Colloid chemical studies of polystyrene latices polymerized without any surface-active agents

Summary The influence of secondary minimum for the stability of spherical colloid has been studied using a series of soap-free polystyrene latices from 350 m to 1400 m in diameter.The critical flocculation concentration (c. f. c.) and the zeta-potential at the c. f. c. for each latex were determined with several salts of different ionic valencies. The values of c. f. c. varied with the particle size, reaching a maximum value at 750 m and then decreasing gradually with the diameter.Another phenomenon detected in the experiment was the complete reversibility of coagulation which was observed only in the cases of large size latices, i. e., the coagulates of large size particles were fully redispersed in the solution by stirring. The time-dependence of their sedimentation curves was reproducible.These experimental results could not be explained by the simple theoretical consideration for stability of suspension. The satisfactory explanation is given only using the term of secondary minimum of interaction potential, i. e., the origin of coagulation was shifted from the ordinary primary minimum to the shallow secondary minimum at about 750 m of the particle diameter.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß des Sekundär-Minimum auf die Stabilität von Kolloiden wurde an seifenfreien Polystyrol-Latex-Suspensionen mit einem Durchmesser von 350 m bis 1400 m untersucht. Die kritische Flockungskonzentration (c. f. c.) und das Zeta-Potential bei c. f. c. wurde mit verschiedenen Salzen bestimmt.Der Wert von c. f. c. ändert sich mit der Teilchengröße.Ein weiterer wichtiger experimenteller Befund ist die vollständige Reversibilität der Flockung bei größeren Latices.Derartige Versuchsergebnisse können durch das Sekundär-Minimum befriedigend erklärt werden.

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With 7 figures in 10 details and 2 tables     

Haematein as a reagent for thorium, zirconium and uranium

Summary Haematein gives violet colored complexes with thorium and uranium and an orange colored complex with zirconium of the stoichiometric ratios 16, 13, and 11 respectively of the metal and the reagent (Job's method). The reagent and the complexes of thorium, uranium and zirconium show absorption maxima at 520–540 m, 520–540 m 500–520 m respectively. In observations at 540 m in 60 percent aqueous acetone 0.05 mg of thoria (a 12 fold excess of cerite earths has no influence), 0.029 mg U₃O₈ and 0.025 mg of zirconia may be determined. The spectral characteristics of the complexes indicate a similarity in character in spite of differences in stoichiometric composition.     

Thermoanalytical investigation of the guest-release process in aromatic-guest clathrates of three-dimensional metal complex hosts

The guest-release process was investigated in terms of the activation energy evaluated by thermogravimetry for the en-Td-type clathratescatena--[catena--(ethylenediamine)cadmium(II) tetra--cyanocadmate(II) or -mercurate(II)]-benzene(1/2), -benzene-d ₆(1/2), and -pyrrole(1/2), the Hofmannen-type clathratescatena-[catena--(ethylenediamine)cadmium(II) tetra--cyanonickelate(Il)]-benzene (1/2) and -pyrrole(1/2), the Hofmann-pn-type clathratecatena-[catena--(dl- orl-propylenediamine (cadmium(II) tetra--cyanonickelate(II)]-pyrrole(2/3), and the pn-Td-type clathratescatena-[catena--(dl-propylenediamine) or -(l-propylenediamine)cadmium(II) tetra--cyanocadmate(II)]-benzene(2/3). Values of the activation energy are correlated with the structural change in the metal complex host accompanied by the release of the guest molecules. The crystal structure ofcatena-[ethylenediaminecadmium tetra--cyanonickelate(II)], the residual host of the Hofmann-en-type, has been analyzed to elucidate the correlation.     

Stabilization of silver clusters in aluminosilicate (commercial catalyst for methanol oxidation)

A new commercial low-percent silver catalyst for methanol oxidation stabilized by aluminosilicate is examined using electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction and electronic diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The catalyst proved to be a model for the state of silver clusters to be studied by various physical methods.

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The electronic structure and spectrum of the silver(I)perchlorate-pyridine complex

The absorption spectrum of the silver perchlorate-pyridine system was measured in acetonitrile and ethanol in the wavelength region of 180 m to 400 m. It was found that the solution exhibits a new shoulder in the 210 m region characteristic for the 11 complex, in addition to the absorption maxima at 196 m and 253 m which correspond, respectively, to the L _a and L _b bands of pyridine. From the concentration dependence of the absorption intensity of this shoulder, the equilibrium constant for 11 complex formation was determined to be 108 l/mole at 26 °C. Furthermore, we studied theoretically the electronic structure of this complex by the method of the localized orbital model, the effect of the solvation energy upon the charge-transfer configurations being taken into account. The theoretical results show that the new absorption band at 207.5 m has to considerably great extent the character of a charge-transfer type excitation.

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Zusammenfassung Das Absorptionsspektrum des Systems AgClO₄-Pyridin in Acetonitril- und Äthanol-Lösung wurde im Bereich von 400-180 m vermessen. Es treten Absorptionsmaxima bei 196 und 253 m auf, die der L _a -bzw. L _b -Bande des Pyridins entsprechen; daneben eine Schulter bei 207 m als Charakteristikum des 11-Ag⁺-Pyridin-Komplexes. Aus der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Intensität dieser Schulter folgt als Gleichgewichtskonstante der Komplexbildung k=108 l/Mol (26 °C), aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit H=4,5 kcal/Mol, S=–6 Cl in guter Übereinstimmung mit polarographischen Ergebnissen. Weiterhin wurde die Elektronenstruktur mit der Methode der Moleküle in Molekülen unter Berücksichtigung von Solvatationseinflüssen untersucht. Danach ist die neue Schulter als Ladungsübergangsbande zu klassifizieren.

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Résumé Mesure du spectre d'absorption du système AgClO₄-Pyridine en milieu acétonitrile ou éthanol dans le domaine 400-180 m. On obtient des maxima d'absorption vers 196 et 253 m correspondant aux bandes L _a et L _b de la pyridine; un épaulement vers 207 m est caractéristique du complexe 11-Ag⁺-Pyridine. D'après la variation de l'intensité de cet épaulement avec la concentration on obtient comme constante d'équilibre du complexe k=100 l/Mol (26 °C), et à partir de la variation avec le température H=4,5 kCal/Mol, S=–6 Cl, en bon accord avec les résultats polarographiques. De plus la structure électronique est étudée à l'aide de la méthode des molécules dans les molécules en considérant les effets de solvatation. On en déduit le caractère de bande de transfert de charge de cet épaulement.

     

Redox Properties of Rhodium(III) Oxo-Bridged Carboxylate Complexes

Chemical and electrochemical oxidation of rhodium (III) oxo-bridged carboxylate complexes was studied. The chemical [with O₃ and Ce(IV) salts] or electrochemical (at potentials of 1.00-1.20 V) oxidations of the binuclear complexes [Rh₂(-O)(-O₂CCH₃)₂(H₂O)₆]^{2 +} and [Rh₂(-O)(-O₂CCF₃)₂(H₂O)₆]^{2 +} leads to the superoxo complexes [Rh₂(-O)(O₂-)(-O₂CCH₃)₂(H₂O)₅]⁺ and [Rh₂(-O)(O₂ ^-)(-O₂CCF₃)₂(H₂O)₅]⁺ with terminal coordination of O₂-. The trinuclear acetate [Rh₃(₃-O)(-O₂CCH₃)₆(H₂O)₃]⁺, unlike its trifluoroacetate analog [Rh3(₃-O)(-O₂CCF₃)₆(H₂O)₃]⁺, is oxidized only electrochemically at a potential of 1.38 V. The oxidation of [Rh₃(₃-O)(-O₂CCH₃)₆(H₂O)₃]⁺ is reversible and involves formation of an unstable superoxo group O₂ ^- between two Rh₃III(₃-O) cores.     

Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie mit ECD- und MS-Detektion zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Pentachlorphenol im menschlichen Plasma und Harn

Zusammenfassung Pentachlorphenol (PCP) wurde im Plasma und Harn mittels Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie und ECD-Detektion erfaßt. Die parallele Analyse mit einem massenselektiven Detektor erbrachte nahezu identische Werte (r=0,9978). Die Nachweisgrenzen lagen bei ca. 5 g PCP/l Harn bzw. ca. 10 g PCP/l Plasma. Die Untersuchung von 27 Personen ohne beruflichen bzw. besonderen usuellen Kontakt mit Pentachlorphenol ergab mediane PCP-Konzentrationen im Plasma von 28 g/l (95.0 Perzentil 149 g/l) bzw. im Harn von 10 g/l (95.0 Perzentil 55 g/l).

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Determination of pentachlorophenol in human plasma and urine samples by capillary gas chromatography with ECD- and MS-detection

Summary Pentachlorophenol (PCP) levels in plasma and urine samples were determined by capillary gaschromatography and EC-detection. The results of the parallel analysis of samples with a selective mass detector correlated well (r=0.9978). The detection limits were around 5 g PCP/l urine and around 10 g PCP/l plasma respectively. A study on 27 persons occupationally not exposed to PCP or without a known special ecological intake of PCP showed median PCP levels of 28 g/l plasma (95.0 percentile: 149 g/l plasma) and 10 g/l urine (95.0 percentile: 55 g/l).

     

Radioimmunoassay of somatotropin using second antibody polyethylene glycol combination separation system

We describe a radioimmunoassay procedure for human somatotropin using second antibody — polyethylene glycol (PEG) combination for the separation of antibody bound and free antigen. The assay is done by a single incubation of 18 hours or with one hour pre-incubation and 3 hours post-incubation at room temperature (25 °C) and uses 0.1 m of serum sample. The assay covers a range of 0–40 g/ and has a sensitivity of 0.6 g/ of somatotropin. The assay is validated by inter-assay and intra-assay variations, recovery and parallelism tests.     

Flow injection analysis at μl/min flow rates

The characteristics of knitted open tube (KOT) figure eight reactors and coil reactors at l/min flow rates were compared using plate height (H) calculations and peak height measurements. Peak broadening independent of flow rate was seen for the figure eight KOT but not the coil at flow rates of 150–300 l/min. Below 150 /min, the plate height values of both reactors were inversely proportional to flow rate. It was concluded that a 0.5-m KOT figure eight reactor is the most effective way to introduce delay time for a 1 1 injection size and tubing of 0.3 mm I.D. Enhancement of peak height response was particularly pronounced at flow rates less than 100 l/min.