Radiation damage in single-crystal ice studied by 100 keV proton channeling

A detailed study has been undertaken of the Ni{100} (2 × 2)C structure formed by cracking ethylene on a clean Ni{100} surface. The LEED pattern shows characteristic missing spots which can be attributed to the presence of glide lines and indicate a space group symmetry of p4g. We show that this can be readily interpreted in terms of a distortion of the top nickel layer both parallel and perpendicular to the surface, which accompanies the carbon adsorption. Detailed comparisons of LEED intensity data with dynamical calculations indicate that the top layer nickel atoms are displaced 0.35 ± 0.05 Å parallel to the surface, 0.20 ± 0.05 Å outwards from the surface, and that the carbon atoms are in 4-fold hollows (now distorted) at a spacing of 0.1 ± 0.1 Å from the surface. These conclusions lead to a nickel-carbon nearest neighbour spacing of 1.803 ± 0.015 Å.     

Structure of CO adsorbed on Ni (100)

The c(2 × 2) configuration of CO chemisorbed on Ni(100) has been examined by the dynamical LEED method of surface structure analysis. Experimental LEED intensity spectra of the (00), ($\text{1}\text{2}\text{1}\text{2}$) (10) and (11) LEED beams measured at 175 K are compared with the corresponding calculated spectra for two different CO potential constructions and a number of trial structures. The best agreement was found for a structure where the CO molecules sit directly above the Ni atoms with vertical spacings between the Ni and C and the C and O layers of 1.80 ± 0.10 A and 0.95 ± 0.10 Å respectively. It is proposed that the CO molecule is tipped over at an angle of 34° ± 10° with respect to the surface normal so that the actual carbon-oxygen bond length is close to the figure 1.15 Å found in Ni(CO)₄.     

Ion-beam crystallography of clean and sulfur covered Ni(110)

Medium energy ion scattering has been used to determine the atomic structure of a Ni(110) surface covered with 0.5 monolayer of sulfur. After having confirmed that the sulfur atom resides in a fourfold-coordinated hollow site, it was found that its distance above the plane of the first Ni layer is 0.87 ± 0.03 Å. We measured a 6 ± 3% outward relaxation effect for the sulfur covered Ni(110) surface layer and an inward relaxation of 4 ± 1% when this surface is clean.     

Three-photon ionization cross-section of potassium for single-mode ruby laser radiation

The three-photon ionization cross-section for K at 6943 Å has been determined to be (8.0 ± 1.8) × 10^-91 m⁶s² photon^-3 for circularly polarized and (3.4 ± 0.8) × 10^-91 m⁶s² photon^-3 for linearly polarized radiation. The ratio of these quantities (2.34 ± 0.22) has been found to agree substantially with recent theoretical predictions.     

Theoretical studies of the geometries of O and S overlayers on the (100) surface of nickel

Geometries for O and S overlayers on the (100) surface of Ni have been calculated using $\text{a b initio}$ wavefunctions for O and S bonded to small clusters of Ni atoms (1 to 5 Ni atoms). The calculated distance of the adatom from the surface is 0.96 Å and 1.33 Å for O and S, respectively, in excellent agreement with the results of dynamic LEED intensity calculations, 0.9 ± 0.1 Å and 1.3 ± 0.1 Å, respectively. This indicates that accurate geometries of chemisorbed atoms may be obtained from calculations using clusters.     

Fast leed intensity measurements from Ni(100)c(2 × 2)CO

The Ni(100)c(2 × 2)CO surface structure has been investigated by very fast LEED intensity measurements using a computer controlled television method. It turns out that the intensity spectra are strongly influenced by intolerably long measuring times during which the primary electron beam impinges onto the surface. The spectra have been taken within 16 sec at 100 K immediately after termination of the adsorption process for all beams simultaneously. They are compared with other measurements and with Pendrys model calculations for a CO molecule bonded linearly on top of a Ni atom with straight molecular axis normal to the surface. Using the r-factor formalism for theory-experiment comparison the bond length results to be 1.15 ± 0.1 Å for CO and 1.80 ± 0.1 Å for NiC. This is in agreement with the results of other methods and removes some discrepancies with those of earlier LEED experiments.     

Structure determination of Ni(110)-(2 × 3)-N by use of SEXAFS measurements: on-surface and sub-surface sites on a pseudo-(100) reconstructed surface

Surface-extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements have been performed on the Ni(110)-(2 × 3)-N system. The data are consistent with a model in which nitrogen chemisorbs on a pseudo-(100) reconstructed and largely corrugated surface with a nearest-neighbour N-Ni bond length of 1.86 ± 0.03 Å. The corrugation results in two raised and two lowered [11̄0] Ni rows which are not uniformly distributed in the [001] direction. Nitrogen chemisorbs in four-fold hollow sites slightly (0.19Å) above the lowered Ni rows and in pseudo-four-fold hollow sites slightly (0.38 Å) below the plane defined by a raised and a lowered Ni row. In both sites N is equidistantly bonded to Ni atoms in the second layer. Structural models with long-bridge adsorption sites can be safely excluded.     

高掺杂Ce3+,Tb3+在正硼酸盐中的发光特性及能量传递

本文利用纳秒技术和一般光谱学技术系统地研究了Ce3+,Tb3+离子在LnBO3(Ln=La,Gd和Y)中的发光特性和能量传递机制.发现在La1-xCexBO3中Ce3+离子的浓度在0.1mol以上才出现明显的浓度猝灭.故对敏化剂Ce3+可以高浓度掺杂.本文对高掺杂下材料的发光特性,Ce3+到Tb3+能量传递的规律和机制进行了系统研究.给出了在正硼酸盐中绿色发光材料的最佳配比.     

Surface extended energy loss fine structure and local spin density investigation of carbidic carbon on the Ni(100) surface

The structural properties of a carbidic carbon layer on the Ni(100) surface have been investigated both experimentally by surface extended energy loss fine structure (SEELFS) and theoretically by the linear-combination-of-Gaussian-type-orbitals model-potential local-spin-density (LCGTO-MP-LSD) method. Both experimental and theoretical results indicate that the most stable site for carbon chemisorption is the fourfold hollow site. The Ni-C distance derived from SEELFS analysis was found to be 1.75 ± 0.05 Å, in good agreement with that obtained by theoretical calculation (1.79 Å). The calculated vibrational frequency of the adsorbed carbon atom is found to be 407 cm⁻¹ in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 410 cm⁻¹.     

Theoretical studies of the bonding of sulfur to models of the (100) surface of nickel

Electronic wavefunctions have been obtained as a function of geometry for a S atom bonded to Ni clusters consisting of 1 to 4 atoms designed to model bonding to the Ni(100) surface. Electron correlation effects were included using the generalized valence bond and configuration interaction methods. Modeling the (100) surface with four Ni atoms, we find the optimum S position to be 1.33 Å above the surface, in good agreement with the value (1.30 ± 0.10 Å) from dynamic LEED intensity calculations. The bonding is qualitatively like that in H₂S with two covalent bonds to one diagonal pair of Ni atoms. There is a S pπ pair overlapping the other diagonal pair of Ni atoms. [Deleting this pair the S moves in to a position 1.04 Å from the surface.] There are two equivalent such structures, the resonance leading to equivalent S atoms and a c(2 × 2) structure for the S overlayer. The Ni in the layer beneath the surface seems to have little effect (~0.03 Å) on the calculated geometry. Bonding the S directly above a single Ni atom leads to a much weaker bond (D_e = 3.32 eV) than does bonding in a bridge position (D_e = 5.37 eV).     

On the stability of thin epitaxial NiSi2 layers on Si (111)

By repeated deposition of several Å of Ni below 100 °C and subsequent annealing to typically 350 °C, thin continuous NiSi₂-layers have been grown epitaxially on Si (111). Thicknesses exceeding ∼- 70 Å require a different procedure due to the increasing importance of lateral growth, spoiling the layer quality. We show that MBE at substrate temperatures above 500 °C is not a viable technique to increase the thickness of the ultrathin layers. The reason is found to lie in the insufficient stability of the NiSi₂ templates, disintegrating into islands at temperatures above 500 °C. Perfectly smooth layers up to 1000 Å have, however, been grown by a new method in which alternate layers of Ni and Si (typically 1 Å and 4 Å respectively) are deposited onto the initial template at substrate temperatures between 350 °C and 380 °C.     

The structure of the c(2 × 2) oxygen overlayer on the unreconstructed (110) surface of iridium

An Ir(110)-c(2 × 2)O structure has been prepared by adsorbing a half-monolayer of oxygen at room temperature on an unreconstructed (1 × 1)Ir surface stabilized by a quarter-monolayer of randomly adsorbed oxygen. Results of the low energy electron diffraction structural analysis indicate that the ordered oxygen atoms are residing on the short-bridged sites on the (110) surface. The Ir-O interlayer spacing is 1.37 ± 0.05 Å, and the bond length is 1.93 ± 0.07 Å. The topmost substrate interlayer spacing is found to be 1.33 ± 0.07 Å rather than 1.26 ± 0.07 Å which is the topmost interlayer spacing of the unreconstructed (1× 1)Ir surface.     

Study of ferromagnetic correlations caused by impurities in nonmagnetic materials by the method of small-angle scattering of polarized neutrons

The possibility of the study of ferromagnetic correlations caused by d-metal impurities in nonmagnetic matrices is discussed. The polarization and magnetic-nuclear interference obtained by analyzing the small-angle scattering of polarized neutrons in a CuZn(20) alloy with Ni impurity (1 at %) are reported. It has been shown that Ni is clustered in the CuZn matrix with the characteristic correlation radius in the range 100 Å < R _c < 5000 Å depending on the thermal processing of the samples. The cross correlation function determining magnetic-nuclear interference is satisfactorily approximated by the exponential exp(?r/R _c), where r is the distance. It has been found that the nonmagnetic matrix CuZn(20) with an almost uniform distribution of 1% Ni impurity has metamagnetic properties in the field H ≈ 0.5 T at room temperature.     

Monolayer K-films on Ni(100) — I. Structure and work function

Adsorption of K on Ni(100) at room temperature has been investigated experimentally concerning two-dimensional periodicity and work function change. It is found that the K atoms spread uniformly over the Ni surface and that one well-ordered structure of hexagonal symmetry is formed at 4.9 Å K nearest neighbour separation. In the most densely packed K-layer this separation was observed to be 4.3 Å, i.e. smaller than the bulk separation 4.62 Å. The change in work function at low densities was found to correlate qualitatively with the variation of the effective charge on the adsorbed K atoms.     

197Au Mössbauer study of Au/Ni artificial multilayers

¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer measurements have been performed at 16 K on the Au/Ni artificial multilayers having three different thickness of the layers those are 10Å Au/10Å Ni, 30Å Au/30Å Ni and 53Å Au/53Å Ni on a 250Å pure Au buffer layer. Mössbauer spectra obtained can be decomposed into mainly two components. One is an unperturbed component having an identical isomer shift value to the bulk Au metal. The other is the component perturbed strongly by the Ni layer indicating a broad contribution at positive velocity side and its intensity depends on the thickness of the Au layer. The spectrum from 10Å Au/10Å Ni multilayer is an entirely perturbed one and its area ratio to the component rising from pure Au buffer layer indicates the large Debye-Waller-factor suggesting the supermodulus effect in this multilayer.     

Elastic scattering of15N on19F,19F on18O and19F on16O at low energies and elastic transfer

The reduced matrix elements for the ground state transitions to the first 2⁺, 3^? and 4⁺ states in¹⁴⁰Ce and¹⁴Ce were determined by DWBA analysis. In the giant resonance region of Ce, La and Pr three broad resonances at excitation energies of 9, 12 and 15 MeV have been found. They are interpreted asM1,E2 andE1 giant resonances. For Ce the total widths are (2.2±0.4) MeV (M1) and (2.8±0.3) MeV (E2) and the groundstate radiative widths (90±45) eV (M1), (100±30) eV (E2) and (5±1) · 10⁴ eV (E1).     

Precision neutron total cross section measurements on gold and cobalt in the 40 μeV-5 meV range

The slow neutron absorption cross sections of gold and cobalt have been accurately redetermined by transmission measurements in the neutron wavelength range 4 to 47 Å. For the range 4 to 7.6 Å a new time-of-flight spectrometer at the FRM reactor was used which involves a system of three synchronized choppers and a 150 m long guide tube as flight path. Utilizing the high wavelength resolution of the spectrometer, the time-of-flight wavelength scale could be accurately calibrated (±2 · 10^?3 Å) by means of various Bragg cutoff breaks observed in transmission on polycrystalline samples. Supplementary transmission measurements on gold and cobalt were performed in the range 11–47 Å using the time-of-flight spectrometer for ultracold neutrons at the FRM reactor. The absorption cross sections were evaluated considering corrections for incoherent and inelastic scattering and for the slight deviation from 1/v of the absorption of gold due to the 4.9 eV resonance level. For the absorption at subthermal energies we obtainσ _a /gl=(54.35±0.06) b/Å for Au, (20.66±0.04) b/Å for Co. Evaluation of the absorption cross sections at 2200 m/s neutron velocity gives (98.68±0.12) b for Au, (37.15±0.08) b for Co.     

Magnetic properties of ultrathin Ni films

The magnetic properties of Au/Ni/Si(100) films with Ni thicknesses of 8–200 Å are studied at T=77 K using a scanning magnetic microscope with a thin-film high-temperature dc SQUID. It is found that the Ni films, with an area of 0.6×0.6 mm, which are thicker than 26 Å have a single-domain structure with the magnetic moment oriented in the plane of the film and a saturation magnetization close to 0.17 MA/m. For films less than 26 Å thick, the magnetization of the film is found to drop sharply.     

Field induced magnetic density in the Pauli paramagnet YNi5

The induced magnetic density of the enhanced Pauli paramagnet YNi₅ has been measured by polarized neutron diffraction at 100 K and in an applied field of 48 kOe. The magnetic density is localized on Ni sites where a 3d form factor, similar to that of Ni metal, is observed. The induced Ni moment is different for the two crystallographic sites: (2.4 ± 0.6) × 10^-3 μ_B on Ni_I on the 2c site and (4.1 ± 0.8) × 10^-3 μ_B on Ni_II on the 3g site. This difference must be associated with the difference of the Y surroundings of each site. The results are discussed from the band structure of the alloy.     

Angular dependence of the in-plane magnetization of (100) Cu/Ni/Cu structures

(100) Cu/Ni/Cu sandwich structures have been deposited on (100) Si using the (100) Cu epitaxially grown as the seed layer. The in-plane epitaxial relation between the metal films and Si allows the study of angular dependence of the magnetization for the field parallel to the film plane. Keeping the Cu layers at 1000 Å each and varying the Ni layers between 50 and 1000 Å, the magnetization along the [110] edge is larger than that along the [100] one. This is observed for both structures with a Ni thickness of 1000 and 500 Å, respectively. For the thinner Ni layers, the angular dependence is interfered by the reversal in magnetic anisotropy reported earlier. For such structures, a squared hysteresis loop is observed for the field perpendicular to the film plane, whereas one with little loop is observed for the in-plane magnetization. The angular dependence observed for the 1000 and 500 Å Ni films is the same as that of single crystal Ni. The (100) Cu/Ni/Cu films thus grown can be used for other magnetic measurements in the exploration of two-dimensional magnetism with controlled orientations.