水平管内气液两相螺旋流实验研究

为研究水平管内气液两相螺旋流的流动特性,开展了以空气和水为实验介质,含气率为10％～90％,气相折算速度为0.01～3.4m/s,液相折算速度为0.05～2.7m/s的气液两相螺旋流实验.利用高速摄影机记录并参考借鉴相关研究结果分析和划分了不同工况下的流型;给出了水平管内气液两相螺旋流的流型图;研究了不同流速、不同起旋参数对流动特性(压降、流型衰减、螺距、螺旋直径以及流型转换边界等)的影响.实验结论如下:将水平管内气液两相螺旋流的流型划分为螺旋波状分层流、螺旋泡状流、螺旋团状流、螺旋线状流、螺旋轴状流、螺旋弥散流6种;将绘制的流型图与经典Mandhane流型图进行对比,出现了线状流、弥散流和轴状流3种新的流型;泡状流的分布基本不变,层状流的分布发生变化,当气相流速在2m/s以内时是线状流和轴状流,而不是层状流;随着液相流速的提高,管内两相流动的损失逐渐变大,流型的衰减程度变弱,螺旋扭矩逐渐变大,螺旋直径逐渐变小.另外,随着叶轮角度的增大或者随着叶片面积的减小,流型转换边界均向进气量增大的方向推移.而当进气量一定时,随着叶轮角度的增大或者随着叶片面积的减小,同样流型转换边界趋于进水量增大的方向.最后,随着起旋角度的增大或者随着叶片面积的减小,压降均有逐渐变大的趋势.     

关于气液两相流流型及其判别的若干问题

气液两相流体系是一个复杂的多变量随机过程体系,流型的定义、流型过渡准则和判别方法等方面的研究是多相流学科目前研究的重点内容.本文就与气液两相流流型及其判别有关的研究状况进行了回顾和评述,力图反映近年来气液两相流流型及其判别问题研究的状态和趋势.      

垂直向下管内两相流泡状-弹状流型转换研究

建立实验系统,在维持管道出口压力为0.2MPa的条件下,对内径分别为15mm、25mm、40mm、65mm的垂直向下管内空气-水气液两相流动进行了实验研究,获得了两相流泡状-弹状流型分布。实验研究发现:管径对于泡状流与弹状流流型特征有较大影响,并且进一步影响流型转换边界,随着管径增加,泡状流-弹状流的流型转换边界向折算气速减小的方向移动。基于理论推导及实验数据,建立了垂直向下管内气液两相流泡状流-弹状流流型转换预测模型,该模型对本文实验工况条件下的垂直向下管内空气-水气液两相流流型转换具有良好的预测效果,预测模型的计算结果与实验数据之间的误差小于10%。     

微重力气液两相流动与池沸腾传热

综述了近年来中国科学院微重力重点实验室(国家微重力实验室)完成的一系列微重力气液两相流动与池沸腾传热方面的地基实验、飞行实验和理论研究等方面获得的主要成果.在微重力气液两相流动方面,提出了半理论Weber数模型用于预测微重力条件下气液两相弹-环状流转换,并采用Monte Carlo方法,针对气泡初始尺寸对泡-弹状流转换的影响进行数值研究.通过俄罗斯"和平号"空间站与IL-76失重飞机实验,获得了微重力下的气液两相流型图,与此同时在地面利用小尺度毛细管模型模拟了微重力气液两相流动特征.实验测量了微重力气液两相流压降,并基于微重力流动特性建立了一个泡状流压降关联模型.在微重力池沸腾传热方面,利用我国返回式卫星完成了两次空间实验,其中,第22颗返回式卫星搭载铂丝表面R113池沸腾实验采用控制温度的稳态加热方式,而实践8号育种卫星搭载平面FC-72池沸腾实验则采用控制加热电压的准稳态加热方式.同时,还进行了地面常重力和落塔短时微重力条件下的对比实验研究.观察到丝状加热表面微重力时轻微的传热强化现象,而平板加热表面微重力核态池沸腾低热流时传热强化、高热流时传热恶化.微重力实验中观察到气泡脱落前存在横向运动现象,据此分析了气泡行为与传热之间关系,并提出了一个预测丝状加热表面气泡脱落直径的半理论模型.旨在对相关领域的进一步发展和空间两相流系统的应用提供数据及理论支持.     

T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素

基于液滴或气泡的多相微流控是近年来微流控技术中快速发展的重要分支之一.本文利用高速显微摄影技术和数字图像处理技术对T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素进行实验研究.实验采用添加表面活性剂的海藻酸钠水溶液作为液相,空气作为气相.研究T型微通道反应器内气液两相流型的转变过程,并根据微通道内气泡的生成频率和生成气泡的长径比对气泡流进行分类.研究发现当前的进料方式下,可以观测到气泡流和分层流2种流型,且依据气泡生成频率和微通道内气泡的长径比可将气泡流划分为分散气泡流、短弹状气泡流和长弹状气泡流3种类型,并基于受力分析确定3种气泡流的形成机制分别为剪切机制、剪切-挤压机制和挤压机制.考察不同液相黏度和表面张力系数对不同类型气泡流范围的影响规律.结果表明:液相黏度相较于表面张力系数而言,对气泡流生成范围影响更大.给出不同类型气泡流流型转变条件的无量纲关系式,实现微通道生成微气泡过程的可控操作.      

垂直下降管中两相流的流型以及液相粘度对流型的影响

对空气－油在垂直下降管中的流型进行了实验研究，采用的管径为２９ｍｍ，油和空气的折算流速分别达到４ｍ／ｓ和２０ｍ／ｓ，并借助于压降脉动分析和目测观察相结合的方法来进行流型的识别。研究表明，油气两相流的流型不同于低粘液体的两相流流动，通过实验研究并结合前人的研究成果，给出了液相粘度对流型转变的影响趋势。     

微重力条件下气/液两相流流型的研究进展

气／液两相流流型是两相流研究领域最基本的课题之一,至今已有数十年的研究历史．但是,由于气／液两相流动现象极为复杂,目前还没有得到一致的结论．近十多年来,利用微重力环境减弱甚至完全消除重力的影响,简化流动中各种不同因素间的相互作用及流型特征,大大促进了对气／液两相流动特征及流型产生与转换机理的研究．同时,微重力条件下的气／液两相流动是空间技术领域必须解决的关键技术问题之一,具有重要的学术意义和重大的应用价值．本文简要总结了微重力条件下气／液两相流流型研究的基本方法以及实验结果和理论进展,指出今后研究中应该注意的一些方向．      

汽(气)液两相流流型在线识别的研究进展

综述了根据参数波动过程实现气液两相流流型在线识别的最新研究成果,内容包括两相流参数波动的产生机理,小波分析的应用,两相流参数波动过程的特征提取和特征分析,流型在线识别的特点及各种实现方法等。重点介绍了两相流参数波动过程的统计和非线性特征分析及其与流型之间的关系。深入讨论了流型神经网络识别方法及其存在的问题。从波动参数的选择、数理解释、流型识别方法等不同方面对研究进展进行了讨论。      

微管内气液两相流中液膜厚度的实验测量

微通道内气液两相流中气柱(plug bubble)与通道壁之间液膜厚度的实验测量,是微热管、微流动、微电子冷却以及气泡雾化等研究中普遍关注的问题.本文利用基于光学干涉和快速傅立叶变换的空间频谱分析方法,实验测量获取了含表面活性剂水中气柱在750μm 通道内运动时其与通道壁面之间的液膜厚度.实验结果表明:表面活性剂对液膜厚度的影响比较明显,即当表面活性剂浓度在一定范围内增大时,液膜厚度会减小;此外,当气柱运动速度在一定范围内增大时,液膜厚度也会减小.     

欠平衡钻气井零液流气提模拟实验及压降规律

建立总高18m、外管内径90mm、内管外径50mm的环空可视化实验装置,进行不同注气量、不同持液率条件下的井筒气提零液流可视化实验;在小气量条件下得到了泡流流型,在高气量条件下得到了搅动流流型。研究结果表明:由于中心管柱的偏心,在流型流态上泡流迅速向搅动流转变;以实验数据为基础,建立该特殊工况下的流型划分标准、压降和持液率数学模型,其结果与实验吻合较好。     

Gas/shear-thinning liquid flows through pipes: Modeling and experiments

In chemical and oil industry gas/shear-thinning liquid two-phase flows are frequently encountered. In this work, we investigate experimentally the flow characteristics of air/shear-thinning liquid systems in horizontal and slightly inclined smooth pipes. The experiments are performed in a 9-m-long glass pipe using air and three different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions as test fluids. Flow pattern maps are built by visual observation using a high-speed camera. The observed flow patterns are stratified, plug, and slug flow. The effects of the pipe inclination and the rheology of the shear-thinning fluid in terms of flow pattern maps are presented. The predicted existence region of the stratified flow regime is compared with the experimental observation showing a good agreement. A mechanistic model valid for air/power-law slug flow is proposed and model predictions are compared to the experimental data showing a good agreement. Slug flow characteristics are investigated by the analysis of the signals of a capacitance probe: slug velocity, slug frequency, and slug lengths are measured. A new correlation for the slug frequency is proposed and the results are promising.     

垂直上升管内油—气—水三相弹状流压力降的研究

给出一种垂直上升油－气－水三相弹状流压力降的计算模型。该模型考虑弹状流中Ｔａｙｌｏｒ气泡周围下降液膜的变化历程。通过油－气－水弹状流的实验研究发现，该模型的数值模拟结果与低压工况下的实验值符合得较好。本模型是计算垂直油－气－水三相弹状流中液相的连续相为水相时的压力降的有效方法。     

Flow pattern and flow characteristics for counter-current two-phase flow in a vertical round tube with wire-coil inserts

Flow pattern, void fraction and slug rise velocity on counter-current two-phase flow in a vertical round tube with wire-coil inserts are experimentally studied. Flow pattern and slug rise velocity are measured visually with a video camera. The void fraction is measured by the quick-closing valve method. Four kinds of coils with different coil pitches and coil diameters are used as inserts. The presence of wire-coil inserts induces disturbance into gas and liquid flows so that the shape and motion of gas slug or bubbles in a wire-coil inserted tube are quite different from those observed in a smooth tube without insert. The bubbly flow occurs in the low gas superficial velocity region in the wire-coil inserted tube, while the slug or churn/annular flow only appears in the smooth tube without insert over the all test range. The measured slug rise velocity in the wire-coil inserted tube is higher than that in the smooth tube. With modified mean flow velocity calculated with core area, the slug rise velocity in wire-coil tube inserted is in good agreement with Nicklin's correlation. The void fraction in a wire-coil inserted tube is lower than that in a smooth tube in the range of high gas superficial velocities. By introducing a simple assumption on considering the effective flowing area, the measured void fractions in a wire-coil inserted tube are in relatively good agreement with the predicted result based on the drift flux model proposed by others with the correlation for slug rise velocity given by others when the coil pitch is dense.     

二维水平通道内流动沸腾换热的格子Boltzmann模拟

利用格子Boltzmann方法模拟二维水平通道内水的流动沸腾过程,获得不同壁面过热度下流型特点和不同因素对换热过程的影响规律。结果表明,随着壁面过热度升高,流道内流型依次经历从泡状流、弹状流到反环流的转变,平均热流密度和平均换热系数先增大后减小。入口流速降低会使流道内出现受限气泡流,核态沸腾受到抑制。提高入口流速能够有效促进气泡脱离,壁面平均换热系数随入口流速增大而增大,但增长速率有所减小。减小通道宽度有利于汽化现象发生,核态沸腾得到强化,壁面平均换热系数有所提高。     

Investigation on two-phase flow-induced vibrations of a piping structure with an elbow

The dynamic behaviors of a horizontal piping structure with an elbow due to the two-phase flow excitation are experimentally investigated. The effects of flow patterns and superficial velocities on the pressure pulsations and vibration responses are evaluated in detail. A strong partition coupling algorithm is used to calculate the flow-induced vibration (FIV) responses of the pipe, and the theoretical values agree well with the experimental results. It is found that the lateral and axial vibration responses of the bend pipe are related to the momentum flux of the two-phase flow, and the vibration amplitudes of the pipe increase with an increase in the liquid mass flux. The vertical vibration responses are strongly affected by the flow pattern, and the maximum response occurs in the transition region from the slug flow to the bubbly flow. Moreover, the standard deviation (STD) amplitudes of the pipe vibration in three directions increase with an increase in the gas flux for both the slug and bubbly flows. The blockage of liquid slugs at the elbow section is found to strengthen the vibration amplitude of the bend pipe, and the water-blocking phenomenon disappears as the superficial gas velocity increases.     

Studies on two-phase co-current air/non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluid flows in inclined smooth pipes

In this work, co-current flow characteristics of air/non-Newtonian liquid systems in inclined smooth pipes are studied experimentally and theoretically using transparent tubes of 20, 40 and 60 mm in diameter. Each tube includes two 10 m long pipe branches connected by a U-bend that is capable of being inclined to any angle, from a completely horizontal to a fully vertical position. The flow rate of each phase is varied over a wide range. The studied flow phenomena are bubbly flow, stratified flow, plug flow, slug flow, churn flow and annular flow. These are observed and recorded by a high-speed camera over a wide range of operating conditions. The effects of the liquid phase properties, the inclination angle and the pipe diameter on two-phase flow characteristics are systematically studied. The Heywood–Charles model for horizontal flow was modified to accommodate stratified flow in inclined pipes, taking into account the average void fraction and pressure drop of the mixture flow of a gas/non-Newtonian liquid. The pressure drop gradient model of Taitel and Barnea for a gas/Newtonian liquid slug flow was extended to include liquids possessing shear-thinning flow behaviour in inclined pipes. The comparison of the predicted values with the experimental data shows that the models presented here provide a reasonable estimate of the average void fraction and the corresponding pressure drop for the mixture flow of a gas/non-Newtonian liquid.     

Nitrogen/non-Newtonian fluid two-phase upward flow in non-circular microchannels

This paper presents experimental investigations on nitrogen/non-Newtonian fluid two-phase flow in vertical noncircular microchannels, which have square or triangular cross-section with the hydraulic diameters being D_h = 2.5, 2.886 and 0.866 mm, respectively, by visualization method. Three non-Newtonian aqueous solutions with typical rheological properties, i.e., 0.4% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 0.2% polyacrylamide (PAM) and 0.2% xanthan gum (XG) are chosen as the working fluids. The common flow patterns are identified as slug flow, churn flow and annular flow. The dispersed bubble flow is only found in the case with nitrogen/CMC solution two-phase flow in the largest channel. A new flow pattern of nitrogen/PAM solution two-phase flow, named chained bubble/slug flow, is observed in all the test channels. The flow regime maps are also developed and the results show that the rheological properties of the non-Newtonian fluid have remarkable influence on the flow pattern transitions. The geometrical factors of the microchannel such as the cross-section shape and hydraulic diameter of the channel can also affect the flow regime map. Finally, the results obtained in this work are compared with the available flow pattern transitions.     

Holdup of the liquid slug in two phase intermittent flow

A physical model for the prediction of gas holdup in liquid slugs in horizontal and vertical two phase pipe slug flow is presented. This model can also be used to yield the transition between elonganted bubbles and slug flow within the intermittent flow pattern. In addition a previously published model for predicting the stable slug length in vertical upward slug flow (Taitel et al. 1980) is extended here for the case of horizontal slug flow.