A mathematical approach to chemical equilibrium theory for gaseous systems—III: \hbox {Q}_\mathrm{p}, \hbox {Q}_\mathrm{c}, and \hbox {Q}_{\mathrm{x}}

The reaction quotient Q can be expressed in partial pressures as $\hbox {Q}_\mathrm{P}$ or in mole fractions as $\hbox {Q}_{\mathrm{x}}$ . $\hbox {Q}_\mathrm{P}$ is ostensibly more useful than $\hbox {Q}_{\mathrm{x}}$ because the related $\hbox {K}_{\mathrm{x}}$ is a constant for a chemical equilibrium in which T and P are kept constant while $\hbox {K}_{\mathrm{P}}$ is an equilibrium constant under more general conditions in which only T is constant. However, as demonstrated in this work, $\hbox {Q}_{\mathrm{x}}$ is in fact more important both theoretically and technically. The relationships between $\hbox {Q}_{\mathrm{x}}$ , $\hbox {Q}_\mathrm{P}$ , and $\hbox {Q}_{\mathrm{C}}$ are discussed. Four examples of applications are given in detail.     

Das Flie\en viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten

Zusammenfassung Es werden einige Eigenschaften viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten beschrieben und die Relaxationszeit einer Substanz, die der Nuttingschen Gleichung folgt, abgeleitet. Diese Relaxationszeit wird verglichen mit der der klassischen Maxwellschen und Kelvinschen Stoffe. Die natürliche Zeit der Reiner-Rivlinschen Flüssigkeit wird beschrieben und einige ihrer Auswirkungen werden angedeutet. Weiter wird der Durchflu\ einiger idealer Flüssigkeiten durch R?hren verglichen und die Bedeutung für Me\geschwindigkeitsverteilung im Raum hervorgehoben. Eine neue Methode für ihre Messung wird angegeben und einige Ergebnisse für den Durchflu\ von Ammoniumoleaten durch R?hren mit kreisf?rmigem Querschnitt werden angegeben.

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Summary Some properties of viscoelastic liquids are described and a natural time for a substance which obeys Nutting's equation is deduced. This natural time is compared to that of the classical Maxwell and Kelvin materials. The flow of a few ideal fluids through tubes is compared and the necessity for measuring velocity profiles is stressed. A new method for their measurement is described and some results are given for the flow of Ammonium Oleate through tubes of circular cross section.

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Vorgetragen auf der Rheologie-Tagung Berlin, September 1951.     

Schlu\wort in der Auseinandersetzung Umst?tter-Schwaben-Kochanowsky-Vogelpohl

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Determinable partitional modelling of CayleyanSU(m \leqslant n/2) \times S_n \downarrow \mathcal{G}NMRspin symmetries of isotopomeric cage-clusters: SpecificS n≥12⊃...⊃D 3 group chains,forS n -modules in high-n weak-branching limit

The use over certain modestly branched (λ ?n) partitional models of Young'sS _n -module decomposition algorithm in the high-n limit is considered for SU(m) x $SU(m) \times S_n ( \downarrow \mathcal{G})$ nuclear spin algebras associated with both NMR and ro-vibrational (R-V) aspects of specific cluster isotopomers. This approach allows additional dual-group projective mapping over simple Hilbert spaces to be derived from the natural embedding of higher finite groups in specificS _n groups, for either the original simply-reducible (SR) SU(2)-, or various related higher non-SR SU(m) xS _n , forms. The work arises from earlier interests in the NMR spin symmetry of the [¹¹B¹H] ₁₂ ^2? borohydride anions and the nature of analogous ro-vibrational (R-V) spin statistical problems for highern ≥ 12-fold clusters. Here, the role of the scalar invariants is shown to be critical in determining the spin algebras of isotopomeric clusters within Cayley's theorem for some particular depth of SU(m) branching in the SU(m) xS _n dual-group algebra. Certain additional quasi-geometric models for the full λ (≥ λ_SA (self-associate) dominant-sector set of (λ ?n) partitions-of-n are discussed, in the context of specific determinacy of natural $S_n \supset \mathcal{G}$ group embeddings at a given branching level.     

Schrödinger equations on $${\mathbb{R}^3 \times \mathcal{M}}$$ with non-separable potential

We consider the problem of defining the Schrödinger equation for a hydrogen atom on \({\mathbb{R}^3 \times \mathcal{M}}\) where \({\mathcal{M}}\) denotes an m dimensional compact manifold. In the present study, we discuss a method of taking non-separable potentials into account, so that both the non-compact standard dimensions and the compact extra dimensions contribute to the potential energy analogously to the radial dependence in the case of only non-compact standard dimensions. While the hydrogen atom in a space of the form \({\mathbb{R}^3 \times \mathcal{M}}\) , where \({\mathcal{M}}\) may be a generalized manifold obeying certain properties, was studied by Van Gorder (J Math Phys 51:122104, 2010), that study was restricted to cases in which the potential taken permitted a clean separation between the variables over \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) and \({\mathcal{M}}\) . Furthermore, though there have been studies on the Coulomb problems over various manifolds, such studies do not consider the case where some of the dimensions are non-compact and others are compact. In the presence of non-separable potential energy, and unlike the case of completely separable potential, a complete knowledge of the former case does not imply a knowledge of the latter.     

Über den desaggregierenden Einflu\ des Gefrierens auf die Gele

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 Processing of non-isothermal TG data \par }

Decomposition of dichlorodifluoromethane in thermal plasma was investigated theoretically by computing the equilibrium composition of the gas mixtures involving carbon, chlorine and fluorine in presence of argon (which is assumed to be the main plasma gas) and/or in addition of hydrogen and calcium together with hydrogen. The calculations were carried out for the temperature range between 500 and 6000 K and for the total pressure of the system of 1 bar. Use is made of the fact that a thermal plasma is a plasma in (local) thermal equilibrium, which makes possible the theoretical determination of its equilibrium composition at definite temperature by employing Gibbs free energy data for the compounds present in the system and assuming that the equilibrium of the system corresponds to its minimum energy state. The results of calculations show that toxic molecules and radicals can be, under convenient conditions (appropriate temperature and amount of added substances), converted into stable non-toxic species like CaF₂ and CaCl₂.     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 Calorimetric study of transition phenomena in molecular solids \par }

Summary {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 Principle and technical development of low temperature calorimetry are described. Typical experimental results obtained by our group at Osaka University over the four decades are given. These include phase transitions in equilibrium crystals and glass transitions in non-equilibrium frozen-in disordered solids including crystals. It can be concluded that the glass transitions observed exclusively in liquids so far are just one example of transitions that must be of wide occurrence in solids arising from freezing of relevant degrees of freedom. Interplay between the phase and glass transitions in crystals is discussed in relation to useful dopant that may accelerate some molecular motions that had failed to maintain equilibrium at low temperatures. \par }     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 Neutron activation analysis using Excel files and Canberra Genie-2000 \par }

Summary {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 We have developed a method for analyzing neutron activated sample data by using Microsoft Excel as the analysis engine. A simple technique for inputting data is based on report files generated by Canberra’s Genie-2000 spectroscopy system but could be easily modified to support other vendors having report formats with consistent text placement. A batch program handles operating an automatic sample changer, acquiring the data, and analyzing the spectrum to create a report of the peak locations and net area. The entire report is then transferred to within an Excel spreadsheet as the source data for neutron activation analysis. Unique Excel templates have been designed, for example, to accommodate short-lived and long-lived isotopes. This process provides us with a largely integrated solution to NAA while providing the results in an industry standard spreadsheet format. This software is ideally suited for teaching and training purposes. \par }     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 Saturation determination of micellar systems using isothermal titration calorimetry \par }

A novel method for the determination of the point of micellar saturation has been developed. To exemplify the theory a model system was considered, this being the saturation of two aqueous micellar solvents with dimethyl phthalate ester (DMP). Upon addition of a hydrophobic compound to an aqueous micellar system partitioning will occur. On further addition, the inner hydrophobic regions will eventually be unable to accommodate any more DMP and, at this specific concentration, the micelle is saturated. With a comparatively large enthalpy change upon partitioning the point of saturation can be determined by a corresponding significant reduction in enthalpy change.     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 Digital signal processing in prompt-gamma activation analysis \par }

Summary The International Data Centre of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation receives atmospheric radioactivity data from the monitoring stations of the International Monitoring System. The Centre is a processing hub through which raw data and analysis results flow to Treaty Member States. Data are processed automatically upon receipt, and then interactively reviewed and screened for detection of CTBT-relevant radionuclides. Atmospheric back-tracking for source location is included in the IDC functions. This paper describes the role of the IDC in this verification effort, the types of radionuclide monitoring data received, the automatic and interactive processing, and the products distributed to Member States.     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 A pseudo-isothermal kinetic analysis of the recrystallisation of nickel sulphide measured by non-isothermal DSC \par }

Summary A pseudo-isothermal method for the kinetic analysis was applied to the recrystallisation of to nickel sulphide based on the Ozawa model for non-isothermal crystallisation in the presence of pre-existing nuclei. The aim of the analysis was to determine the number of steps involved in the recrystallisation and, hence, determine the applicability of the kinetic equation based on a single step mechanism, as is commonly applied in the kinetic analysis of solid-state processes using thermal methods. The kinetic analysis yielded evidence of at least two processes indicating that physical and mechanistic significance should not be drawn from the use of a single step approximation of the rate equation.     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 Automated analysis of off-line measured gamma-spectra using \scaps UniSampo\scaps0 gamma-ray spectrum analysis software including criterias for alarming systems \par }

Summary {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\lang2057\f0\fs24 In many laboratories the number of measured routine gamma-spectra can be significant and the labour work to review all the data is time consuming and expensive task. In many cases the routine sample does not normally contain radiation above a detectable level, and still the review of the spectra has to be performed. By introducing simple rules for emerging conditions, the review work can be significantly reduced. In one case the need to review the environmental measurement spectra was reduced to less than 1% compared to the original need, which in turn made the review personnel available for more useful functions. Using the \scaps UniSampo\scaps0 analysis system, the analysis results of spectra that are causing alarming conditions can be transmitted via e-mail to any address. Some systems are even equipped with the capability to forward these results to hand-portable telephones or pagers. This is a very practical solution for automated environmental monitoring, when the sample spectra are collected automatically and transmitted to central computer for further analysis. The paper describes how to set up an automatic analysis system, rules for the emerging conditions, technical solutions for an automated alarming system and a generic hypothesis test for the alarming system developed for \scaps UniSampo\scaps0 analysis software. \par }     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 Efficiency self-calibration of the HPGe detector for on-line assay of pebble bed reactor fuel \par }

Summary {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 Multi-pass pebble bed reactors are loaded with spherical fuel pebbles that are circulated through the core until they reach a proposed burnup limit (~100,000 MWD/MTU). An HPGe detector can be used to assay the fuel on-line to ensure that the burnup limit is not breached. The potential exists for using a relative burnup indicator, which would allow the use of a relative self-calibrating approach for efficiency determination. The utilization of several fission products as built-in on-line relative calibration standards is explored using the computer codes ORIGEN2.1, MCNP4C, and SYNTH to produce simulated gamma-ray spectra of the fuel pebbles at various levels of burnup. \par }     

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 Efficiency of germanium detectors as a function of energy and incident geometry: Comparison of measurements and calculations \par }

Summary {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 The use of HPGe detectors in counting situations where the sample is not easily reproduced has increased the use of models to determine the counting efficiency for the specific geometry. The accuracy of these simulations of the germanium detector response relies on detailed knowledge of the performance of the detector. Several different types of detectors were measured at different energies using a pencil beam of gamma-rays. These measurements showed that the dead layer was not uniform from detector to detector. This and the construction details were used to calculate the efficiency for several detectors. \par }