间隙碳调控Ni实现1,3-丁二烯高效加氢（英文）

选择性加氢反应是化工生产中一类重要的催化反应。其中，1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢对提纯单烯烃、防止聚合反应催化剂中毒等具有重要作用。利用负载型钯基催化剂进行选择性加氢脱除炔烃是现阶段工业生产中广泛采用的方法，但仍存在价格昂贵、丰度低等问题。因此，研制具有优良催化性能的非贵金属催化剂一直是工业研究的重点。在此，本工作利用浸渍法制备了Ni₃Zn/Al₂O₃催化剂，并进一步以气体驱动法获得Ni₃ZnC_0.7/Al₂O₃催化剂，通过X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子谱等表征分析了间隙碳对Ni₃Zn/Al₂O₃催化剂结构的影响，并关联两种催化剂在1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢反应中的催化性能，建立构效关系。催化性能测试结果表明Ni₃ZnC_0.7/Al₂O₃催化剂具有优异的单烯烃选择性，在1,3-丁...     

Al2O3孔结构对纳米HZSM-5基催化剂改质FCC汽油性能的影响

采用NH₃-TPD、FT-IR、N₂吸附-脱附等手段对两种不同来源的氧化铝样品进行了表征。结果表明,两种Al₂O₃的总酸量及酸强度没有明显差别,酸类型均以Lewis酸为主,其中,Al₂O₃ (b)的平均孔径及孔体积较大。在固定床微型反应装置上考察了以两种Al₂O₃为载体制备的纳米HZSM-5基催化剂改质全馏分FCC汽油的性能。实验结果表明,以大孔Al₂O₃为载体的HZSM-5基催化剂具有较好的降烯烃、芳构化、异构化活性及稳定性。改性纳米HZSM-5负载的LaNiMo催化剂对FCC汽油的300 h评价结果表明,烯烃饱和率为83%,脱硫率为87%,同时维持了油品的辛烷值。     

Co-Al催化剂在环氧丙醇加氢制备1,3-丙二醇中的应用

以Co-Al水滑石为前驱体，经高温焙烧和H₂还原得到了系列可用于环氧丙醇加氢制备1，3-丙二醇（1，3-PDO）的Co_x/Al₂O₃催化剂.研究结果表明，Co₂/Al₂O₃催化剂具有最好的活性、产物选择性及良好的稳定性，在80℃，2 MPa H₂下反应5 h后，环氧丙醇的转化率为99.8%，1，3-PDO的收率高达68.0%；不仅高于采用相同方法制备的Ni₂/Al₂O₃和Cu₂/Al₂O₃催化剂，也高于Al₂O₃负载的Pt，Pd和Ru催化剂.研究发现活性中心Co与Al₂O₃载体的酸性位点之间的协同作用可能是影响催化剂的活性及1，3-PDO选择性的重要因素.     

耐硫甲烷化中H2S浓度对MoO3/Al2O3和CoO-MoO3/Al2O3催化剂的影响

在0 到12 mL·L^-1 (体积分数φ=0.00%-1.20%) 范围内考察了不同H₂S 浓度对25% (质量分数, w)MoO₃/Al₂O₃和5% (w) CoO-25%MoO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂甲烷化性能的影响. 结果表明, 5%CoO-25%MoO₃/Al₂O₃的甲烷化活性随H₂S浓度的增加单调上升, 而25%MoO₃/Al₂O₃对H₂S浓度并不敏感. 对比这两种催化剂发现, 只有在H₂S浓度高于0.40% (φ) 时, 在25%MoO₃/Al₂O₃中添加Co助剂才会有促进作用; H₂S浓度低于0.40% (φ)时, Co助剂会抑制25%MoO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂的甲烷化活性. 分别对反应前后的催化剂表征发现, H₂S浓度的改变不会对两种催化剂的物理结构产生明显的影响, 而是通过影响催化剂表面的金属硫化物活性位来影响催化剂的甲烷化性能. 耐硫甲烷化反应体系中较高的硫含量下Co助剂才表现出对25%MoO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂的促进作用. 该研究明确了在MoO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂中添加Co助剂的硫化氢浓度范围, 为工业上选择合适的催化剂提供了依据.     

Al2O3负载Pt催化剂的合成及其甲醇低温催化燃烧性能研究

采用一步合成法制备了Al₂O₃负载Pt催化剂Pt/Al₂O₃,以甲醇催化燃烧作为目标反应研究了其催化性能,考察了还原剂浓度、表面活性剂用量、表面活性剂浓度和煅烧温度对Pt/Al₂O₃甲醇低温催化燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,当还原剂浓度为0.1 mol/L、表面活性剂(CTAB)用量为8.53 g/g_cat.、表面活性剂浓度为0.1 mol/L、煅烧温度为600℃时,所得催化剂的活性最高,25℃下甲醇催化燃烧的转化率达到52%。而改进一步合成法制备的负载型催化剂Pt/Al₂O₃具有更高的甲醇催化燃烧活性,25℃下甲醇催化燃烧的转化率为84%。     

Ni/Al2O3改性催化剂催化重整生物油模拟物制氢研究

制备了Ni/Al₂O₃、Ni-Cu/Al₂O₃、Ni-Co/Al₂O₃和Ni-Co-Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂,研究了Co和Cu对生物油水蒸气催化重整的影响。实验表明,Co 能促进水汽变换(WGS)反应,提高氢气的产率,Cu能抑制反应中焦炭的形成,提高催化剂的稳定性。对催化剂Ni-Co-Cu/Al₂O₃进行工艺条件考察,当900 ℃、水油比为6 g/g、质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1时,碳选择性达到87.5%,氢气产率达到84.2%,潜在氢气产率达到92.4%。     

ZrO2修饰Al2O3纳米片负载钴催化剂的制备及其费托反应性能研究

通过水热法合成了Al₂O₃纳米片（Al₂O₃-CN）,采用浸渍法制备20%（质量分数）钴基催化剂,并应用于费托合成反应。制备的Al₂O₃-CN（226 m²/g）与商业氧化铝（Al₂O₃-C,249 m²/g）具有相近的比表面积,但Al₂O₃-CN孔尺寸分布更加集中。浸渍钴后,与Co/Al₂O₃-C催化剂相比,Co/Al₂O₃-CN催化剂表现出较高的还原度及更均匀的钴颗粒粒径分布。因此,Co/Al₂O₃-CN催化剂表现出更高的CO转化率和低的甲烷选择性。为了进一步提高Co/Al₂O₃-CN的催化性能,采用不同含量ZrO₂对Al₂O₃-CN进行修饰。表征结果表明,随着ZrO₂修饰量的增加,Al₂O₃-CN载体比表面积变化不明显,孔体积和孔径增大;相对应催化剂的钴颗粒粒径减小,活性位点数目增加。在相同反应条件下,经ZrO₂修饰催化剂CO转化率进一步提高,甲烷选择性降低。     

钾改性氧化铝基羰基硫水解催化剂及其失活机理

天然气、油田伴生气、高炉煤气等化工生产过程中伴生COS气体,不仅会腐蚀管道和毒害催化剂,还会严重污染环境并危害人类健康。COS催化水解反应可在温和条件下高效的将COS脱除,是最具应用前景的COS脱除技术之一。碱金属元素因其具有独特的电子供体性质、表面碱性和静电吸附等特性,常被用作助催化剂以提高Al₂O₃的COS催化水解性能。近年来,以钾为助剂改性的Al₂O₃催化剂(K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃)在COS催化水解反应中得到广泛的应用,但由于负载在Al₂O₃上的K物种的组成复杂,目前研究者对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解机理的理解仍存在一定的困惑和争议。本论文通过湿法浸渍法合成出一系列钾盐和钠盐改性的Al₂O₃催化剂,并利用各类先进的表征技术对这些催化剂进行分析。活性测试表明,以K₂CO₃、K₂C₂O₄、NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃和NaC₂O₄改性Al₂O₃催化剂均有助于COS的水解。其中K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃拥有最佳的COS水解性能,连续运行20 h后其COS转化率仍高于~93%,远远优于未改性的Al₂O₃ (~58%)。我们利用原位红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱探明了反应过程中催化剂的化学结构特征,阐明了H₂O分子在K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃上的水解作用机制。原位红外表明COS在K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃上的水解过程中形成了硫代碳酸氢盐中间产物。X射线光电子能谱表征证明催化剂的失活主要是因为催化剂表面积累了硫酸盐和单质硫。此外,我们还研究了水蒸气含量对COS水解性能的影响,研究发现,由于H₂O和COS分子在催化剂表面存在竞争吸附,过量的H₂O会引起催化活性的下降。上述研究表明,K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解性能的提高主要是形成了HO-Al-O-K界面活性位。更为重要的是,所制备的催化剂都是在模拟工业工况条件下进行的,这为后续的工业应用提供了宝贵理论指导。本工作为理解助剂钾在Al₂O₃催化剂上COS水解活性的增强提供了新的见解,这为未来设计稳定高效的COS水解催化剂打开了新的发展方向。     

碱土Sr对Co/Al2O3催化剂甲烷部分氧化反应的影响

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,采用共浸渍法制备了Sr-Co/Al₂O₃系列催化剂,研究了助剂Sr对Co/Al₂O₃催化剂上甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应的影响,并利用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射、H₂-程序升温还原和热重等技术对催化剂的理化性质进行了表征。结果表明,未添加助剂的Co/Al₂O₃和800℃焙烧的Sr-Co/Al₂O₃催化剂在POM反应初期催化活性很低,然而,当添加Sr的质量分数高于2%时,催化剂表现出很好的催化活性和稳定性。焙烧后的新鲜催化剂上主要存在两类Co物种,一类是与载体相互作用较弱、易被H₂还原为单质的Co₃O₄;另一类是与载体相互作用较强、难还原、无催化活性的CoAl₂O₄尖晶石。在焙烧过程中,Sr易形成Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅,从而削弱Co与Al₂O₃之间的相互作用,能在一定程度上抑制CoAl₂O₄物种的形成,提高催化剂的稳定性和活性。未添加Sr的Co/Al₂O₃在反应时易发生物相改变生成尖晶石,导致催化剂迅速失活;但当焙烧温度达到800℃时,添加有限量的Sr还是无法阻止CoAl₂O₄的产生。     

负载Pd基碳二选择加氢催化剂上乙炔加氢反应的原位红外光谱研究

以乙烯和乙炔为探针分子, 采用原位红外光谱技术研究了Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂上乙炔加氢反应, 通过乙炔吸附, 乙炔和氢的共吸附和交替吸附表征了催化剂表面吸附物种的变化. 结果表明, 在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃催化体系中, 乙炔在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂有着不同的吸附性能, 另外, 加氢反应会导致在催化剂表面形成由长分子链的烷烃组成的碳氢化合物层, 该吸附层与绿油有着相似的红外光谱特征, 最关键的是乙炔和氢的吸附顺序和碳氢化合物层的生成量之间存在着一定的关系, 这将直接影响催化剂的加氢性能.     

Olefin Metathesis in Organic Chemistry

Transition metal catalyzed C? C bond formations belong to the most important reactions in organic synthesis. One particularly interesting reaction is olefin metathesis, a metal-catalyzed exchange of alkylidene moieties between alkenes. Olefin metathesis can induce both cleavage and formation of C? C double bonds. Special functional groups are not necessary. Although this reaction—which can be catalyzed by numerous transition metals—is used in industry, its potential in organic synthesis was not recognized for many years. The recent abrupt end to this Sleeping-Beauty slumber has several reasons. Novel catalysts can effect the conversion of highly fictionalized and sterically demanding olefins under mild reaction conditions and in high yields. Improved understanding of substrate–catalyst interaction has greatly contributed to the recent establishment of olefin metathesis as a synthetic method. In addition to the preparation of polymers with fine-tuned characteristics, the metathesis today also provides new routes to compounds of low molecular weight. The highly developed ring-closing metathesis has been proven to be key step in the synthesis of a growing number of natural products. At the same time interesting applications can be envisioned for newly developed variants of bimolecular metathesis. Improvements in the selective cross-metathesis of acyclic olefins as well as promising attempts to include alkynes as viable substrates provide for a vivid development of the metathesis chemistry.     

Etudes sur le mecanisme de la metathese des olefines : III. Intermediaires tungstacyclopentaniques et tungstacyclobutaniques

With a view to understanding the role of the catalyst in olefin metathesis various attempts were made to synthesize possible intermediates of the reaction. No compound was formed which could account satisfactorily for a metathesis reaction under conditions favourable for the formation of tungstacyclopentane. Attempted synthesis of tungstacyclobutane also failed, but gave results which could be interpreted as mimicking metathesis. In spite of this apparent agreement, it is concluded that, if tungstacyclobutanes are actually formed, they are decomposed to tungstacarbene (alkylidenetungsten) and olefins rather than to tungstacyclopentanes, then to olefins.     

A general model for selectivity in olefin cross metathesis

In recent years, olefin cross metathesis (CM) has emerged as a powerful and convenient synthetic technique in organic chemistry; however, as a general synthetic method, CM has been limited by the lack of predictability in product selectivity and stereoselectivity. Investigations into olefin cross metathesis with several classes of olefins, including substituted and functionalized styrenes, secondary allylic alcohols, tertiary allylic alcohols, and olefins with alpha-quaternary centers, have led to a general model useful for the prediction of product selectivity and stereoselectivity in cross metathesis. As a general ranking of olefin reactivity in CM, olefins can be categorized by their relative abilities to undergo homodimerization via cross metathesis and the susceptibility of their homodimers toward secondary metathesis reactions. When an olefin of high reactivity is reacted with an olefin of lower reactivity (sterically bulky, electron-deficient, etc.), selective cross metathesis can be achieved using feedstock stoichiometries as low as 1:1. By employing a metathesis catalyst with the appropriate activity, selective cross metathesis reactions can be achieved with a wide variety of electron-rich, electron-deficient, and sterically bulky olefins. Application of this model has allowed for the prediction and development of selective cross metathesis reactions, culminating in unprecedented three-component intermolecular cross metathesis reactions.     

Electrochemically reduced tungsten‐based active species as catalysts for cross‐metathesis reactions: cross‐metathesis of non‐functionalized olefins

The electrochemical reduction of WCl₆ results in the formation of an active olefin (alkene) metathesis catalyst. The application of the WCl₆–e^?–Al–CH₂Cl₂ catalyst system to cross‐metathesis reactions of non‐functionalized acyclic olefins is reported. Undesirable reactions, such as double‐bond shift isomerization and subsequent metathesis, were not observed in these reactions. Cross‐metathesis of 7‐tetradecene with an equimolar amount of 4‐octene generated the desired cross‐product, 4‐undecene, in good yield. The reaction of 7‐tetradecene with 2‐octene, catalyzed by electrochemically reduced tungsten hexachloride, resulted in both self‐ and cross‐metathesis products. The cross‐metathesis products, 2‐nonene and 6‐tridecene, were formed in larger amounts than the self‐metathesis products of 2‐octene. The optimum catalyst/olefin ratio and reaction time were found to be 1 : 60 and 24 h, respectively. The cross‐metathesis of symmetrical olefins with α‐olefins was also studied under the predetermined conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed tandem cross-metathesis/Wittig olefination: generation of conjugated dienoic esters from terminal olefins

[reaction: see text] In the presence of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts and triphenylphosphine, alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes can be olefinated with diazoacetates. This ruthenium-catalyzed transformation has been employed in tandem with olefin cross-metathesis to convert terminal olefins into 1,3-dienoic esters in a single operation.     

Benchmarked Intrinsic Olefin Metathesis Activity: Mo vs. W

Combining Surface Organometallic Chemistry with rigorous olefin purification protocol allows evaluating and comparing the intrinsic activities of Mo and W olefin metathesis catalysts towards different types of olefin substrates. While well‐defined silica‐supported Mo and W imido‐alkylidenes show very similar activities in metathesis of internal olefins, Mo catalysts systematically outperform their W analogs in metathesis of terminal olefins, consistent with the formation of stable unsubstituted W metallacyclobutanes in the presence of ethylene. However, Mo catalysts are more prone to induce olefin isomerization, in particular when ethylene is present, probably because of their propensity to undergo more easily reduction processes.     

An olefin disconnection strategy for the practical synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A: olefin cross metathesis and intramolecular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination

The practical and convergent total synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A has been achieved by an olefin disconnection strategy. Key features of the total synthesis include the efficient formation of C2 and C10 olefins, employing an olefin cross metathesis (CM) reaction and an intramolecular HWE olefination, respectively.     

Unprecedented Selectivity of Ruthenium Iodide Benzylidenes in Olefin Metathesis Reactions

The development of selective olefin metathesis catalysts is crucial to achieving new synthetic pathways. Herein, we show that cis‐diiodo/sulfur‐chelated ruthenium benzylidenes do not react with strained cycloalkenes and internal olefins, but can effectively catalyze metathesis reactions of terminal dienes. Surprisingly, internal olefins may partake in olefin metathesis reactions once the ruthenium methylidene intermediate has been generated. This unexpected behavior allows the facile formation of strained cis‐cyclooctene by the RCM reaction of 1,9‐undecadiene. Moreover, cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene may be transformed into small cyclic molecules, including its smallest precursor, 1,5‐cyclooctadiene, by the use of this novel sequence. Norbornenes, including the reactive dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), remain unscathed even in the presence of terminal olefin substrates as they are too bulky to approach the diiodo ruthenium methylidene. The experimental results are accompanied by thorough DFT calculations.     

Straightforward synthesis of alpha,beta-unsaturated thioesters via ruthenium-catalyzed olefin cross-metathesis with thioacrylate

The cross-metathesis reaction of S-ethyl thioacrylate with a variety of olefins is effectively catalyzed by using a ruthenium benzylidene olefin metathesis catalyst. This reaction provides a convenient and versatile route to substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated thioesters, key building blocks in organic synthesis.     

Versatile synthetic method for sphingolipids and functionalized sphingosine derivatives via olefin cross metathesis

A highly efficient and versatile method for the synthesis of various sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin, ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and functionalized sphingosine derivatives, was established by two types of combinations of the olefin cross metathesis reaction. One reaction was between the same olefin part and appropriate amino alcohols, which were prepared starting from N-Boc-L-serine, and the other was between appropriate olefins and the same amino alcohol. [reaction: see text].