聚甲基丙烯酸单层保护金纳米粒子的制备及pH响应性聚集

通过可逆断裂链转移加成聚合,制备了单分散的聚甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯,并一步水解获得了具有硫醇端基的聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA).在还原氯金酸为金纳米粒子的同时,利用硫醇端基与金纳米粒子(GNPs)的耦合作用,一步获得了聚甲基丙烯酸单层保护的金纳米粒子.通过紫外光谱和透射电镜表征证实,金纳米粒子为单分散的球型颗粒,在水溶液中具有长期稳定性.聚甲基丙烯酸单层保护的金纳米粒子的光学性质和聚集状态,具有明显的pH响应性.在酸性条件下,由于PMAA被质子化发生疏水性转变,聚合物链收缩聚集,促使金纳米粒子之间互相靠近并聚集,其表面等离子共振吸收峰发生红移.从酸性调节为碱性后,(PMAA-@-GNPs)能重新分散,吸收峰发生蓝移.在多次循环后,溶液的光学信号能可逆互变且变化不大.     

水/正己烷界面上超声波介导组装金纳米粒子薄膜用作SERS基底

本文以高能量的超声波作用于溶胶/疏水溶剂两相体系, 使溶胶相中的纳米颗粒先被加速吸附到乳液油滴的小表面. 随着乳液油滴向上转移, 在界面处破乳, 纳米颗粒就被释放到水/油界面上来, 形成自组装纳米薄膜. 尽管这种组装机制尚不完全清楚(如超声波是否确实如预期那样可以提高纳米粒子的动能), 但这种方法不需要预先对纳米粒子表面疏水修饰, 也不需向体系中添加表面活性有机小分子或电解质等诱导剂, 可快速有效制备表面“洁净”的纳米粒子薄膜, 并可用作高活性SERS基底.     

基于离心技术的金纳米粒子表面清洁方法和机理研究

本文发展了一种基于离心技术的清洗金纳米八面体表面十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)吸附物的有效方法.选择合适的离心转速和离心次数,可以驱除金纳米八面体表面的CTAB分子.通过热失重分析、表面增强拉曼光谱和傅里叶红外光谱表征可以推测,金纳米八面体经合适的离心清洗后,表面残留的少量CTAB分子通过疏水作用由烷基长链与金表面形成(亚)单层吸附,同时,与金表面有强相互作用的溴离子发生脱附.溶剂水对CTAB的稀释在离心清洗金纳米八面体表面的过程中发挥着重要作用.金纳米粒子在离心场中的高速运动导致粒子周围双电层发生极化,极化双电层内产生的局部液流引起双电层内物质交换从而也影响了金纳米八面体表面的清洗效果.金纳米八面体在硫酸溶液和碱性硝酸铅溶液中的电化学研究表明,经过离心清洗的金纳米八面体可以直接应用于单晶电化学研究.     

金核银壳纳米粒子薄膜的制备及SERS活性研究

采用柠檬酸化学还原法制备金溶胶, 通过自组装技术在石英片表面制备金纳米粒子薄膜, 在银增强剂混合溶液中反应获得金核银壳纳米粒子薄膜. 用紫外-可见吸收光谱仪和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了不同条件下制备的金核银壳纳米粒子薄膜的光谱特性和表面形貌, 并以结晶紫为探针分子测量了金核银壳纳米粒子薄膜的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS). 结果表明, 金纳米粒子薄膜的分布、银增强剂反应时间的长短对金核银壳纳米粒子薄膜的形成均有重要影响. 制备过程中, 可以通过控制反应条件获得一定粒径的、具有良好表面增强拉曼散射活性的金核银壳纳米粒子薄膜.     

银包覆金纳米粒子膜的制备、表征及其SERS效应

本文研究了通过液相微波高压技术和自组装方法相结合制备的复合纳米粒子膜。首先, 将利用微波加热制备的金纳米粒子组装到石英片上,然后,再通过微波加热方法在石英片上的金颗粒表面沉积生长银包裹层, 用UV-Vis吸收光谱和原子力显微镜对该结构的复合纳米粒子膜进行表征。研究表明：通过在微波高压反应中调节银的沉积量可以有效控制包覆层的厚度和复合粒子的尺度。相对金纳米粒子膜,制备的复合粒子膜能显著的提高SERS能力,而较大的复合粒子的银壳层和粒子之间的耦合作用对复合粒子膜的SERS活性的显著增强起主要作用。     

纳米金汞核-壳粒子的电化学制备及其光谱性质

在聚乙烯吡啶修饰导电玻璃电极表面进行了金纳米粒子的二维单层结构组装,通过电沉积方法在金粒子表面制备了纳米汞壳层.研究结果表明,汞壳层的形成导致了内部金粒子表面等离子体共振的谱峰红移和强度衰减.吸附于汞壳表面的结晶紫分子因可承受被金核增强的电磁场,而使其拉曼散射得到极大的增强.     

聚合物-纳米金在油水界面的自组装及有序结构的构筑

聚合物-纳米金复合物既具有金纳米粒子的光、电及催化性能,又具有聚合物的可加工性及对外界的刺激响应性,因此已成为高分子科学及材料科学研究的热点。本文主要介绍了我们实验室在聚合物-纳米金在油水界面的自组装及有序结构的构筑研究方面的相关工作:(1)利用界面聚合的方法制备侧链接枝亲水性金纳米粒子的聚苯乙烯及杂化聚合物在水溶液中的自组装;(2)亲水性金纳米粒子及疏水性聚合物(或疏水性磁性纳米粒子)在油水界面的自组装研究;(3)利用金纳米粒子为交联点制备具有温度响应性聚合物微凝胶的研究。     

硫醇类配体修饰金纳米粒子在嵌段共聚物中自组装的研究进展

本文综述了不同类型硫醇配体修饰金纳米粒子的合成方法以及功能性金纳米粒子在嵌段共聚物薄膜中的自组装研究进展,重点介绍了硫醇类配体修饰金纳米粒子的合成方法,包括Brust合成法、原位合成法、grafting from合成法、配体置换法、单晶模板法等。总结了硫醇基小分子或聚合物配体修饰的金纳米粒子与嵌段共聚物之间自组装的调控方法,如利用配体与嵌段共聚物组分的隔离作用、配体与嵌段共聚物组分形成的氢键作用、溶剂蒸气退火或热退火等诱导嵌段共聚物/纳米粒子复合薄膜自组装。展望了功能性金纳米粒子以及嵌段共聚物/金纳米复合材料的发展方向。     

金纳米粒子杂化超分子水凝胶的制备与性能

在制备水溶性硫辛酸酯封端的甲氧基聚乙二醇-聚己内酯嵌段共聚物(MPEG-PCL-ALA)单层包覆金纳米粒子的基础上, 在水溶液中, 利用α-环糊精(α-CD)与单层包覆金纳米粒子的包合作用构建杂化超分子水凝胶. 透射电子显微(TEM)照片显示, 金纳米粒子的尺寸为6～8 nm. X射线衍射测试表明, 所制备的水凝胶中含有α-环糊精与MPEG-PCL嵌段共聚物包合形成的多聚准轮烷的特征衍射峰(2θ＝19.7°). 紫外-可见吸收光谱显示, 单层包覆金纳米粒子的水溶液及其与α-CD包合形成的水凝胶在525 nm处均出现表面等离子共振吸收峰, 单层包覆金纳米粒子溶液存放3个月后, 其表面等离子共振吸收峰未发生明显红移, 表明单层包覆金纳米粒子的水溶液具有较好的稳定性.     

聚离子液负载金纳米粒子水凝胶的制备及阴离子响应性

通过咪唑基离子液单体与二乙烯苯的自由基聚合制备了聚离子液水凝胶,并通过一步还原得到了离子液水凝胶负载金纳米粒子的复合材料。用UV-Vis光谱和透射电子显微镜研究了金纳米粒子在离子液水凝胶内部的分散状态及阴离子响应性聚集。结果表明,由于空间位阻和静电作用,制得的金纳米粒子的表面等离子共振吸收峰为527 nm,在离子液水凝胶中呈均匀分散的球形(2～5 nm);在PF6-阴离子的作用下,形成了疏水性水凝胶,使凝胶收缩,凝胶内部的金纳米粒子发生聚集,其吸收峰红移到532 nm,初步证实了此水凝胶具有阴离子响应性。     

Au/ZSM-5催化剂催化裂化轻柴油多产丙烯

经过三十多年的研究与开发,金催化已应用到环境污染治理与控制、精细化工合成和能源等领域,涉及的化学反应从简单的 CO氧化和丙烯环氧化等扩展到加氢、羰化和缩合等各类有机合成反应,研究领域从多相催化到均相催化以及光催化等.然而金催化所探索的反应多在较温和的反应条件下进行,对于重油催化裂解这类高温和复杂混合反应物体系的研究几乎无人问津.催化裂化(FCC)过程由于具有能耗较低、原料低廉及装置适应能力强等优点,在增产丙烯方面发挥着重要作用.由于特殊孔结构的择形性、较强的酸性和低的氢转移活性以及良好的水热稳定性, ZSM-5分子筛是目前应用于 FCC多产丙烯催化剂和助剂最为广泛的重要组分.值得注意的是,目前国内外开发的改性 ZSM-5无论是对 C4烃类和石脑油等催化裂解或作为助剂用于 FCC增产丙烯均有积极作用,但反应温度较高(大于510oC);当降低反应温度后,其增产丙烯的能力将受到极大限制.本文利用纳米金低温催化活性高的特点,采用改进的沉积沉淀(DP)方法,通过调变制备参数和金载量,制备了系列金修饰的 ZSM-5催化剂,考察了其对轻柴油催化裂解多产丙烯的催化性能.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、透射电镜(TEM)和诱导耦合等离子体光谱(ICP-AES)等手段研究了纳米金的分散状况及其对 ZSM-5物理化学结构的调变.结果发现,在460oC的较低反应温度下,与微米 ZSM-5母体相比,采用常规 DP法制备的经过滤洗涤后未用 NaBH4还原而是在300oC下空气中焙烧,理论金载量分别为0.5,0.8和1.0 wt%的三个纳米金催化剂的微反活性和丙烯选择性均增加.其中丙烯选择性分别提高了8.8%,2.9%和23.2%,微反活性指数分别提高了7.1%,4.3%和4.5%.这表明少量金的引入有利于在较低反应温度下催化裂化轻柴油增产丙烯,反映了其催化裂解烃类化合物的能力. TEM观察表明, Au/ZSM-5催化剂中金粒径分布非常不均匀(<10 nm–<200 nm).然而其中一些金粒子与载体呈扁平式接触,显示了两者间较强的相互作用.另外一些较小的金粒子可能嵌入到狭缝片状 ZSM-5颗粒之间的孔隙中,这可能在一定程度上影响了母体 ZSM-5的孔结构分布及其催化裂化性能. XRD, N2吸附-脱附和 NH3-TPD结果表明,金引入制备参数及其载量的变化导致了母体 ZSM-5载体的 MFI结构、孔结构分布及强弱酸量的变化.上述丙烯选择性和微反活性因
　　金的修饰而同时提高的三个金催化剂,基本保持了完整的 ZSM-5的 MFI结构,并且其孔分布比 ZSM-5窄.金的引入明显提高了 ZSM-5母体的酸性尤其是低温弱酸的酸强度,然而,综合性能优良的催化剂其强弱酸量的比例相近.因此,金修饰导致微反活性和丙烯选择性的同时提高取决于改性催化剂的 MFI结构、孔分布以及强弱酸比例的协同作用,而金载量和金粒子尺寸的影响不明显.一般来讲,修饰的金属主要通过形成正碳离子而在 B酸位上生成轻烯烃.高温水汽老化试验后,金修饰的 ZSM-5比未修饰的ZSM-5保留了更多的酸位,说明金在一定程度上抑制了骨架铝的脱除.扁平状分布在母体上的金粒子与母体间较强的相互作用可能导致部分电子从金属态金转移到(SiAl)O(OH)m上,增加了羟基中质子的流动性而提高了改性分子筛的酸性,有利于正碳离子的形成.     

Electrostatic repulsion-controlled formation of polydopamine-gold janus particles

Polydopamine (PDA)-Au Janus particles were obtained by simply adding HAuCl(4) to a PDA particle suspension, prepared via self-polymerization of dopamine in basic solution at room temperature. The structures of the PDA-Au particles are readily controlled by electrostatic repulsion between the constituent particles, which can be realized simply via adjusting the environmental pH. PDA-Au Janus particles are formed only in a narrow pH range of 2.5-3.0 due to the properly enhanced electrostatic repulsion between the Au particles growing on as-prepared PDA particles and between the Au and PDA particles. The obtained PDA-Au Janus particles can become interfacially active and self-assemble at oil/water interfaces as a result of spatially well-separated hydrophilic (PDA) and hydrophobic (Au) domains on the surfaces, reminiscent of amphiphilic molecules.     

Trace element determinations in shale oil products by neutron activation

Neutron activation offers some important advantages for the determination of selected trace elements in shale oil products. This paper gives techniques and results of a study of crude shale oil and naphtha, heavy distillate, and wax products of shale oil. The elements determined were Al, As, Au, Br, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mn. Mo, Na, S, Sb, Se, V, and Zn. Some elements (Mn, Na, As) tend to accumulate in heavier fractions, whereas chlorine and iodine are concentrated in the more volatile fractions. The volatility of sulphur compounds in the shale oil products appears to be essentially uniform, with some tendency toward accumulation in distillation residues. The tendency for the trace elements to accumulate in the waxes that precipitated from cooled heavy distillates was very low.     

Determination and geochemical significance of trace elements in Iraqi crude oils using instrumental neutron activation analysis

The trace-element composition of crude oil was studied using instrumental neutron activation techniques and a large-volume high-resolution Ge(Li) detector. A total of 29 elements were determined in oils representing the various producing formations of the Iraqi oil fields. These were: Al, Ar, As, Au, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Eu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, V, W and Zn. The significance of these trace elements in the geochemical investigation of crude oil is discussed.     

Enzyme‐Controlled Sensing–Actuating Nanomachine Based on Janus Au–Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

Novel Janus nanoparticles with Au and mesoporous silica faces on opposite sides were prepared using a Pickering emulsion template with paraffin wax as the oil phase. These anisotropic colloids were employed as integrated sensing–actuating nanomachines for enzyme‐controlled stimuli‐responsive cargo delivery. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated the successful use of the Janus colloids for controlled delivery of tris(2,2’‐bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chloride from the mesoporous silica face, which was grafted with pH‐sensitive gatelike scaffoldings. The release was mediated by the on‐demand catalytic decomposition of urea by urease, which was covalently immobilized on the Au face.     

Activity of platinum-gold alloys for glucose electrooxidation in biofuel cells

Carbon supported Pt-Au catalysts with different bimetallic compositions were prepared by water in oil (w/o) microemulsion. Carbon Vulcan XC-72 was added during the synthesis of particles in order to obtain their good dispersion and a mean particle size distribution of 5.02 +/- 0.56 nm. Structural characterization was performed using XRD at wide angles (WAXS), which showed that Pt-Au particles exhibited alloy properties. Electrochemical characterization allowed to estimate the surface composition of Pt-Au alloys, which was close to that of the bulk material Pt(20)Au(80). This catalyst composition displayed the best catalytic activity in steady-state conditions in comparison with Pt(50)Au(50) or Pt and Au alone. Moreover, a Pt-Au/C catalyst with a metal loading of 40 wt % was immobilized onto a carbon porous tube as anode. A membrane-less biofuel cell was tested using laccase/ABTS biocathode in phosphate buffer (pH 5).     

Determination of platinum-group metals and gold in the group extract by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after the autoclave decomposition of geological samples

An ICP AES procedure is developed for the direct determination of all platinum-group metals (PGM) and Au in an extract based on the correlation between the main constituents of the analytical cycle. Concentrations interfering with the determination PGM and Au in the extract admissible for ICP AES were found. It was shown that the extraction system (a mixture of p-alkylaniline with oil sulfides in o-xylene or in post-xylene fractions) is compatible with ICP, ensures the 10- to 20-fold preconcentration of PGM and Au and the necessary depth of extract purification (10⁶) of the interfering elements. The accuracy of the procedure is confirmed by results of analyses of seven certified reference samples (GSO) and the agreement with the results of the reference ETA AAS determination. The procedure was tested on raw materials and products of a copper-nickel plant for the determination of all PGM, including osmium and Au in the concentration range 10^?7 to 10^?4%.     

Black Gold: Plasmonic Colloidosomes with Broadband Absorption Self‐Assembled from Monodispersed Gold Nanospheres by Using a Reverse Emulsion System

A facile approach for the fabrication of novel black plasmonic colloidosomes assembled from Au nanospheres is developed by an emulsion‐templating strategy. This self‐assembly process is based on a new reverse water‐in‐1‐butanol emulsion system, in which the water emulsion droplets can dissolve into 1‐butanol (oil) phase at an appropriate rate. These Au colloidosomes possess hexagonal close‐packed multilayer shells and show a low reflectivity and intense broadband absorption owing to the strong interparticle plasmonic coupling, which is further investigated by a finite‐difference time‐domain method. This method is universal and is suitable for self‐assembly of different noble‐metal nanoparticles into different colloidosomes. These colloidosomes have important applications in photothermal therapy, biosensors, and drug delivery.     

Modulation of the Activity of Gold Clusters Immobilized on Functionalized Mesoporous Materials in the Oxidation of Cyclohexene via the Functional Group. The Case of Aminopropyl Moiety

Gold nanoclusters and isolated gold atoms have been produced in a two-liquid phase procedure that involves a solution of gold in aqua regia and rosemary essential oil as organic layer. These gold entities have been immobilized on the ordered mesoporous silica material SBA-15 functionalized with different amounts of aminopropyl groups. The resulting materials have been characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, chemical analysis, TGA, ²⁹Si MAS NMR, ¹³C CP/MAS NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy, XPS, and STEM. The Au-containing materials retain the ordering and porosity of the pristine support. Gold content varies in the range of 0.07–0.7 wt% as a function of the specific immobilization conditions, while STEM evidences the presence of isolated gold atoms. XPS shows a shift of the Au 4f BE toward values lower than those of metallic gold. The catalytic activity in the oxidation of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure parallels the Au content of the aminopropyl-SBA-15 supports. This activity is higher than that of analogous Au entities immobilized on SBA-15 functionalized with thiol or sulfonate groups, the activity decreasing in the order Au-NH₂ > Au-SO₃⁻ > Au-SH. This behavior has been attributed to differences in the interaction strength between the functional group and the Au entities, which is optimum for the aminopropyl groups.     

Picoliter-volume aqueous droplets in oil: electrochemical detection and yeast cell electroporation

An electrochemical detection method was introduced for aqueous droplet analysis in oil phase of microfluidic devices. This method is based on the electrochemical signal difference between aqueous and oil. Applying a low alternating current (AC) voltage to a couple of Au microelectrodes, this method can offer size information and ion concentration range from 0.02 mmol/L to 1 mol/L of tens of picoliter to nanoliter aqueous droplets. Alternatively, applying a relative high AC voltage (18 Vpp) at a frequency of 1 kHz leads to electroporation of yeast cells encapsulated into picoliter droplets. We believe that this simple technique is useful for a number of aqueous droplet-based chemical and biological analyses as well as cell electroporation.