A cell-based study on pedestrian acceleration and overtaking in a transfer station corridor

Pedestrian speed in a transfer station corridor is faster than usual and sometimes running can be found among some of them. In this paper, pedestrians are divided into two categories. The first one is aggressive, and the other is conservative. Aggressive pedestrians weaving their way through crowd in the corridor are the study object of this paper. During recent decades, much attention has been paid to the pedestrians’ behavior, such as overtaking (also deceleration) and collision avoidance, and that continues in this paper. After sufficiently analyzing the characteristics of pedestrian flow in transfer station corridor, a cell-based model is presented in this paper, including the acceleration (also deceleration) and overtaking analysis. Acceleration (also deceleration) in a corridor is fixed according to Newton’s Law and then speed calculated with a kinematic formula is discretized into cells based on the fuzzy logic. After the speed is updated, overtaking is analyzed based on updated speed and force explicitly, compared to rule-based models, which herein we call implicit ones. During the analysis of overtaking, a threshold value to determine the overtaking direction is introduced. Actually, model in this paper is a two-step one. The first step is to update speed, which is the cells the pedestrian can move in one time interval and the other is to analyze the overtaking. Finally, a comparison between the rule-based cellular automata, the model in this paper and data in HCM 2000 is made to demonstrate our model can be used to achieve reasonable simulation of acceleration (also deceleration) and overtaking among pedestrians.     

Prediction of the performance of an algorithm for the detection of small targets in infrared images

Detection of small targets in infrared (IR) images is important in IR image processing. For the prediction of performance of a detection algorithm, it is necessary to calculate the probability of detection and probability of false alarm. A method is developed to calculate the probabilities in this paper. The detection is divided into two parts: the first part, which is called pre-detection, is to find out candidates for targets in a single frame of an image; and the second part is to localize the target in multiple frames of the image. Under some assumptions, the pre-detection probability, the false detection probability of single frame, detection probability and false alarm probability are derived. The algorithm for the detection of small target in IR image, which is used for the derivation of the probabilities, is contrast threshold detection based on background prediction, and a pipeline filter is used for multiframe image processing. The results show the relationship of the probabilities to the contrast of target to background, SNR, and contrast threshold.     

Development of an optimised, standard-compliant procedure to calculate sound transmission loss: design of transmission rooms

A numerical procedure to estimate the transmission loss of sound insulating structures is proposed based upon the technology of acoustic measurements and standards. A virtual laboratory (VL), namely, a numerical representation of a real laboratory consisting of two reverberation rooms meeting certain sound field quality criteria is designed. VL is to be used for the numerical simulation of standardised measurements under predefined, controlled, acoustic conditions. In this paper, the design and optimisation of VL is investigated. The geometry of the transmission rooms is designed following first principles, in order for diffuse field conditions and sufficiently smooth primary mode distribution in the low frequency to be achieved. A finite element-based optimisation procedure, introduced by the author in previous work, is extended to arbitrarily shaped rooms. It is used to predict the appropriate local geometric modifications so as for improved mode distribution and smoother sound pressure fluctuations of the transmission rooms in the low-frequency range to be achieved and low-frequency measurement reproducibility and accuracy to be increased. Steady-state acoustic response analysis is performed in order to quantify the acoustic field quality of the virtual transmission rooms in the frequency range of measurements. A method to calculate the total absorption, A, of the receiving room is introduced by simulation of the reverberation time measurement procedure using Transient acoustic response analysis. The acoustic performance of VL is overall considered and is shown to meet in a sufficient degree, relative laboratory measurement standards in the frequency range of 100÷704 Hz.     

Production or conservation in CHP networks?

In Sweden, Combined generation of Heat and Power (CHP) is in common practice. Different fuels are burnt in a boiler and the steam is used for generating electricity. The heat that has to be transferred from the condenser in the plant is used in the district heating grid. This grid is thus used as a cooling facility necessary for electricity production. However, energy conservation the Swedish building stock is also encouraged, and if this is utilized in district heated buildings it results in fewer possibilities for electricity production. This might be a major drawback when nuclear power is abolished, as is the result from a consensus some years ago. This paper deals with the question of whether it is better to conserve both heat and electricity, to save only one of the energy forms or if it is cheaper to produce more energy, instead of saving. A case study is presented dealing with Malmö, in the South of Sweden, and it is shown that energy conservation in district heated buildings cannot yield profitability: neither can conservation in the electricity grid, even if it gets closer to profitable savings. It is assumed that the total cost of heating, insulation and electricity is paid by the society and the minimum point for this cost will characterize the best solution.     

On the width of a ray

Consistent with earlier work by Kravtsov and Orlov, a simple general expression for the width of a Fresnel zone deltar(F) in a smooth inhomogeneous environment is derived; this is the diffractive contribution to the width of a ray. In a stratified environment at long range, the general Fresnel zone width expression is shown to reduce approximately to one that is proportional to [equation in text] where alpha is the ray stability parameter, sigma is the acoustic frequency, r is the range from the source to the field point of interest, and R is the source to receiver range. In a stratified environment on which a weak small-scale perturbation is superimposed, deterministic rays in the background environment that connect fixed end points break up into bundles of micromultipaths at moderate to long range and a second, scattering-induced, contribution deltar(s) to the width of a ray must be considered. It is shown that deltar(s) is proportional to /alpha/r(R-r) and argued that in a micromultipathing environment the total effective width of a background ray is deltar(tot)= [equation in text] . Theoretical predictions are shown to agree well with travel-time sensitivity kernel calculations.     

近海台风对中国东部夏季降水的贡献

目前汛期预测主要针对季风系统形成的降水, 而对台风等热带系统的影响并未考虑, 其主要原因是台风是一个剧烈的天气尺度过程, 与短期气候预测尺度并不匹配, 因而无法进行考虑. 这也成为提升汛期预测技巧的一个制约因素. 针对这样的问题, 本文从气候的角度, 提出一个能较为客观地衡量台风对夏季降水影响强弱的指数––台风影响指数. 利用1960–2011年中国东部站点降水资料及中国气象局上海台风所整理的热带气旋资料, 从月、季尺度对中国夏季台风影响强弱变化特征进行分析, 探讨台风对东部地区夏季降水的贡献. 结果表明: 1)台风从6月至8月呈增强的趋势, 6月份最弱, 7月份居中, 8月份最强; 2)从台风降水及占总降水的比例分布来看, 纬向呈东部高西部低, 经向呈从东北地区至华南地区依次增大的趋势, 长江以南地区台风降水量占夏季降水量的比重可达10%以上, 7, 8月份东南沿海地区的台风降水量最大可达100 mm以上, 可达当月总降水量的40%; 3)台风影响指数与夏季降水的相关表明, 台风对中国东部降水的影响具有时、空差异性, 6月份与华南地区呈负相关, 7 月份与东南沿海地区呈正相关, 而与长江中下游地区呈负相关; 8月份与华南、华北地区呈正相关、与长江中下游地区呈负相关. 这主要是由台风、夏季风和西北太平洋副热带高压共同影响的. 关键词： 台风影响 东部 夏季降水 贡献     

Robust Stabilization and Synchronization of a Novel Chaotic System with Input Saturation Constraints

In this paper, the robust stabilization and synchronization of a novel chaotic system are presented. First, a novel chaotic system is presented in which this system is realized by implementing a sigmoidal function to generate the chaotic behavior of this analyzed system. A bifurcation analysis is provided in which by varying three parameters of this chaotic system, the respective bifurcations plots are generated and evinced to analyze and verify when this system is in the stability region or in a chaotic regimen. Then, a robust controller is designed to drive the system variables from the chaotic regimen to stability so that these variables reach the equilibrium point in finite time. The robust controller is obtained by selecting an appropriate robust control Lyapunov function to obtain the resulting control law. For synchronization purposes, the novel chaotic system designed in this study is used as a drive and response system, considering that the error variable is implemented in a robust control Lyapunov function to drive this error variable to zero in finite time. In the control law design for stabilization and synchronization purposes, an extra state is provided to ensure that the saturated input sector condition must be mathematically tractable. A numerical experiment and simulation results are evinced, along with the respective discussion and conclusion.     

Theory of hydrogen vibrations on transition metal surfaces

The site dependence of the vibration frequency, normal to the surface, of a neutrally adsorbed atom such as hydrogen on a transition metal surface is studied. The vibration frequency in the atop position is compared with the value in the metal-atom dimer. The bond length at the surface is found to be greater than in the dimer and to increase with increasing number of nearest neighbours. For strong bonding, the vibration frequency in the atop position is close to that in the dimer, and a comparison of the adsorbate vibration spectrum with that of molecular systems is justified. For weak binding the vibration frequencies are strongly shifted from the values of the dimer and such a comparison is not valid. In this limit the model of Froitzheim et al. is found to apply. A simple relation between the adsorption energy and vibration frequency is given. Bond relaxation is found to be very important in determining the vibration characteristics of adsorbed species.     

Measurement of the dynamic structure function of fluorescently labeled complex fluids by fourier imaging correlation spectroscopy

The dynamics of the kicked rotor, which is a paradigm for a mixed system, where the motion in some parts of phase space is chaotic and in other parts is regular, is studied statistically. The evolution operator of phase space densities in the chaotic component is calculated in the presence of noise, and the limit of vanishing noise is taken in the end. The relaxation rates to the equilibrium density are calculated analytically within an approximation that improves with increasing stochasticity. The results are tested numerically. A global picture is presented of relaxation to the equilibrium density in the chaotic component when the system is bounded and to diffusive behavior when it is unbounded.     

菲涅耳双棱镜实验的相因子分析

根据波前相因子判断法,推导出缝光源在不同位置经双棱镜所成的像。得出缝与双棱镜的棱脊严格平行时,两相干光源振幅相同,形成清晰干涉图样;当缝与棱脊不平行但位于同一平面时,缝像平行于缝,但两像振幅不同,一定条件下可形成不清晰的干涉图样;当缝不在同一平面内时,缝像仍平行于缝,但不能形成干涉。     

Gauge invariance and the dirac equation

The gauge invariance of the Dirac equation is reviewed and gauge-invariant operators are defined. The Hamiltonian is shown to be gauge dependent, and an energy operator is defined which is gauge invariant. Gauge-invariant operators corresponding to observables are shown to satisfy generalized Ehrenfest theorems. The time rate of change of the expectation value of the energy operator is equal to the expectation value of the power operator. The virial theorem is proved for a relativistic electron in a time-varying electromagnetic field. The conventional approach to probability amplitudes, using the eigenstates of the unperturbed Hamiltonian, is shown in general to be gauge dependent. A gaugeinvariant procedure for probability amplitudes is given, in which eigenstates of the energy operator are used. The two methods are compared by applying them to an electron in a zero electromagnetic field in an arbitrary gauge. Presented at the Dirac Symposium, Loyola University, New Orleans, May 1981.     

原油含水率测量的光学计量仪

油井含水率是油田开发过程中的一个重要指标。光纤传感器具有体积小、重量轻、抗干扰能力强、实时、高效、准确等优点,将其应用于石油测井,有利于提高勘探效率。介绍测井应用中原油含水率计量仪的结构,分析了光纤传感器对混合液体含水率测量的基本原理。激光在弯曲光纤中的传输效率随外界混合介质折射率的变化而改变,根据光纤输出光功率的大小可以测量外界混合介质的组成成分。通过数值模拟,给出了光纤传感器中光束强度随混合液体含水率的变化现象,计算得到混合液体中含水率测量结果。结果表明,光纤传感器计量仪能实现0%～100%含水量的连续测量。最后基于数值模拟结果讨论了系统设计中的注意事项。     

提高双参量光纤传感器精度的一种方法

分析了光纤传感器进行双参量测量时，系数矩阵的态性对待测量精度的影响，提出采用对系数矩阵进行预处理的方法，使得处理后的矩阵由病态变成良态。用方法对文献「４」和文献「５」给出的系数矩阵分别进行了处理。处理后，文献「４」系数矩阵的条件数从３４２降低到４，文献「５」系数矩阵的条件数从１６１降低到３，传感器输出不确定主降低了两个数量级。     

Numerical studies on velocity, temperature history and heat transfer to the particles injected into the argon plasma

A new approach to study the particle velocity in a thermal plasma in relation to input parameters (power, gas flow rate, injection velocity of the particle and particle size) and nozzle dimensions (nozzle length and diameter) has been made. Injected particle's temperature and thermal history were calculated for particles of three different materials (alumina, tungsten and graphite) in argon plasma. Allowable powder feed rate was calculated for the particles. Heat transfer per particle injected in to the plasma is reported. Liquid fraction of the particle after it reached the melting point is also reported. Particle velocity is found to increase with increase in power, gas flow rate and injection velocity and decrease with increase in particle size, nozzle length and nozzle diameter. Thermal histories of the particles in relation to the plasma temperature and particle diameter are presented. Particle's residence time is found to increase with increase in diameter of the particle. Allowable powder feed rate for complete melting of the particle is higher at higher percentage utilisation of the plasma power. Powder feed rate is seen to decrease with increase in particle size and it is higher for tungsten and lower for graphite particle. Heat transfer rate from plasma to particle is seen to decrease with increase in time and the same is higher for plasmas of higher temperature and smaller sized particle. Received 4 May 2000 and Received in final form 15 March 2001     

Reduction of turbulent boundary layer induced interior noise through active impedance control

The use of a single actuator tuned to an optimum impedance to control the sound power radiated from a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) excited aircraft panel into the aircraft interior is examined. An approach to calculating the optimum impedance is defined and the limitations on the reduction in radiated power by a single actuator tuned to that impedance are examined. It is shown that there are too many degrees of freedom in the TBL and in the radiation modes of the panel to allow a single actuator to control the radiated power. However, if the panel modes are lightly damped and well separated in frequency, significant reductions are possible. The implementation of a controller that presents a desired impedance to a structure is demonstrated in a laboratory experiment, in which the structure is a mass. The performance of such a controller on an aircraft panel is shown to be effective, if the actuator impedance is similar to but not the same as the desired impedance, provided the panel resonances are well separated in frequency and lightly damped.     

State reduction in quantum mechanics: A calculational example

The question is posed as to the role of the state reduction hypothesis in the passage of a molecular beam through a Stern-Gerlach apparatus of the ordinary sort, and of the sort proposed by Wigner, in which the beam is rejoined at the end of the apparatus. The effect of the magnetic field is calculated, as is the effect of a “detector” atom placed asymmetrically in the apparatus, and sensitive to the passage of the molecular beam nearby. It is shown that in the absence of the detector atom the rejoined beam is represented by a pure case density matrix. However, when the detector is present in one arm of our Stern-Gerlach apparatus, the beam is found to be in a statistical mixture approximating “reduction”, even if we never “look” at the detector atom. It is also seen that the beam density matrix is reduced to diagonal form even though it is not physically affected by the detector.     

Stimulated Brillouin scattering-induced phase noise in an interferometric fiber sensing system

Stimulated Brillouin scattering-induced phase noise is harmful to interferometric fiber sensing systems.The localized fluctuating model is used to study the intensity noise caused by the stimulated Brillouin scattering in a single-mode fiber.The phase noise structure is analyzed for an interferometric fiber sensing system,and an unbalanced Michelson interferometer with an optical path difference of 1 m,as well as the phase-generated carrier technique,is used to measure the phase noise.It is found that the phase noise is small when the input power is below the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold,increases dramatically at first and then gradually becomes flat when the input power is above the threshold,which is similar to the variation in relative intensity noise.It can be inferred that the increase in phase noise is mainly due to the broadening of the laser linewidth caused by stimulated Brillouin scattering,which is verified through linewidth measurements in the absence and presence of the stimulated Brillouin scattering.     

Simplified models of the vibration of mannequins in car seats

A simplified two-dimensional modelling approach to predict the vibration response of mannequin occupied car seats about a static settling point is demonstrated to be feasible. The goal of the research is to develop tools for car seat designers. The two-dimensional model, consisting of interconnected masses, springs and dampers is non-linear due to geometric effects but, under the excitations considered, the model behaviour is linear. In this approach to modelling, the full system is initially broken down into subsystems, and experiments are conducted with subsystems to determine approximate values for the stiffness and damping parameters. This approach is necessary because of the highly non-linear behaviour of foam where stiffness changes with compression level, and because the simplified model contains more structure than is necessary to model the relatively simple measured frequency response behaviour, thus requiring a good initial starting point from which to vary parameters. A detailed study of the effects of changing model parameters on the natural frequencies, the mode shapes and resonance locations in frequency response functions is given, highlighting the influence of particular model parameters on features in the seat-mannequin system's vibration response. Reasonable qualitative as well as good quantitative agreement between experimental and simulation frequency response estimates is obtained. In particular, the two-dimensional motions at the peaks in the frequency response, a combination of up and down and rotational behaviour is predicted well by the model. Currently research is underway to develop a similar model with non-linear springs, surface friction effects and viscoelastic elements, that predicts the static settling point, a necessary step to aid in the subsystem modelling stage in this dynamic modelling approach.     

一种高准确度、高可靠的红外光电时刻测量系统

针对靶场试验对测量仪器的准确度及可靠性的特殊要求,开发了一种基于嵌入式PC/104模块和大规模可编程逻辑器件CPLD的红外光电时刻测量系统.介绍了该系统的组成、测量原理及其实现途径.靶场实验结果表明,该系统设计环境适应能力强,能可靠地工作在－35～45℃的环境下;测量准确度高,测时误差小于30 μs.