凝胶渗透色谱-固相萃取结合色谱-质谱法测定乳制品中18种溴系阻燃剂

采用索氏提取、凝胶渗透色谱和固相萃取技术作为前处理方法,建立乳制品中6种新型溴系阻燃剂、8种多溴联苯醚、四溴双酚A和α、β、γ-六溴环十二烷异构体共18种溴系阻燃剂的同时提取与净化方法,并结合气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC-NCI/MS)和高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离-串联质谱法(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)进行检测。奶样经冷冻干燥后以正己烷-丙酮(1：1, V/V)索氏提取,采用凝胶渗透色谱结合酸化硅胶柱净化,随后以LC-Si固相萃取柱分离气相和液相待测物。以GC-NCI/MS测定6种新型溴系阻燃剂和8种多溴联苯醚,以HPLC-MS/MS检测四溴双酚A和六溴环十二烷异构体,内标法定量。结果表明,以空白牛奶样品为加标基质,多数待测物平均回收率为80.1%~114.7%,方法具有良好的精密度(多数待测物相对标准偏差( RSD)在0.87%~14.9%)和灵敏度(检出限在0.2~119.2 pg/g之间),可满足乳制品中多种溴系阻燃剂同时提取、净化和检测需求。     

Microwave-assisted extraction for qualitative and quantitative determination of brominated flame retardants in styrenic plastic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

A fast method for the determination of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in styrenic polymers using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) was developed. Different extraction parameters (extraction temperature and time, type of solvent, particle size) were first optimised for standard high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) samples containing known amounts of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE). Complete extraction of TBBPA was achieved using a combination of polar/non-polar solvent system (isopropanol/n-hexane) and high extraction temperatures (130 °C). Lower extraction yields were, however, obtained for Deca-BDE, due to its high molecular weight and its non-polar nature. The developed method was successfully applied to the screening of BFRs in standard plastic samples from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); TBBPA could be fully recovered, and Deca-BDE could be identified, together with minor order polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners.     

Concurrent extraction,clean‐up,and analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers,hexabromocyclododecane isomers,and tetrabromobisphenol A in human milk and serum

A method has been developed and validated for the concurrent extraction, clean‐up, and analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), α‐, β‐, and γ‐hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in human milk and serum. Milk and serum samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction with acetone/hexane 1:1, v/v and liquid–liquid extraction with methyl‐tert‐butyl ether/hexane 1:1, v/v, respectively. The removal of co‐extracted biogenic materials was achieved by gel permeation chromatography followed by sulfuric acid treatment. The fractionation of the PBDEs and HBCD/TBBPA was performed using a Supelco LC‐Si SPE cartridge. The detection of the PBDEs was then performed by GC–MS and that of the HBCDs and the TBBPA was performed using UPLC–MS/MS. The pretreatment procedure was optimized, and the characteristic ions and fragmentation of the analytes were studied by MS or MS/MS. A recovery test was performed using a matrix spiking test at concentrations of 0.05–10 ng/g. The recoveries ranged from 78.6–108.8% with RSDs equal to or lower than 14.04%. The LODs were 1.8–60 pg/g. The usefulness of the developed method was tested by the analysis of real human samples, and several brominated flame retardants in different samples were detected and analyzed.     

Development of analytical procedures for trace-level determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in river water and sediment

The aim of this work was to develop procedures for the simultaneous determination of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in river water and in river bed sediment. The target analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). To determine dissolved BFRs, a novel mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure was developed by combining a hydrophobic sorbent (C₁₈) with a silica-based anion exchange sorbent, so as to overcome the negative artefact induced by dissolved organic carbon. Extraction recoveries exceeded 73% for most analytes, except for BDE-183 and BDE-209 (57%). As regards suspended sediment and river bed sediment, extraction was carried out by means of ultrasonication (recoveries: 73–94%). These procedures, combined to gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS), enabled the determination of BFRs at trace level: 3-160 pg L⁻¹ in river water, 5–145 pg g⁻¹ in bed sediment. These methods were applied to the determination of PBDEs and TBBPA in a suburban river (near Paris, France). PBDEs were systematically detected in the water column (ΣBDEs, 2,300–4,300 pg L⁻¹); they partitioned between the dissolved and particulate phases and BDE-209 was the dominant congener, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. TBBPA was detected in the dissolved phase only (<35–68 pg L⁻¹). All selected BFRs were ubiquitous in bed sediments and levels ranged from 3,100 to 15,100 pg g⁻¹ and from 70 to 280 pg g⁻¹ (dry weight), for ΣBDEs and TBBPA, respectively.     

Preparation and evaluation of mesoporous cellular foams coating of solid-phase microextraction fibers by determination of tetrabromobisphenol A,tetrabromobisphenol S and related compounds

Two kinds of mesoporous cellular foams (MCFs), including mesoporous silica materials (MCF-1) and phenyl modified mesoporous materials (Ph-MCF-1), were synthesized and for the first time used as fiber-coating materials for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). By using stainless steel wire as the supporting core, four types of fibers were prepared by sol–gel method and immobilized by epoxy-resin method. To evaluate the performance of the home-made fibers for SPME, seven brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) and related compounds were selected as analytes. The main parameters that affect the extraction and desorption efficiencies, such as extraction temperature, extraction time, desorption time, stirring rate and ionic strength of samples were investigated and optimized. The optimized SPME coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was successfully applied to the determination of the seven BFRs in water samples. The linearity range was from 5.0 to 1000 μg L⁻¹ for each compound except TBBPS (from 1.0 to 1000 μg L⁻¹), with the correlation coefficients (r²) ranging from 0.9993 to 0.9999. The limits of detection of the method were 0.4–0.9 μg L⁻¹. The relative standard deviations varied from 1.2 to 5.1% (n = 5). The repeatability of fiber-to-fiber and batch-to-batch was 2.5–6.5% and 3.2–6.7%. The recoveries of the BFRs from aqueous samples were in the range between 86.5 and 103.6%. Compared with three commercial fibers (100 μm PDMS, 85 μm PA and 65 μm PDMS/DVB), the MCFs-coated fiber showed about 3.5-fold higher extraction efficiency.     

Ultrasonic solvent extraction of organochlorine pesticides from soil

Ultrasonic solvent extraction of the organochlorine pesticides (OCP) including α-, β-, γ- and Δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, aldrin, o,p′-DDE, dieldrin, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, methoxychlor, mirex from soil is reported. The extraction procedure was optimized with regard to the solvent type, amount of solvent, duration of sonication and number of extraction steps. Determination of pesticides was carried out by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detection (ECD). Twice ultrasonic extraction using 25 mL of a mixture of petroleum ether and acetone (1/1 v/v) for 20 min of sonication showed satisfactory extraction efficiency. Recoveries of pesticides from fortified soil samples are over 88% for three different fortification levels between 15 and 200 μg kg⁻¹, and relative standard deviations of the recoveries are generally below 6%. Real soil samples were analyzed for OCP residues by optimized ultrasonic solvent extraction and shake-flask as well as soxhlet extraction technique. Investigated all extraction methods showed comparable extraction efficiencies. Optimized ultrasonic solvent extraction is the most rapid procedure because the use of time in ultrasonic extraction was considerably reduced compared to shake-flask and soxhlet extraction.     

Optimization and Simultaneous Determination of Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Water after SPE and Heptafluorobutyric Anhydride Derivatization followed by GC/MS

A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was investigated for the simultaneous analysis of two types of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), i.e., alkylphenol ethoxylates and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), by extraction and derivatization followed by GC–MS. Different solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (Cleanert PestiCarb, C₁₈, Cleanert-SAX and Florosil), solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile and ethyl acetate) and bases (NaHCO₃, triethylamine and pyridine) were tested and the best chromatographic analysis was achieved by extraction with Strata-X (33?μm, Reverse Phase) cartridge and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride at 55?°C under Na₂CO₃ base in hexane. It was observed that APE together with lower substituted PBBs (PBB1, PBB10, PBB18 and PBB49), HBCD and TBBPA can be determined simultaneously under the same GC conditions. This simple and reliable analytical method was applied to determining trace amounts of these compounds from wastewater treatment plant samples. The recoveries of the target compounds from simulated water were above 60?%. The limit of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.15?μg L^?1 and the limit of quantification ranged from 0.05 to 0.66?μg L^?1. There were no appreciable differences between filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples from Leeuwkil treatment plant although concentration of target analytes in filtered influent was slightly lower than the concentration of target analytes in unfiltered influent water. The concentrations of the target compounds from the wastewater treatment were determined from LOQ upwards.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers from indoor dust samples

A procedure for the determination of eight organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in dust samples is presented. Microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) were used for sample preparation and analytes quantification, respectively. Influence of different variables (type and volume of organic solvent, temperature, time, agitation, etc.) on the yield of the extraction step was evaluated. The most important factor was the type of solvent, with the highest efficiencies corresponding to acetone. Under final conditions 10 mL of this solvent were employed. The extraction was carried out at 130 degrees C and satisfactory yields, similar to those obtained with the Soxhlet technique, were achieved. Due to the high content of organic carbon in dust samples, primary acetone extracts had to be subjected to intensive clean-up. Dilution with ultrapure water followed by concentration on a reversed-phase sorbent and further purification using silica, allowed a significant reduction of co-extracted interferences. Application of the developed methodology to indoor dust from private houses showed important concentrations of several organophosphate esters. The highest levels, up to 19 microg/g, corresponded to tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate; moreover, average values of two chlorinated compounds, used as flame retardants and considered as the most concerning species in the group, exceeded the 1 microg/g level.     

Extraction of various additives from polystyrene and their subsequent analysis

Summary The extraction of fifteen polymer additives which are used as antioxidants, uv stabilizers, process lubes, flame retardants, and antistats from eight formulations of polystyrene is demonstrated with supercritical carbon dioxide and compared to traditional dissolution/precipitation extractions. The purpose of the study was two fold: 1) the development of a high performance liquid chromatography method(s) for the additives and 2) the determination of the viability of supercritical fluids for extraction of the additives from polystyrene. Nine of the additives were assayed via reversed phase liquid chromatography while, the remaining six additives could not be assayed in this manner. In order to develop an extraction method for the additives, the effects of static extraction time, CO₂ density, and temperature were first investigated. These preliminary extractions revealed that a static period which afforded an opportunity for the polymer to swell combined with a high CO₂ density and temperature above the polymer glass transition yielded quantitative recoveries of the additives. Triplicate extractions of the various polystyrene formulations matched additive recoveries obtained by the traditional dissolution/precipitation method but the former method was faster and used less organic solvent.     

Optimization and Simultaneous Determination of Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Water after SPE and Heptafluorobutyric Anhydride Derivatization followed by GC/MS

A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was investigated for the simultaneous analysis of two types of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), i.e., alkylphenol ethoxylates and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), by extraction and derivatization followed by GC–MS. Different solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (Cleanert PestiCarb, C₁₈, Cleanert-SAX and Florosil), solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile and ethyl acetate) and bases (NaHCO₃, triethylamine and pyridine) were tested and the best chromatographic analysis was achieved by extraction with Strata-X (33 μm, Reverse Phase) cartridge and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride at 55 °C under Na₂CO₃ base in hexane. It was observed that APE together with lower substituted PBBs (PBB1, PBB10, PBB18 and PBB49), HBCD and TBBPA can be determined simultaneously under the same GC conditions. This simple and reliable analytical method was applied to determining trace amounts of these compounds from wastewater treatment plant samples. The recoveries of the target compounds from simulated water were above 60 %. The limit of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 μg L⁻¹ and the limit of quantification ranged from 0.05 to 0.66 μg L⁻¹. There were no appreciable differences between filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples from Leeuwkil treatment plant although concentration of target analytes in filtered influent was slightly lower than the concentration of target analytes in unfiltered influent water. The concentrations of the target compounds from the wastewater treatment were determined from LOQ upwards.

     

Effect of temperature,collection mode,and modifier on the supercritical CO2 extraction of dicofol residues from fish samples

Toxicity evaluation of Dicofol to Astyanax bimaculatus schubarti, a characteristic fish species living in tropical rivers and lakes was carried out through LC₅₀ – 96 Hours. These experiments were performed under laboratory controlled conditions with atmospheric air flow and dilution water at 25°C in the static mode, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure CO₂ and CO₂ modified with hexane and methanol were used at 50, 70, 80, and 100°C and 300 atm. Several collection modes were studied to extract Dicofol from fish samples. The extraction efficiencies were directly comparedd with those obtained after 8 h of Soxhlet extraction using the same clean-up with Florisil and analysis by HRGC/ECD and HRGC/MS as a confirmatory analytical technique. The SFE recoveries at temperatures lower than 80°C were typically lower than soxhlet recoveries; however a temperature increase enhanced the efficiency of SFE. The results showed that under certain conditions, supercritical fluid gave higher extractio power (extracted 11 % more pesticide), shorter extraction time, and lower solvent consumption than Soxhlet, thus affording an excellent alternative to the conventional method for extracting Dicofol from fish sample.     

Development of a low‐density‐solvent dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of tetrabromobisphenol‐A from dust

The development of an alternative dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction protocol utilizing a low‐density extraction solvent, toluene, is described here for the extraction of the brominated flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol‐A, from dust prior to selected ion monitoring analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Method parameters of dispersive solvent type and extraction solvent type were optimized. Excellent recovery (88.9%; n = 5 spike replicates) with good precision was achieved in a spike and recovery study. This developed method was utilized to survey tetrabromobisphenol‐A concentrations in dust sampled from a local electronics recycling facility from the ambient environment and 20 computer towers undergoing recycling. Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol‐A from dust in computer towers ranged from not detected (n = 2) up to 64 μg/g with a mean value of 11 μg/g and median of 4.1 μg/g tetrabromobisphenol‐A. A composite sample of dust collected from the ambient indoor environment was analyzed with a resulting concentration of 36 μg/g. This is the first application of this novel green method for pre‐concentrating flame retardants from dust and the first report of tetrabromobisphenol‐A concentrations at a U.S.‐based electronics recycling facility.     

Extraction and determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate detergents from the aquatic environment using a membrane disk and gas chromatography

Levels of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) detergents have been measured in Anzali lagoon water sampled at fourteen stations. All samples were extracted with octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disks. Extraction efficiency, maximum capacity, and the effect of the solvent used to extract the LAS from the membrane disks were evaluated. Extraction efficiencies > 95% were obtained by elution of the disks with minimal amounts of solvent. It was demonstrated that membrane disk extraction introduced less error into analytical results than liquid – liquid extraction. Quantitative determination of total LAS levels and measurement of the distribution of LAS homologs with C₁₀? C₁₃ alkyl chains were performed by high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detection after derivatization of the detergents with sulfonyl chloride. The total level of LAS ranged from 0.01 to 0.89 ppm.     

Effect of ethyl‐bridged diphenylphosphine oxide on flame retardancy and thermal properties of epoxy resin

Three commercialized flame retardants, 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphinoyl)ethane (EDPO), 6,6‐(1,2‐phenethyl)bis‐6H‐dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin‐6,6‐dioxide (HTP‐6123), and hexa‐phenoxy‐cyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP), were used to prepare the flame retardant diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin (EP) under the same experimental conditions. The effects of T_g, thermal stability, and water absorption properties of EP caused by the three flame retardants were investigated and compared, together with their flame retardant efficiency. Results showed that the introduction of the three flame retardants improved the flame retardant performance of EP but led to decreases in T_g and decomposition temperature. EDPO showed higher flame retardant efficiency than the other two flame retardants. EP/EDPO showed higher thermal stability, better flame retardant performance, higher T_g value, and lower water absorption than EP/HTP‐6123 and EP/HPCTP. The study discovered that EDPO and HTP‐6123 primarily act through the gas phase flame retardant mechanism, while HPCTP is primarily driven by the condensed phase mechanism.     

An Investigation on the Concentration Efficiencies of Some Macroreticular and Ambersorb Resins Using Radio-Labelled Organic Contaminants Commonly Encountered in Water

Abstract

The extraction efficiencies of the three commercially available Ambersorb®, carbonaceous, polymeric resins, XE-340, XE-347 and XE-348 were evaluated for their use as sorbents for environmental pollutants using four model, radio-labelled water-borne organic contaminants. Their accumulation behaviour was compared with that of the thoroughly-studied Amberlite®, macroreticular XAD-2 (hydrophobic) and XAD-7 (hydrophilic) resins. These model compounds were desorbed from the resins using known volumes of commonly-used solvents to select the solvent for a particular resin(s). In this preliminary study, at <4 μg/L concentrations of the labelled compounds in aqueous solution (pH 5.78), the order of extraction efficiency of the resins was found to be XAD-2 > XAD-7 > XE-340?-347?-348 for organics. Several inherent impurities originally present in the carbonaceous resins were desorbed by solvents during elution. These resins therefore required exhaustive soxhlet purification prior to use. Most of the impurities were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.     

超声萃取/气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定纺织品中6种禁用有机磷阻燃剂

以丙酮为萃取溶剂,建立了超声萃取/气相色谱-串联质谱同时测定纺织品中6种禁用有机磷阻燃剂的分析方法.6种禁用有机磷阻燃剂三-(1-氮杂环丙基)氧化膦( TEPA)、三-(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯(TCEP)、三-(2,3-二氯丙基)磷酸酯(TDCP)、二-(2,3-二溴丙基)磷酸酯(DDBPP)、三-(邻甲苯基)磷酸酯(TO...     

Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples

A headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HSSPME-GC-MS-MS) methodology for determination of brominated flame retardants in sediment and soil samples is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that SPME has been applied to analyze polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental solid samples. Analyses were performed using 0.5-g solid samples moisturized with 2 mL water, employing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber coating, exposed to the headspace at 100 °C for 60 min. Several types of environmental solid samples were included in this study and the extraction efficiency was related to the organic matter content of the sample. Calibration was performed using real samples, and the method showed good linearity over a wide concentration range, precision, and afforded quantitative recoveries. The obtained detection limits were in the sub-ng g⁻¹ for all the target analytes in both samples. The proposed procedure was applied to several marine and river sediments and soils, some of which were found to contain PBDEs at concentrations in the ng g⁻¹ level; BDE-47, BDE-100, and BDE-99 were the major congeners detected. The proposed method constitutes a rapid and low-cost alternative for the analysis of the target brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples, since the clean-up steps, fractionation, and preconcentration of extracts inherent to the classical multi-step solvent extraction procedures are avoided.      

Paper Chromatographic Separations of Metal Ions on Collidinium Tungstoarsenate Papers

Abstract

A systematic study of the chromatography of metal ions on collidinium tungstoarsenate papers has been performed using seven different mixed solvent systems. R_f values of 30 metal ions have been determined by ascending technique and are discussed. The study demonstrates that specific extraction of both Sn(ii) and Sn(iv) is possible in 0.1 mol dm^?3 HNO₃ in 80% (v/v) 1-propanol and their mutual separation can be carried out in solvent system 1 mol dm^?3 HCl in 33% (v/v) 1-propanol. In addition some binary and ternary separation of metal ions have also been achieved on these papers. For a comparison R_f values on plain papers have also been determined in all the solvent systems.     

Comparison of solvent mixtures for pressurized solvent extraction of soil fatty acid biomarkers

The extraction and transesterification of soil lipids into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is a useful technique for studying soil microbial communities. The objective of this study was to find the best solvent mixture to extract soil lipids with a pressurized solvent extractor system. Four solvent mixtures were selected for testing: chloroform:methanol:phosphate buffer (1:2:0.8, v/v/v), chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v), hexane:2-propanol (3:2, v/v) and acetone. Soils were from agricultural fields and had a wide range of clay, organic matter and microbial biomass contents. Total lipid fatty acid methyl esters (TL-FAMEs) were the extractable soil lipids identified and quantified with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. Concentrations of TL-FAMEs ranged from 57.3 to 542.2 n mole g⁻¹ soil (dry weight basis). The highest concentrations of TL-FAMEs were extracted with chloroform:methanol:buffer or chloroform:methanol mixtures than with the hexane:2-propanol or acetone solvents. The concentrations of TL-FAMEs in chemical groups, including saturated, branched, mono- and poly-unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids were assessed, and biological groups (soil bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, saprophytic fungi and higher plants) was distinguished. The extraction efficiency for the chemical and biological groups followed the general trend of: chloroform:methanol:buffer ≥ chloroform:methanol > hexane:2-propanol = acetone. Discriminant analysis revealed differences in TL-FAME profiles based on the solvent mixture and the soil type. Although solvent mixtures containing chloroform and methanol were the most efficient for extracting lipids from the agricultural soils in this study, soil properties and the lipid groups to be studied should be considered when selecting a solvent mixture. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of soil lipid extraction with hexane:2-propanol or acetone in a pressurized solvent extraction system.     

碳氢表面活性剂在超临界CO2中形成微乳液的研究进展

在超临界CO₂中形成微乳液可以克服CO₂对高分子量和亲水性物质溶解能力差的缺点。碳氢表面活性剂成本低,对环境友好,利用碳氢表面活性剂形成超临界CO₂微乳液有利于工业应用,但绝大部分碳氢表面活性剂不能形成微乳液,所以需要对碳氢表面活性剂进行选择和设计。本文介绍了微乳液的形成、表征和评价,从表面活性剂的亲CO₂性能和界面活性两方面,综述了碳氢表面活性剂的设计思想和进展。另外介绍了助表面活性剂对形成超临界CO₂微乳液的作用,并对常规碳氢表面活性剂在助表面活性剂的作用下形成超临界CO₂微乳液的体系进行了综述。最后,介绍了含碳氢表面活性剂的混合表面活性剂在形成超临界CO₂微乳液方面的研究情况。