Magnetic glass in shape memory alloy: Ni(45)Co(5)Mn(38)Sn(12)

The first order martensitic transition in the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni(45)Co(5)Mn(38)Sn(12) is also a magnetic transition and has a large field induced effect. While cooling in the presence of a field this first order magnetic martensite transition is kinetically arrested. Depending on the cooling field, a fraction of the arrested ferromagnetic austenite phase persists down to the lowest temperature as a magnetic glassy state, similar to the one observed in various intermetallic alloys and in half doped manganites. A detailed investigation of this first order ferromagnetic austenite (FM-A) to low magnetization martensite (LM-M) state transition as a function of temperature and field has been carried out by magnetization measurements. Extensive cooling and heating in unequal field (CHUF) measurements and a novel field cooled protocol for isothermal MH measurements (FC-MH) are utilized to investigate the glass like arrested states and show a reverse martensite transition. Finally, we determine a field-temperature (HT) phase diagram of Ni(45)Co(5)Mn(38)Sn(12) from various magnetization measurements which brings out the regions where thermodynamic and metastable states coexist in the HT space, clearly depicting this system as a 'magnetic glass'.     

Shape memory effect and superelasticity in a strain glass alloy

The shape memory effect and superelasticity are usually found in alloys exhibiting spontaneous martensitic transformation. Thus it is hard to imagine that such interesting effects can appear in a system without a martensitic transformation. In this Letter we show shape memory and the superelasticity effect in a nonmartensitic Ti48.5Ni51.5 alloy, which has no martensitic transformation but undergoes a "strain glass" transition. In situ x-ray diffraction experiment showed that the shape memory and superelasticity in strain glass stem from a stress-induced strain glass to martensite transformation and its reverse transformation. The new shape memory and superelasticity in strain glass extends the regime of the shape memory effect and superelasticity and may lead to novel applications.     

Si掺杂的铁磁形状记忆合金Co50Ni21Ga29Six的物性研究

成功生长了Co₅₀Ni₂₁Ga₂₉:Si(x=1,2)单晶样品,对其磁性,马氏体相变及其相关性质进行了细致的测量.发现掺Si成分的单晶具有非常迅速的马氏体相变行为、2.5％的大相变应变、大于100 ppm的磁感生应变和4.5％的相变电阻.进一步研究指出,在CoNiGa合金中掺入适量Si元素,能够降低材料的马氏体相变温度,减小相变热滞后,提高材料的居里温度,并使得磁性原子的磁矩有所降低.尤其重要的是Si元素的添加能够增大材料马氏体的磁晶各向异性能,改善马氏体变体的迁移特性,从而获得更大的磁感生应变. 关键词： 铁磁形状记忆合金 Heusler合金 50Ni₂₁Ga₂₉Si_x')" href="#">Co₅₀Ni₂₁Ga₂₉Si_x     

The effect of Si content on the martensitic transformation temperature of Ni55.5Fe18Ga26.5-xSix alloys

This paper investigates the effects of substitution of Si for Ga on the martensitic transformation behaviours in Ni-Fe-Ga alloys by using optical metallographic microscope and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. The structure type of Ni55.5Fe18Ga26.5-xSix alloys is determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD),and the XRD patterns show the microstructure of Ni-Fe-Ga-Si alloys transformed from body-centred tetragonal martensite (with Si content x = 0) to body-centred cubic austenite (with x = 2) at room temperature. The martensitic transformation temperatures of the Ni55.5Fe18Ga26.5-xSix alloys decrease almost linearly with increasing Si content in the Si content range of x ≤ 3. Thermal treatment also plays an important role on martensitic transformation temperatures in the Ni-Fe-Ga-Si alloy. The valence electronic concentrations,size factor,L21 degree of order and strength of parent phase influence the martensitic transformation temperatures of the Ni-Fe-Ga-Si alloys. An understanding of the relationship between martensitic transformation temperatures and Si content will be significant for designing an appropriate Ni-Fe-Ga-Si alloy for a specific application at a given temperature.     

Fe和Co元素在铁磁性形状记忆合金Mn50Ni25－xFe(Co)xGa25中的作用

为了进一步改善材料的性能和探索新的材料，将Mn₂NiGa合金中的Ni元素分别用Fe和Co替代，制备了Mn₅₀Ni_25-xFe(Co)_xGa₂₅系列合金. 研究了Fe和Co元素对Mn₂NiGa合金的结构、马氏体相变行为、磁性和机械性能等方面的影响. 关键词： 铁磁形状记忆合金 Heusler合金 50Ni_25-xFe(Co)_xGa₂₅')" href="#">Mn₅₀Ni_25-xFe(Co)_xGa₂₅     

Fracture mechanism of a Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy single crystal

Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) have shown large magnetic-field-induced strains up to 10%. The fracture behavior of these materials under thermal and magnetic cycling has not been reported so far. An Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal exhibiting both thermal and magnetic shape memory effect was investigated in the present study. Coexistence of differently oriented martensite twinned variants and its effect on the magnetization and fracture mechanism were studied. Fracture behavior of this alloy was found to be strongly related to the martensitic transformation while the fracture surface was parallel to one of the {1 1 2} martensite twin planes. Different orientations of martensite variants were responsible for the formation of the crack network leading to fracture.     

Magnetostructural transition in NiCuCoMnGa alloys

The effects of the addition of Co on the martensitic transformation and Curie transition temperatures of polycrystalline Ni46-xCu4CoxMn33.sGa16.5 （x = 0, 1, 3, 5） alloys are investigated. An abrupt decrease in the martensitic transformation temperature and an obvious increase in the Curie transition temperature of austenite （TA） are observed when Co is doped in the NiCuMnGa alloy. As a result, the composition range for obtaining the magnetostructural transition is extended. Furthermore, the effect of a strong magnetic field on the magnetostructural transition is analyzed. This study offers a possible method to extend the composition range for obtaining magnetostructural transition in Heusler alloys.     

New aspects of martensite stabilization in Ni–Mn–Ga high-temperature shape memory alloy

We report on new aspects of martensite stabilization in high-temperature shape memory alloys. We show that, due to the difference in activation energies among various structural defects, an incomplete stabilization of martensite can be realized. In material aged at high temperatures, this gives rise to a variety of unusual features which are found to occur in the martensitic transformation. Specifically, it is shown that both forward and reverse martensitic transformations in a Ni–Mn–Ga high-temperature shape memory alloy can occur in two steps. The observed abnormal behaviour is evidence that, in certain circumstances, thermoelastic martensitic transformation can be induced by diffusion.     

Ni-X-In(X=Mn,Fe和Co)合金的缺陷稳定性和磁性能的第一性原理研究

Ni-Mn-In是一种新型的磁控形状记忆合金, 它通过磁场诱导逆马氏体相变实现形状记忆效应. 实验中常围绕化学计量比Ni₂MnIn合金进行成分调整, 以获得适宜的马氏体相变温度与居里温度, 在这个过程中必然会产生多种点缺陷. 本文使用量子力学计算软件包VASP, 在密度泛函理论的框架下通过第一原理计算, 系统地研究了非化学计量比Ni-X-In(X=Mn, Fe 和Co)合金的缺陷形成能和磁性能. 反位缺陷中, In和Ni在X亚晶格的反位缺陷(In_X和Ni_X)的形成能最低, Ni和X反位于Y的亚晶格(Ni_Y和X_Y)得到较高的形成能. 因此, In原子可以稳定立方母相的结构, 而X原子对母相结构稳定性的影响则相反; 空位缺陷中最高的形成能出现在In空位缺陷, 再次肯定了In原子对稳定母相结构的作用. 此外, 详细研究了点缺陷周围原子的磁性能以及电荷分布. 本文的计算结果在指导实验中的成分设计和开发新型磁控形状记忆合金方面具有重要意义.     

Mn/Cr掺杂对Ni-Fe-Ga合金相变和磁性转变的影响

系统研究了Mn和Cr元素掺杂对Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金马氏体相变温度和居里温度的影响.研究表明:随着Mn含量的增加,Ni_(55-x)Mn_xFe_(18)Ga_(27)系列合金的马氏体相变温度逐渐降低,居里温度有所增加;Ni_(55)Fe_(18-x)Mn_xGa_(27)系列合金的马氏体相变温度也逐渐降低,但居里温度变化并不明显.随着Cr含量的增加,Ni_(55-x)Cr_xFe_(18)Ga_(27)系列合金的马氏体相变温度明显降低,居里温度则小幅度降低;Ni_(55)Fe_(18-x)Cr_xGa_(27)系列合金的马氏体相变温度和居里温度均有规律的降低.     

Heusler合金Mn50–xCrxNi42Sn8的相变、磁性与交换偏置效应

研究了Mn50–xCrxNi42Sn8 (x=0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8)多晶样品的相变、磁性和交换偏置效应.结果表明,该系列合金在室温下都具有非调制的四方马氏体结构.马氏体逆相变温度随Cr含量增加而逐渐降低. 20 k Oe磁场下的M-T曲线表明,该系列合金的磁性比较弱.两相之间的磁性差最大为△M=7.61 emu/g.磁性的变化主要与Mn-Mn间距的变化以及Ni(A位)-Mn(D位)间杂化作用的强弱有关.在低温下,马氏体相的磁性随着Cr含量增加而增强.在500 Oe的外加磁场作用下,从室温冷却到5 K,在Mn50Ni42Sn8合金中观察到高达2624 Oe的交换偏置场.随着Cr含量的增加,交换偏置场逐渐减小.当Cr含量x=0.8时,随着冷却场的增加, 5 K时的交换偏置场先迅速增加然后逐渐减小.当冷却场为500 Oe时,交换偏置场最大.这主要归因于自旋玻璃态与反铁磁性区域的界面交换耦合作用的变化.     

CoNiZ系列合金的结构和马氏体相变性质

利用X射线衍射研究了CoNiZ(Z＝Si，Sb，Sn，Ga 等)合金在不同热处理条件下的相组成.当Z元素为Sn，Sb时，材料是完全的B2结构；但Z为Si时，材料变成面心立方的γ相.形成B2还是γ相由电子浓度和原子尺寸效应两种因素共同决定.而CoNiGa的研究结果表明，在合金中除了形成B2结构的同时还容易形成γ相，常表现出两相共存的特性.对材料进行不同方式的热处理可以使合金中两相的含量有所消长,γ相含量的多少对CoNiGa合金的马氏体相变有很大的影响.分析指出，两相共存及其所带来的物性变化是CoNiGa铁磁性形状记忆合金非常有利用价值的物理性质. 关键词： Heusler合金 马氏体相变 γ相     

Influence of Ni/Mn ratio on magnetostructural transformation and magnetocaloric effect in Ni_(48-x)Co_2Mn_(38+x)Sn_(12)(x = 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,and 2.5) ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

An investigation on the magnetostructural transformation and magnetocaloric properties of Ni_(48-x)Co_2Mn_(38+x)Sn_(12)(x = 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) ferromagnetic shape memory alloys is carried out. With the partial replacement of Ni by Mn in the Ni_(48)Co_2Mn_(38)Sn_(12) alloy, the electron concentration decreases. As a result, the martensitic transformation temperature is decreased into the temperature window between the Curie-temperatures of austenite and martensite. Thus, the samples with x = 1.5 and 2.0 exhibit the magnetostructural transformation between the weak-magnetization martensite and ferromagnetic austenite at room temperature. The structural transformation can be induced not only by the temperature,but also by the magnetic field. Accompanied by the magnetic-field-induced magnetostructural transformation, a considerable magnetocaloric effect is observed. With the increase of x, the maximum entropy change decreases, but the effective magnetic cooling capacity increases.     

Rapidly solidified ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys have been manufactured by various techniques involving rapid solidification. Bulk alloys have been obtained by extracting the melted alloy in especially designed copper molds; glass coated wires have been obtained by drawing the melt from glass recipients followed by water cooling and ribbons have been fabricated by melt-spinning. Microstructural observations show particular solidification aspects of fractured areas, while ferromagnetic behavior has been detected in glass coated wires obtained by rapid solidification. The martensitic microstructure was observed on Co-Ni-Ga rapid solidified bulk alloys and Fe-Pd ribbons. The memory effect was detected using a Vibran system that allows the detection of the phase transition for the ribbons and by visual observation for other specimens. The conclusions of the observations are related to the comparison between the ferromagnetic behaviors of shape memory alloys solidified using different techniques.     

Electronic structures and magnetisms of the Co_2TiSb_(1-x)Sn_x(x= 0, 0.25, 0.5) Heusler alloys: A theoretical study of the shape-memory behavior

The total energy, electronic structures, and magnetisms of the Al Cu2Mn-type Co2TiSb1-xSnx(x = 0, 0.25, 0.5) with the different lattice parameter ratios of c/a are studied by using the first-principles calculations. It is found that the phase transformation from the cubic to the tetragonal structure lowers the total energy, indicating that the martensitic phase is more stable and that a phase transition from austenite to martensite may happen at a lower temperature. Thus, a ferromagnetic shape memory effect can be expected to occur in these alloys. The Al Cu2Mn-type Co2TiSb1-xSnx(x = 0, 0.25, 0.5) alloys are weak ferrimagnets in the austenitic phase and martensitic phase.     

Effect of Mn incorporation for Ni on the properties of melt spun off-stoichiometric compositions of NiMnGa alloys

The investigation addresses the effect of Mn incorporation for Ni on the properties of a series of Ni_77−xMn_xGa₂₃ (x=22-29; at%) ferromagnetic shape memory alloys prepared in the form of ribbons by a melt spinning technique. Phase transformation studies in these ribbons by differential scanning calorimetry revealed that austenitic start and martensitic start temperatures decreased with the increase in Mn content. The Curie temperature (T_C) of these alloys determined from thermal variation of magnetisations was found to rise with increasing Mn content. The martensitic transformation temperatures were above T_C in low Mn containing (x=22 and 23) alloys. Morphology observed through transmission electron microscopy manifested complex martensitic features in the alloy with x=22 while x=29 had an austenitic phase. The alloys with intermediate Mn content (x=24, 25) had overlapping magnetic and martensitic transformations close to room temperature. The thermal lag between austenitic and martensitic characteristic temperatures in these alloys has been corroborated to their structural state. X-ray diffraction indicated a predominant martensite phase and austenite phase in low and high Mn containing alloys respectively. In-situ diffraction studies during thermal cycle indicate martensite-austenite transformations.     

Fe and Co selective substitution in Ni2MnGa: Effect of magnetism on relative phase stability

We studied the effect of selective substitution in Fe and Co 3d elements on the structural and magnetic phase transitions in the prototypical magnetic shape memory alloy Ni–Mn–Ga. We determined the phase diagram for each elemental doping substitution by means of calorimetry and ac susceptibility measurements. An effort was made to substitute each constituent element by the same amounts of doping and to study the role of parameters other than electronic concentration in controlling phase stability. Specifically, selective doping with atoms of similar atomic radii but different magnetic properties allowed us to investigate the role of magnetic interactions on the relative phase stability of the ternary compound. We determined the entropy change associated with the martensitic transition for each quaternary alloy to obtain further information on the effect of magnetism on the relative stability of the involved phases exhibited by these compounds.     

High temperature strain glass in Ti–Au and Ti–Pt based shape memory alloys

Strain glass is a frozen short-range strain ordered state found in shape memory alloys recently, which exhibits novel properties around the ideal glass transition temperature T₀. However, the T₀ of current strain glass systems is still very low, limiting their potential applications and experimental studies. In this paper, we reported two new strain glass systems with relatively high T₀. In Ti₅₀Au_50-xCr_x alloys, the strain glass appears at x = 25, and exhibits a T₀ of 251 K, while in Ti₅₀Pt_50-yFey alloys, the strain glass takes place at y = 30, and shows a T₀ of 272 K. Both of them are comparable with the highest T₀ value reported so far. Moreover, the phase diagrams of main strain glass systems in Ti-based alloys were summarized. It is found that the influence of the martensitic transformation temperature of the host alloy on the T₀ of the strain glass is limited. This work may help to design new strain glass systems with higher T₀ above ambient temperature.     

Metastability and inverse magnetocaloric effect in doped manganite (Nd(0.25)Sm(0.25)Sr(0.5)MnO(3)) and ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (Ni(2)Mn(1.36)Sn(0.64)): a comparison

The manganite Nd(0.25)Sm(0.25)Sr(0.5)MnO(3) (NSSMO) shows a first-order metal to insulator transition on cooling, which is concomitant with a magnetic transition from the ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic state. In some respect the sample shows a striking similarity with Ni-Mn-Sn based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) undergoing a first-order magneto-structural transition, and efforts have been made to highlight the similarities and dissimilarities of the studied manganite with one such FSMA of composition Ni(2)Mn(1.36)Sn(0.64). From our transport and magnetic investigations, the region of transition in the NSSMO is found to be highly metastable, with a clear indication of a magnetically arrested state which persists even when the sample is cooled down to the lowest temperature of measurement. Interestingly, the studied manganite shows an inverse magnetocaloric effect similar to the FSMA. However, a striking difference between the two compositions is evident in the low-temperature magneto-transport behavior: while a clear signature of tunneling magnetoresistance is present in NSSMO due to the coexisting metallic and insulating clusters of nanometer dimension, the studied FSMA do not show such behavior due to the absence of any insulating phase in the intermetallic alloy.     

In–Ga–Zn–O MESFET with transparent amorphous Ru–Si–O Schottky barrier

Rectifying transparent amorphous Ru–Si–O Schottky contacts to In–Ga–Zn–O have been fabricated by means of reactive sputtering without any annealing processes nor semiconductor surface treatments. The ideality factor, effective Schottky barrier height and rectification ratio are equal to 1.6, 0.9 eV and 10⁵ A/A, respectively. Ru–Si–O/In–Ga–Zn–O Schottky barriers were employed as gate electrodes for In–Ga–Zn–O metal–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFETs). MESFET devices exhibiting on‐to‐off current ratio at the level of 10³ A/A in a voltage range of 2 V, with subthreshold swing equal to 420 mV/dec were demonstrated. A channel mobility of 7.36 cm²/V s was achieved. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)