Origins and Spread of the “Giessen Model” in University Science

Abstract

In seeking to understand the rise of Justus Liebig's model for research and teaching, three interrelated and overlapping factors intrinsic to his specialty of organic chemistry have not been sufficiently brought into the explanatory field: the discovery of isomers, the novel practice of using “paper tools,” and the “Kaliapparat” method of organic analysis. The existence of these three interacting factors, all of which emerged suddenly and essentially simultaneously around 1830, led to an explosive expansion in the new field of organic chemistry. Moreover, they made it a uniquely positioned context within which to create in Germany the practices that eventually were associated with all modern research universities. For comparative purposes, the spread of the new model to France, and, more briefly, to the United States is also examined here. The eclectic approach used in this paper places greater emphasis on contingencies of time, place, and discipline than many earlier studies of this problem have done; it is thus intended to provide a helpful complementary perspective.     

我在“化学拔尖计划”有机化学课堂教学上的三项小尝试

The goal of the Ministry of Education's "Top Talent Training Program" is to train top innovative talents for China and prepare them to be the leading figures in the field of chemical research. This paper summarizes the author's three attempts to reform organic chemistry teaching in the "Top Talent Training Program"; including (1) to present the report of the minireview of organic chemistry as a true academic report; (2) to stimulate students' interest by practical comprehensive structural determination of organic compounds; (3) to create more active learning atmosphere through displaying interesting research stories and new research directions. We also discussed how to stimulate the students' interest in scientific research through these three teaching reforms.     

浅谈制药工程专业有机化学实验教学的心得和体会——以三苯甲醇的制备和重结晶实验为例

有机化学实验是制药工程专业的一门必修课,旨在训练学生有机合成基本实验技能。本文以三苯甲醇的制备和重结晶实验为例,讲述了笔者在多年教学中获得的一点感悟和经验:1)将实验步骤分解成片断讲解可以使学生更好地理解和记忆实验过程和操作目的;2)重要的基本操作应反复练习,即"学习、复习、提高",通过三次重复练习来实现巩固和熟练掌握该操作的目的。     

分析化学的“昨天、今天和明天”

简述了分析化学的发展历史。分析化学的"昨天",从基于物理化学的溶液理论,以目视可见为工具的"化学分析",进入以物理方法为基础的仪器分析,因此有人提出"化学正在走出分析化学";分析化学的"今天",因为它的主体任务是解决物质的分子原子结构和成分,所以又回归化学领域;对分析化学的"明天"寄厚望,分析化学走出历来仅仅以"为他人报告提供数据"的技术支持者的角色,成为"实际问题解决者",利用分析化学中综合分析的"剖析技术",为新产品开发创制的"反工艺研究"做出独特的贡献。     

“线上线下-虚实结合”在有机化学实验教学中的应用探索——以正溴丁烷的制备实验为例

In response to the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on organic chemistry laboratory teaching, this article analyzes and discusses the current limitation of traditional organic chemistry laboratory teaching. Taking the "preparation of n-bromobutane" as an example, a new "online-offline and virtual-actual combination" teaching mode with the combination of "Tencent Meeting, MLabs, laboratory and WeChat group" is introduced. The practice of the new mode of teaching includes the following steps: pre-class online guiding by teacher, student preview and practice based on the virtual simulation platform, students and teacher discussion and operation in laboratory, and post-classcomprehensive assessment and Q&A", and good teaching effects have been received. It is significant in cultivating and improving the independent innovation and practical ability, and provides reference for the organic chemistry laboratory teaching reform and also lays a foundation for the construction of "outstanding course" of organic chemistry.     

“配位聚合”教学内容的整合

配位聚合是高分子化学课程中的经典内容。本文基于配位聚合领域的科学研究方法和过程,从聚合机理、引发剂性能指标和聚合物结构指标三方面对其教学内容进行了整合,并在教学实践中取得了较好的效果。     

“基础学科拔尖学生培养试验计划”中的基础有机化学实验进阶培养模式探索

近几年,为适应"拔尖创新人才培养建设项目"的新要求,基础有机化学实验教学在培养拔尖创新人才方面进行了一些有益的探索,其中成果与不足并存。本文从培养目标、培养模式、评价模式、不足之处、成效与展望5个方面,总结并探讨了基础有机化学实验中"拔尖计划"学生的进阶培养模式。     

席夫碱型有机小分子荧光探针的制备与表征——推荐一个综合化学实验

介绍一个综合型创新实验——有机小分子荧光探针的制备与表征。内容包括有机配体的合成及表征、荧光光谱的测试、金属离子的检测等。通过本实验的实践,既可以让学生更好地掌握无机、有机和分析化学相关专业知识,提升实验操作技能,又能让学生了解有机小分子荧光探针这一科研前沿领域,激发学生对科学研究的兴趣,培养科研能力。建议将本实验纳入本科高年级综合化学实验课。     

One century of aryne chemistry

Arynes, which are formally derived from aromatic rings by abstraction of two hydrogen atoms, have been a focus of organic chemistry for 100 years. In contrast to ortho-benzyne, which is mentioned in almost every introductory textbook on organic reaction mechanisms as a reactive intermediate of nucleophilic aromatic substitution, the meta and para isomers were regarded as rather exotic until recently. This situation has changed dramatically with the discovery of the enediyne antibiotics, a promising new class of antitumor drugs, and has aroused the interest of research groups from all branches of chemistry. Nowadays, arynes and related compounds are among the most intensively studied systems in chemistry. However, many aspects of the chemistry of these reactive intermediates are not well understood yet. In this review we outline the historical developement with an emphasis on recent progress in this challenging field of research.     

现代有机合成的新概念及研究进展

概念是有机合成化学发展的基础之一,新概念的产生和发展可为有机合成开拓新的研究领域和发展方向。此文介绍现代有机合成中的一些新概念和新方法,结合具体的有机合成反应实例展示有机合成在这些概念的基础上取得的新成果和新进展,并综合归纳了现代有机合成的发展方向和应重视的研究领域。     

Nanoporous materials: a good opportunity for nanosciences

This paper emphasizes the wide possibilities open to organometallic chemistry by the bottom-up approach for nanosciences. In this new field of research, organometallic chemistry and coordination chemistry are in position to play a very important role in the development of nanomaterials. At first, organometallic and coordination chemistries will be the mothers of plenty of nanotools, which are the elemental bricks of nanosciences. The nanomaterials are obtained from them either by inclusion in a matrix (Nanocomposites) or by grafting methods (grafted nanomaterials). However, the most exciting field of investigation are the nanostructured hybrid materials which permit to open new fields of investigation such as self-organization of organic moieties or the coordination chemistry in the solid. Some examples are given. Moreover, the organometallic chemistry performed on both the framework and the pores of the nanoporous solids obtained by sol-gel chemistry in the presence of structure directing agents is opening the way to smart materials. These materials will have the ability to couple interactively two different properties.     

元素周期表与化学教育 ——纪念门捷列夫元素周期表发表150周年

元素周期表的发表是化学知识领域的里程碑,其在化学,尤其是无机化学的学习和研究中的贯穿指导作用和重要性为大家所共识。本文讨论了元素周期表在大学无机化学中的教育作用和开展方式,提出周期表的应用要将化学史与化学教育有机结合。在此基础上,展望周期表未来的发展。     

"GaI": a versatile reagent for the synthetic chemist

The current renaissance in main group chemistry has been fuelled by the remarkable array of fundamentally interesting yet synthetically applicable low oxidation state p-block compounds that have appeared over the last decade. Their syntheses generally require the ready availability of low oxidation state element halide precursors. In the case of gallium this is provided by the simple to prepare reagent, "GaI", which since it was first reported in 1990, has been utilised in areas as varied as organic synthesis and gallium cluster construction. This article tracks the history of this extraordinary material and highlights its synthetic diversity; hopefully allowing the reader to envisage its application to aspects of their own research fields.     

Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges

During the last decade numerous protocols have been published using the method of ball milling for synthesis all over the field of organic chemistry. However, compared to other methods leaving their marks on the road to sustainable synthesis (e.g. microwave, ultrasound, ionic liquids) chemistry in ball mills is rather underrepresented in the knowledge of organic chemists. Especially, in the last three years the interest in this technique raised continuously, culminating in several high-quality synthetic procedures covering the whole range of organic synthesis. Thus, the present tutorial review will be focused on the highlights using this method of energy transfer and energy dissipation. The central aim is to motivate researchers to take notice of ball mills as chemical reactors, implementing this technique in everyday laboratory use and thus, pave the ground for future activities in this interdisciplinary field of research.     

Recent advances and perspectives on supramolecular radical cages

Supramolecular radical chemistry has been emerging as a cutting-edge interdisciplinary field of traditional supramolecular chemistry and radical chemistry in recent years. The purpose of such a fundamental research field is to combine traditional supramolecular chemistry and radical chemistry together, and take the benefit of both to eventually create new molecules and materials. Recently, supramolecular radical cages have been becoming one of the most frontier and challenging research focuses in the field of supramolecular chemistry. In this Perspective, we give a brief introduction to organic radical chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and the emerging supramolecular radical chemistry along with their history and application. Subsequently, we turn to the main part of this topic: supramolecular radical cages. The design and synthesis of supramolecular cages consisting of redox-active building blocks and radical centres are summarized. The host–guest interactions between supramolecular (radical) cages and organic radicals are also surveyed. Some interesting properties and applications of supramolecular radical cages such as their unique spin–spin interactions and intriguing confinement effects in radical-mediated/catalyzed reactions are comprehensively discussed and highlighted in the main text. The purpose of this Perspective is to help students and researchers understand the development of supramolecular radical cages, and potentially to stimulate innovation and creativity and infuse new energy into the fields of traditional supramolecular chemistry and radical chemistry as well as supramolecular radical chemistry.

This Perspective summarizes the recent developments of supramolecular radical cages including the design and synthesis of radical cages, their interesting host–guest spin–spin interactions and applications in radical-mediated/catalyzed reactions.     

"基础学科拔尖学生培养试验计划"中的有机模块化实验探索

In recent years, some innovations have been explored in laboratory teaching of basic organic chemistry based on program of "Top Talent Training Program". This paper discussed and reflected moduling experiment of organic chemistry for this Top Talent Training Program, including experiment objectives, moduling experiment design, conduct of moduling experiment, lessons and prospects.     

利用“湿化学”法在单晶硅表面接枝有机分子

在单晶硅表面嫁接有机分子是近年来硅表面化学领域的一个研究热点,引起了研究者的广泛重视。本文着重介绍了用“湿化学(wet chemistry)”方法在单晶硅表面嫁接有机分子的发展历程和最新研究进展,并探讨了在硅表面接枝有机分子后的一些研究结果及其未来的发展趋势。     

Recent Advances in Fullerene‐free Polymer Solar Cells: Materials and Devices

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group? We focus on developing new organic photovoltaic materials and exploring their applications in photovoltaic devices. Based on the new materials, we can figure out the correlations among chemical strictures, optoelectronic properties, and photovoltaic behaviors. Our group originally demonstrated quite a few build blocks for making conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications, some of them have been broadly used by the researchers in the field. How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers? I got into this field when I was a graduate student in 2002, just because my supervisor gave me a research topic for synthesis of new conjugated polymers. At that moment, as a fresh graduate student, I had no chance to say yes or no, but to do it. The field of organic solar cells is oriented by the new organic photovoltaic materials. In the past decades, the materials have been updated for a few generations, which promoted the device performance to be higher and closer to practical applications. We have to concentrate on the fundamental problems but also need to follow the pace of the filed. How do you supervise your students? In my opinion, the students need more specific projects to get into the field so as to be well trained at the beginning. In the later stage, I prefer to encourage them to find and creatively figure out the real fundamental problems. I used to give them a few questions: Why do you need to do this project? How to make a clear definition for the problem? Can you suggest a new and better approach to solve it? What is the most important personality for scientific research? Passion, perseverance and sense of innovation. What is your favorite journal(s)? The journals publishing the latest and/or systematic research works in chemistry and material science.     

元素化学教学中关于“无机物热稳定性”的知识建构

"无机物热稳定性"是元素化学内容教与学的难点之一。本文选取代表性实例,通过分析、比较和归纳影响无机物热稳定性的根本影响因素,对其进行结构化、本源化理解,构建认识无机物热稳定性的思维导图,建立无机物热稳定性的认识模型。以"无机物热稳定性"为知识载体,探讨知识"建构式"的学习模式在元素化学教学中的应用。     

Dye Diffusion Systems in Color Photography

Dye diffusion instant color photography has been a commercial success ever since its introduction in 1963. No doubt this is partly due to the spectacular nature of this innovation, and for the same reason it has never really rid itself of its gadget image. Moreover, the picture quality was inferior to that of traditional color photography. Photographic materials are now available whose image quality approaches that of the traditional color print. It is not well known that chemistry, and organic chemistry in particular, is the cornerstone of these new photographic products. Insights from this field have spurred creativity, not only in the fields of dye and polymer chemistry, but above all in the search for more efficient and, hopefully better, dye diffusion transfer systems. The result of all these efforts is a finely tuned microscale chemical factory which continues to open rewarding perspectives for the photographic industry.