatic bond reinforcement. Furthermore, the experimentally determined electrostatic potential unequivocally explains the observed back side attack of an electrophile under inversion of the stereogenic center with high diastereomeric ratios.     

QTAIM analysis of the HF, HCl, HBr, and HOH elimination reactions of halohydrocarbons and halohydroalcohols

The 1,2-HX elimination reaction (where X = F, Cl, Br, OH) has been established as an important reaction in the degradation of compounds introduced into the upper atmosphere, including common CFC replacement compounds. By analyzing the electron densities of the transition state geometries of these reactions using QTAIM, we see that we can divide these reactions into two types. For HF and HOH elimination, the transition state is a complete ring of bonds, and neither the C-H nor the C-X bonds have been broken at the maximum of energy. There is very little accumulation of electron density on the X atom, with the majority of charge being lost by the hydrogen atom undergoing elimination, being transferred on to the two carbon atoms. In HCl and HBr elimination, a similar loss of electron density of the hydrogen atom is accompanied by significant accumulation of electron density on the X atom and a smaller change in electron density on the carbon atoms. The C-X bond is broken in the transition state geometry, with no ring critical point being present. This may explain the relative stabilities of halohydrocarbons and haloalcohols with respect to loss of H-X.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel dopamine-derivative:Application of modified multi-wall carbon nanotubes paste electrode for electrochemical investigation

Novel dopamine-derivative compound,3,5-diamino-N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)benzamide(3,5-DAB)was prepared in two steps.In the first step dopamine hydrochloride was reacted with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride in the presence of propylene oxide.In the second step reduction of nitro groups resulted in preparation of 3,5-DAB in quantitative yield.This material was characterized using conventional spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR and ~1H NMR.In addition,the redox response of a modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode of 3,5-DAB was investigated in aqueous solution at a neutral pH.The result showed that the electrode process has a quasi-reversible response,withΔE_p,greater than the(59/n) mV expected for a reversible system.Finally,the diffusion coefficient for redox process in paraffin oil matrix obtained using chronoamperometry methods.