页岩储层应力敏感性定量评价: 思路及应用

应力敏感性定量评价是页岩油气勘探开发中公认的关键工程难题之一, 然而变应力条件下页岩孔缝尺寸及渗透率下降规律等问题至今尚无定论, 亟待深入探索. 本文从Griffith经典弹性力学解出发, 在充分刻画非均质页岩孔隙和微裂缝的基础上, 通过建立横截面为椭圆的柱体管束模型, 推导得到应力作用下岩石渗透率保持水平的计算公式, 基于此给出适宜于非均质页岩油储层的应力敏感性评价思路及覆压渗透率计算公式, 最后在中国西部和中部典型页岩油储层中开展了工程应用. 研究显示: (1) 相同应力状态下, 页岩油储层应力敏感程度由储渗空间初始长短轴比值、杨氏模量及泊松比共同控制; (2) 裂缝型页岩由于发育长短轴比值较高, 其应力敏感程度略高于裂缝发育程度较低的基质型页岩, 且杨氏模量越小, 两类页岩应力敏感程度差异性越大; (3) 在40 MPa的有效应力作用下, 裂缝型和基质型页岩油储层渗透率损耗程度最高值分别不足10%和8%, 证明页岩应力敏感程度总体较低. 应力敏感性对于页岩油原位储量及实际产能的影响程度亟需在工程实际中予以重新审视. 研究成果将为页岩油储量的精确评估和采收率的高效提升提供新的理论与实践依据.      

空腔膨胀理论靶体阻力模型及其应用研究进展

从静/动态空腔膨胀模型的理论体系出发,介绍了空腔膨胀模型在不同方向上取得的成果,主要涉及理想侵彻条件的空腔膨胀压力计算模型及数值模拟方法和空腔膨胀模型在典型侵彻问题及复杂弹靶条件下的应用。在理想侵彻条件下的空腔膨胀压力计算模型中,主要讨论了靶体材料、屈服准则和状态方程对空腔边界应力的影响规律及空腔膨胀模型的适用性问题;根据数值模拟中初始条件的不同,介绍了空腔表面恒定速度/恒定压力两种数值模拟方法,证明了数值模拟方法的可靠性;整理了空腔膨胀模型的基本假设、适用范围、工程应用特点,列举了其在典型侵彻问题及多层复合靶板、约束靶体、弹体刻槽和异形截面形状弹体等复杂弹靶条件下的应用。针对空腔膨胀模型的研究现状,总结了目前空腔膨胀模型在冲击动力学领域的应用方向,归纳了空腔膨胀模型应用中尚存在的问题,展望了空腔膨胀模型下一步的重点发展方向。     

聚氨酯橡胶超弹性本构模型拟合效果评估

对聚氨酯橡胶进行了单轴拉伸、单轴压缩和平面拉伸试验,采用常用的超弹性本构模型拟合试验数据,并基于拟合优度、拟合曲线与试验曲线相似性、相对偏差三方面,对拟合效果进行评估．结果表明：采用拟合优度评估,能从总体上反映超弹性本构模型对试验数据的拟合效果,采用拟合曲线与试验数据相似性的对比进行评估,能直观反映超弹性本构模型对试验数据的拟合效果,若同时考虑相对偏差,则可以反映超弹性本构模型与试验数据之间的相对偏差量,更为准确地对超弹性本构模型的拟合效果进行评估．     

荆门热电厂厂区膨胀土等级的可拓评价研究

运用可拓学的基本理论,建立了膨胀土可拓评价模型。以此模型为基础,对荆门热电厂的膨胀土进行了可拓综合评价,并将判别结果与分级膨胀量评价法的判别结果进行了对比,其结果是一致的,说明该方法是可行的。     

蜂窝钢管约束混凝土靶的准静态球形空腔膨胀模型及其应用

蜂窝钢管混凝土通过对混凝土施加约束提高混凝土的抗侵彻性能,建立刚性弹侵彻钢管约束混凝土靶的侵彻深度模型具有重要的理论意义和应用价值;而基于空腔膨胀理论建立工程模型是研究侵彻问题的常用方法之一.论文针对射弹侵彻蜂窝钢管钢管约束混凝土靶问题,考虑被打击单元钢管及其外围混凝土的综合约束作用,粉碎区混凝土采用Hoek-Brown (H-B)准则,建立了蜂窝钢管约束混凝土靶的准静态球形空腔膨胀模型和刚性弹侵彻深度预测公式,并基于相关侵彻试验分析了综合约束刚度对侵彻过程的影响.研究结果表明:蜂窝钢管约束混凝土靶不同于半无限混凝土靶,侵彻过程中的扩孔压力不为常数;综合约束刚度越大,扩孔压力越大;侵彻深度预测公式计算结果与文献侵彻试验吻合较好.论文成果为蜂窝钢管混凝土在防护结构中的应用奠定了基础.     

混凝土靶体计及压实效应的球腔动态膨胀模型和侵彻计算

建立了一混凝土靶体的球腔动态膨胀的侵彻模型。靶体的静水压力一体积应变关系考虑了不同的密实混凝土模型。也研究了混凝土作为多孔材料在高压下的压实效应。混凝土有拉伸强度极限值,其剪切强度与压力相关为Mohr—Coulomb定律。球腔动态膨胀模型考虑球对称空腔在无限介质里从零半径开始以常速度膨胀,产生一塑性区和一弹性区。当膨胀速度足够小时,由于介质的低拉伸强度,塑性区和弹性区之间可存在一径向裂纹区。可由解析方法获得空腔表面压力和弹塑性区界面传播速度随空腔表面扩张速度变化的曲线,再由球腔动态膨胀模型所得的空腔表面压力分布用于计算混凝土靶体的刚性杆弹侵彻深度。本文模型的计算结果与经验公式,不可压缩和线性可压缩混凝土模型的进行了比较。     

基于Griffith强度理论的空腔膨胀模型与应用研究

根据混凝土材料受高速冲击时产生大量碎裂的特点,假设其粉碎(塑性)区介质服从Griffith 强度理论,发展了弹丸深侵彻混凝土靶的动态空腔膨胀模型,建立了弹丸深侵彻理论计算公 式. 对比表明：基于Griffith强度理论的球形动态空腔膨胀模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合 较好.     

邓肯-张E-B模型参数对软土路堤沉降计算结果的影响

有限单元法是计算路堤沉降常见的数值计算方法,其土体模型参数的准确性是计算结果可靠性高的保证。邓肯-张E-B模型是岩土工程分析计算中常用的一种非线性弹性模型。本文针对模型参数敏感性进行大量非线性有限元计算,得到了各参数与路堤沉降和侧向位移之间的关系,确定了该模型中影响软基路堤沉降和侧向变形的主要参数。     

基于变边界分段模型的页岩损失气量和解吸气量评价方法

储层含气量的准确评估是目前制约非常规天然气高效开发的重要因素, 直接法采用损失气估算模型结合解吸曲线估算储层含气量, 但现有损失气估算模型均基于煤层气的常压边界条件和球形颗粒假设, 如美国矿业局提出的USBM方法, 为埋藏深、柱状岩心的页岩气藏含气量的估算带来较大误差. 本文基于扩散理论, 采用时变压力边界条件和柱坐标系求解一维扩散方程获得解析解, 从而提出了新的损失气估算模型, 即变边界分段模型, 该模型能够反演出提钻和解吸两个阶段气体逸散的不同特征. 结果表明: 在提钻阶段, 环境压力不断降低, 岩心内外压差增大, 气体逸散速率加快, 从而是下凸函数; 在解吸阶段, 环境压力恒定, 岩心内压力随气体逸散而下降, 内外压差减小, 气体逸散速率减慢, 因而是上凸函数. 进一步为证明模型的准确性, 基于相似原理在实验室搭建了损失气?解吸气复原实验系统, 采用圆柱状页岩岩心复现提钻过程和解吸过程的气体逸散情况, 得到的实验结果与变边界分段模型吻合, 而已有的USBM方法不能进行准确预测, 验证了本文提出的变边界分段模型正确性. 根据川南地区Y151井现场测试数据, 采用变边界分段模型进行拟合预测, 所得结果良好, 验证了变边界分段模型的适用性.      

三浮陀螺仪漂移模型的建立及MATLAB实现

基于时序分析理论,介绍了三浮陀螺仪漂移数据处理与模型建立的过程,给出了各步骤所得到的结果及相关结论。充分利用 MATLAB 在矩阵计算、数据处理和信号处理领域的优势,设计了一套较为完整的建模软件,有效提高了模型的精度和可靠性,并减少了建模的计算量。     

页岩气吸附解吸规律研究

页岩中天然气的吸附解吸规律是页岩气开发的基础。根据物质平衡原理,自行设计了页岩气吸附解吸实验装置。用该装置对取自鄂尔多斯盆地的三个页岩岩样在不同温度(30～90℃)、不同压力(0.1～10MPa)条件下,进行页岩气吸附及解吸规律研究。实验结果表明,吸附量随有机碳含量的增加而增大;随压力的增加吸附量增大,而随温度的增大吸附量减小。同一温度压力条件下,相对吸附过程而言,解吸过程有滞后现象,解吸不够彻底。对粘土含量较大的页岩,朗格缪尔模型拟合效果较差,而利用修正的双朗格缪尔模型可以得到较好的拟合结果。     

血管输入阻抗的拟合方法与初值选取

研究了模拟动脉系统的集中参数模型的数据拟合问题,分析了用修正的Noordeergraaf五单元模型计算血管输入阻抗的有关问题,对参数拟合问题中被广泛运用的Newton迭代法与正交试验法作了评述,就其中至关重要的初值选取问题建议了一些简单实用的方法,讨论了参数选取的范围与参考值,并将数值计算结果与实测结果作了比较,所建议方法的有效性得到了证实。     

Tyre Wear Model: Validation and Sensitivity Analysis

Due to their many economic and ecological implications the possibility to predict tyre wear is of major importance to tyre manufacturers, fleet owners and governments. Based on these observations, in 2000 a three-year project named Tyre and Road Wear and Slip assessment (TROWS) was started. One of the TROWS objectives was to provide a tool able to numerically predict tyre global wear as well as to qualitatively determine the wear distribution. The proposed methodology combines a mathematical model of the tyre with an experimentally determined local friction and wear law. Thus, tyre abrasion due to each single manoeuvre can be determined. Full-scale experimental tests were carried out with two Peugeot 406 cars on a public road course in Italy. Each car was equipped with a different set of tyres: one car was equipped with four all-season tyres (from now on called A tyres) and the other car was equipped with four winter tyres (from now on called B tyres). Both sets of tyres had a 195/65 R15 size. The collected data was used to validate the model. The methodology proved to give qualitatively good tyre wear predictions.     

航天测量船静电陀螺监控器航向误差拟合修正

为掌握航天测量船静电陀螺监控器航向误差的变化规律,减小静电陀螺监控器航向误差对测控精度的影响,从静电陀螺监控器设备的结构和监控原理上分析了静电陀螺监控器航向误差的产生因素,建立了静电陀螺监控器航向误差的数学模型。同时,在长期的试验数据累积和处理分析的基础之上,成功利用该模型对静电航向误差变化规律进行数据拟合。多次试验结果表明,该误差模型能够准确有效地对静电陀螺监控器航向误差进行优化,提高了静电陀螺监控器的航向精度。     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Turbulent Combustion and Perlite Expansion Processes in an Industrial Perlite Expansion Furnace

A computational code has been developed based on a Eulerian–Lagrangian approach in order to model the combustion and the motion of perlite particles in a vertical expansion furnace. The expansion of a single particle, which takes place during its motion in the furnace, has been modeled by taking into account the perlite chemical composition and the gradual variation of the temperature distribution inside the grain. Experiments, performed in a perlite expansion plant, have been used to validate the computational results. The operational characteristics of a perlite expansion furnace have been measured and have served as inlet conditions for the numerical simulation of the combustion and perlite expansion processes.The good agreement between measurements and predictions indicates that the developed computational tool can be used to optimise the perlite expansion process leading to reduced fuel consumption with increased productivity.     

无限冰介质中爆炸裂纹扩展机理与数值模拟

根据冰体力学性能,提出了无限淡水冰介质在爆炸冲击载荷下的压碎区及裂隙区的理论计算方法.利用大型有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟了爆炸载荷下无限区域冰体内裂纹扩展过程,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,表明采用的损伤断裂模型能够较准确的反映无限冰介质动态力学性能及裂纹成形过程.数值模型可近似计算冰体中裂隙区的半径.数值计算值与理论计算值误差不超过5%,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合,从而确定了无限区域冰体在-15℃时的基本破坏特征及范围.     

Bistable Waves in an Epidemic Model

The existence, uniqueness up to translation and global exponential stability with phase shift of bistable travelling waves are established for a quasimonotone reaction–diffusion system modelling man–environment–man epidemics. The methods involve phase space investigation, monotone semiflows approach and spectrum analysis.Dedicated to Professor Shui-Nee Chow on the occasion of his 60th birthday.Supported in part by the NSERC of Canada     

Direct and adjoint global stability analysis of turbulent transonic flows over a NACA0012 profile

In this work, various turbulent solutions of the two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional compressible Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations are analyzed using global stability theory. This analysis is motivated by the onset of flow unsteadiness (Hopf bifurcation) for transonic buffet conditions where moderately high Reynolds numbers and compressible effects must be considered. The buffet phenomenon involves a complex interaction between the separated flow and a shock wave. The efficient numerical methodology presented in this paper predicts the critical parameters, namely, the angle of attack and Mach and Reynolds numbers beyond which the onset of flow unsteadiness appears. The geometry, a NACA0012 profile, and flow parameters selected reproduce situations of practical interest for aeronautical applications. The numerical computation is performed in three steps. First, a steady baseflow solution is obtained; second, the Jacobian matrix for the RANS equations based on a finite volume discretization is computed; and finally, the generalized eigenvalue problem is derived when the baseflow is linearly perturbed. The methodology is validated predicting the 2D Hopf bifurcation for a circular cylinder under laminar flow condition. This benchmark shows good agreement with the previous published computations and experimental data. In the transonic buffet case, the baseflow is computed using the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and represents a mean flow where the high frequency content and length scales of the order of the shear‐layer thickness have been averaged. The lower frequency content is assumed to be decoupled from the high frequencies, thus allowing a stability analysis to be performed on the low frequency range. In addition, results of the corresponding adjoint problem and the sensitivity map are provided for the first time for the buffet problem. Finally, an extruded three‐dimensional geometry of the NACA0012 airfoil, where all velocity components are considered, was also analyzed as a Triglobal stability case, and the outcoming results were compared to the previous 2D limited model, confirming that the buffet onset is well detected. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of a Modified Geometrically Nonlinear Orthotropic Jeffcott Model with Internal Damping

In this paper, a modified Jeffcott model is proposed and studied in order to shed light into the dynamics of a complex system, the Short Electrodynamic Tether (SET), which is similar to an unbalanced rotor. Due to the internal damping, a geometrically linear SET model appears to be unstable as predicted by the linear rotordynamics theory. Some studies in the field of rotordynamics suggest that this instability caused by internal damping do not appear if geometric nonlinearities are taken into account in the system equations of motion. Stability and bifurcation analysis have been carried out on the modified Jeffcott model, which accounts for geometric nonlinearities, orthotropy in the shaft's cross section, and a viscous damping-based internal damping model. The stability results analytically obtained have been compared with a nonlinear multibody model by means of time simulations and good agreement has been found.