Focus depth characteristics of lenses with long focal depth designed by a focal depth function

The validity of a focal length function is investigated in designing optical element with long focal depth and high lateral resolution. The designed lenses with different starting focal length are studied. Two focusing performance measures, focal depth and lateral resolution, are presented. Comparing with the conventional lens and optical element designed by other focal length function, numerical results of the designed optics element indicate that the long focal depth and high lateral resolution are achieved. The validity of the focal length function is confirmed. Meanwhile, the designed optical element is similar with the lens with spherical aberration. It means that one can easily implement long focal depth by applying appropriate phase modulation to a lens with spherical aberration.     

测量接触镜近轴后顶焦距可行性分析

主要论述了由焦度仪测量的接触镜实际后顶焦距转化为近轴后顶焦距的可行性问题以及近轴后顶焦距与实际应用相适应性的问题。通过分析和比对一些厂家生产的接触镜光学结构参量 r,n,d后认为 ,由于接触镜球差较大 ,而球差由光学结构参量确定 ,因而同一近轴后顶焦距不同 ,光学结构参量的接触镜实测后顶焦距也不同 ,并且偏差超出了允许范围。所以实际后顶焦距转化为近轴后顶焦距是不恰当的。同时近轴后顶焦距的倒数表征的光焦度与临床验光给出的实际光焦度意义不同 ,因而定义与实际应用不相适应。作者最后提出了接触镜后顶光焦度定义的修正建议     

Influences of pump beam distribution on thermal lensing spherical aberration in an LD end-pumped Nd:YAG laser

A numerical investigation is made on the thermal lensing and spherical aberration effect in an LD end-pumped Nd:YAG laser. Based on the finite element method (FEM), the laser rod temperature distribution is calculated and the focal length of the thermal lens is deduced, the influences of pump beam on the thermal lensing spherical aberration are mainly studied. The results show the thermal lens which focal length varied with the radial coordinate r is not an ideal lens. Given the heat dissipation boundary conditions, the radial dependent focal length will be shortened when the pump power raised or the waist radius of the pump beam reduced, meanwhile the radial differences of the focal length will decrease when the pump power increased. For a Super-Gaussian profile pump beam, the higher the exponent number, the more similar to flat top the pump beam is, and the less the radial differences of the focal length are.     

Focal shift and focal switch of partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model beams passing through a system with the aperture and spherically aberrated lens separated

Based on the beam coherent-polarization (BCP) matrix approach and propagation law of partially coherent beams, the focal shift and focal switch of partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model (PGSM) beams passing through a system with the aperture and spherically aberrated lens separated is studied in detail. Our main attention is focused on the effect of spherical aberration and partial coherence on the focal shift and focal switch of PGSM beams. It is shown that for polarizer-free case there is no focal switch of PGSM beams, the focal shift of PGSM beams is closely related with spherical aberration coefficient C₄, auto-coherence length σ_a, truncation parameter δ and relative position s/f between the aperture and lens in general, and is independent of the cross-coherence length σ_c. After inserting a polarizer the focal switch can take place. Numerical calculation results are given to illustrate how the spherical aberration and partial coherence affect the focal shift and focal switch of PGSM beams.     

球差透镜聚焦部分相干光束获得局域空心光束

基于Collins公式,研究了空间相干度为零阶贝塞耳函数的部分相干光通过球差透镜后在几何焦平面附近的光强分布情况.研究表明,通过改变部分相干光的光谱相干度,球差系数可以得到平顶光束和局域空心光束.球差系数决定了最佳聚焦点的位置.当球差系数为正时,最佳聚焦点随着球差系数的增大向远离透镜的方向运动,甚至超过几何焦点;当球差系数为负时,最佳聚焦点随着球差系数绝对值的增大向靠近透镜方向移动.另外,在正负球差绝对值相等时,光强分布以几何焦点相对称.     

球差对圆偏涡旋贝塞耳-高斯光束聚焦场的影响

利用理查德-沃耳夫矢量衍射积分,分析了初级球差对圆偏振涡旋贝塞耳-高斯光束聚焦光场的影响,获得不同球差系数下的光强分布.结果表明,当初级球差系数增加,会聚光点偏离系统焦平面,纵向光场发生改变;焦点光强逐渐减小,焦平面光场发生变化;光轴上光强峰值逐渐减小,峰值两侧的旁瓣变化趋势相反,光强由对称分布变成非对称分布;初级球差对贝塞耳-高斯光束聚焦光场的影响不依赖其偏振态;离焦无法完全补偿初级球差对聚焦光场的影响.     

The effect of spherical aberration on the phase singularities of focused dark-hollow Gaussian beams

The phase singularities of focused dark-hollow Gaussian beams in the presence of spherical aberration are studied. It is shown that the evolution behavior of phase singularities of focused dark-hollow Gaussian beams in the focal region depends not only on the truncation parameter and beam order, but also on the spherical aberration. The spherical aberration leads to an asymmetric spatial distribution of singularities outside the focal plane and to a shift of singularities near the focal plane. The reorganization process of singularities and spatial distribution of singularities are additionally dependent on the sign of the spherical aberration. The results are illustrated by numerical examples.     

Effect of spherical aberration on tightly focused cylindrically polarized vortex beams

In this paper attention is given to the effects of primary spherical aberration on the cylindrical polarized vortex beam based on the vector diffraction theory. It is observed that by properly choosing the polarization angle and topological charge one can obtain many novel focal patterns suitable for optical tweezers, laser printing and material process. However, it is observed that the focusing objective with spherical aberration generates structural modification and positional shift of the generated focal structure.     

高库仑量大电流两电极气体火花开关研究

设计了一个两电极气体火花开关，开关的主体部分仅包括阴极、阳极两个主电极，以及金属外壳和绝缘支撑外壳，两电极结构取消了触发极，消除了由于触发极烧蚀影响开关寿命的问题。开关设计工作电压23 kV，单脉冲能量1.2 MJ，峰值电流300 kA，单次脉冲电荷转移量110 C。初步试验阶段开关工作电压达到15 kV，开关的通流180 kA，电荷转移量为47.85 C。开关触发性能可靠，电极烧蚀均匀。     

液滴透镜在电场中的变形研究

利用电场作用操控液滴面形获得非球面液滴透镜,并实时检测其光学性能,利用紫外光固化技术使液滴透镜固化得到固体非球面透镜.实验测量了液滴透镜的面形并经过图像处理提取面形轮廓,经多项式拟合得出液滴透镜的面形表达式.比较了不同强度电场作用下的液滴透镜面形,计算了主曲率随电场的变化规律,讨论了液滴透镜在电场中的变形机制|根据透镜面形表达式,采用光线追迹法得出了液滴透镜的焦距随电场的变化规律,结合ZEMAX软件计算了3 550 V时液滴透镜的最大波像差为0.32个波长,Strehl Ratio为0.74,及光学传递函数等参数,计算了所制作的非球面透镜的像差,为低像差非球面透镜的研制提供了依据.     

Focal switch of spherically aberrated Laguerre–Gaussian beams

Based on the Collins formula, we study the focal switch of spherically aberrated Laguerre–Gaussian (L–G) beams passing through an optical system with the aperture and lens separated. Our results demonstrate that the behavior of the focal switch of spherically aberrated L–G beams is generally dependent on the spherical aberration coefficient, truncation parameter, Fresnel number and mode indices. The spherical aberration affects the relative focal shift, critical position of the focal switch and the relative transition. We also illustrate that there exists a minimum in addition to a maximum in the truncation parameter. Only inside the region between the minimum and the maximum the focal switch effect can be expected. The region depends on the spherical aberration coefficient as well as the Fresnel number.     

液滴透镜在电场中的变形研究

利用电场作用操控液滴面形获得非球面液滴透镜,并实时检测其光学性能,利用紫外光固化技术使液滴透镜固化得到固体非球面透镜.实验测量了液滴透镜的面形并经过图像处理提取面形轮廓,经多项式拟合得出液滴透镜的面形表达式.比较了不同强度电场作用下的液滴透镜面形,计算了主曲率随电场的变化规律,讨论了液滴透镜在电场中的变形机制;根据透镜面形表达式,采用光线追迹法得出了液滴透镜的焦距随电场的变化规律,结合ZEMAX软件计算了3 550 V时液滴透镜的最大波像差为0.32个波长,Strehl Ratio为0.74,及光学传递函数等参数,计算了所制作的非球面透镜的像差,为低像差非球面透镜的研制提供了依据.     

Mirror objectives with variable focal length

We consider some issues involved in constructing a mirror system with a discrete variable focal length. We propose a procedure for designing two-mirror pancratic (zoom) systems with fixed image plane. In constructing the optimal layouts, we studied a basic two-mirror system to achieve minimum spherical aberration. We present the calculated design characteristics of an objective consisting of two spherical mirrors and providing a three-fold variation in focal length. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 453–459, May–June, 2009.     

部分相干光经柱面球差透镜聚焦所产生的焦移

利用Collins公式得出光强均匀部分相干光经柱面球差透镜聚焦后的轴上光强分布,并通过数值模拟的方法研究了入射光的菲涅耳数、相干度和透镜的球差对轴上点光强分布的影响.结果显示,当菲涅耳数较小、空间相干度较小的部分相干光经无球差透镜聚焦时,轴上点光强分布会产生焦移现象,而当部分相干光被球差透镜聚焦时,也会有焦移现象产生.     

用像差逐项优化法装调离轴三反射镜光学系统

在对复杂光学系统粗装调完成之后 ,利用自准干涉检验的办法 ,采集光学系统各视场的干涉图 ,然后用干涉条纹分析软件算出整个系统波前误差 ,其量值用泽尼克系数来表示 ,通过泽尼克系数与系统的波像差的关系 ,判断要调整的目标值 ,即当前在光学系统中占主导地位的波前误差 ,对主导误差优化 ,得到系统的失调量 ,由光学设计软件确定其正确后 ,进行一次精密装调。然后进行多次这样的计算机迭代和优化 ,直到光学系统达到最好的调整状态。运用此方法来装调大口径 ,长焦距离轴三反射镜系统 ,在波长λ等于 6 32 .8nm时 ,该离轴三反射镜系统中心视场波像差均方根值达到了 0 .0 94λ ,+1°视场和 - 1°视场的均方根值分别为 0 .10 6λ和 0 .12 5λ。     

电磁复合聚焦—偏转球面阴极透镜的相对论象差理论

本文应用变分原理研究了电磁复合聚焦-偏转球面阴极透镜的相对论象差理论。在考虑阴极面逸出电子具有一定的初能量和初角度分布,物场和象场弯曲以及阴极面上磁场和横向电场不为零的情况下,导出了任意理想象面上的一级近轴横向象差和包括色球差在内的全部三级几何横向象差,以及各种特殊类型象差系数的明显表达式。本文导出的象差公式不仅普遍适用于宽束和细束阴极透镜,而且普遍适用于相对论或非相对论,阴极和屏为球面或平面时的各种情况。本文以复数描写轨迹,用矩阵表示象差,形式简洁,适合于计算机计算。 关键词：     

A double-gap planar magnetic lens

An analytical model and equations for describing the field of a planar magnetic lens with two concentric nonmagnetic gaps are developed. It is demonstrated that the “half-width” of the magnetic field of the lens can be controlled by varying independently the currents in the excitation coils of the two gaps. This makes it possible to control the focal length and the spherical aberration of the lens. It is shown that when oppositely directed currents are used in the excitation coils, a planar magnetic lens that does not rotate the image can be obtained. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 133–134 (August 1999)     

远焦双反射镜系统

本系统采用任意孔径的反射镜均无球差。一个反射镜是球面,则另一个反射镜是非球面,该非球面等距离于焦距等于两反射镜之间空气间隔的虚抛物面。所以,可以用检测抛物面反射镜的方法来检验该非球面的表面形状。本文所考虑的系统和著名的Mersen系统相比,在加工工艺上还有一些显著的优点。     

超短脉冲经过小数值口径透镜的聚焦特性

 从亥姆霍兹方程出发，考虑透镜的色差和球差，得到了超短脉冲经过小数值口径透镜后光场的解析表达式；利用数值模拟得到了旁轴焦平面和边缘焦平面上光场强度的时空分布，以及聚焦区域内轴上点的强度分布图，并分析了色差和球差的大小对它们的影响。由于通过透镜中心和边缘之间的大部分脉冲产生了干涉相消，因此在旁轴焦平面与边缘焦平面上都出现前、后两个峰值相差很大的脉冲，并且随着球差的增大，两峰值差更大了；聚焦区域内轴上点的强度分布基本是对称的，强度最大点不是出现在旁轴和边缘焦平面上，而是在它们之间的某个位置，并且随着球差的增加，该位置将向聚焦区域的边缘靠近。     

透镜初级球差的横向剪切干涉条纹研究

利用玻璃平行平板构成简单的横向剪切干涉仪可以观察到单薄透镜形成的准直光束的剪切干涉条纹,由干涉条纹分布求出对应的几何像差和离焦量.用焦距为190 mm的单薄透镜做实验,实验结果与计算机模拟结果符合,说明可以从剪切干涉条纹的分布求出透镜的轴向调整误差和初级球差.