天然气超音速低温液化技术研究

液化是天然气利用的一种重要形式,在天然气消费中占有重要地位,天然气超音速液化技术是一种新型的天然气液化手段。为研究低温条件下天然气超音速凝结过程,特设计用于天然气超音速液化的Laval喷管,采用内部一致经典成核理论及Gyarmathy模型计算成核率及液滴生长率,在入口压力6 MPa、温度273.15 K的工况下,通过Fluent软件数值模拟了天然气超音速液化过程中主要参数在Laval喷管内的分布情况。结果表明:天然气进入Laval喷管后压力、温度不断降低(最低压力0.796 MPa,最低温度191 K),与等熵(无凝结)流动相比,天然气在Laval喷管喉部之后的一段距离饱和度增大到一定值时,由于释放潜热对气流的加热作用,压力开始升高,天然气产生凝结冲波现象,极限成核率为2.60×10~(21)/(kg·s);随着凝结潜热的释放,成核率急剧变为0;凝结核生成后伴随着液滴的继续生长,在Laval喷管出口处天然气凝结的液滴半径为3.90×10~(-7) m,液滴数目为7.42×10~(14)/m~3,液相质量分数达0.232,取得了良好效果。     

Laval喷管内天然气低温脱除硫化氢机理

为了揭示低温条件下天然气中硫化氢气体超声速凝结特性,为实现天然气超声速旋流分离技术在天然气脱硫化氢领域的应用提供理论依据,建立了甲烷-硫化氢双组分气体超声速凝结流动数学模型,对Laval喷管内不同组分比例条件下甲烷-硫化氢双组分气体凝结流动进行了数值模拟,得出了Laval喷管内温度、压力、速度、成核率、液滴数目、液滴半径、液相质量分数的分布情况。结果表明,随着入口硫化氢含量的增加,入口过冷度增加,更容易达到凝结所需要的极限过冷度,成核发生位置越靠近喉部,且成核区间变窄,极限成核率增大;硫化氢气体凝结释放的潜热对流场产生影响,使得马赫数和过冷度略有降低,之后几乎保持稳定至出口;入口硫化氢含量较高时,硫化氢液滴半径较大,Laval喷管出口液相所占比重较大;而当入口硫化氢含量较低时,液滴半径明显减小,Laval喷管出口液相硫化氢所占比重几乎为0,硫化氢的脱除效率较低。     

不同压力下Laval喷管天然气超声速脱硫化氢性能

为了研究采用Laval喷管实现天然气中硫化氢气体凝结与液化的可行性,建立了天然气中硫化氢气体超声速凝结的数学模型,研究了Laval喷管内甲烷-硫化氢混合气体超声速流动基本规律,对比了不同压力下Laval喷管天然气超声速脱硫化氢性能。结果表明:当甲烷-硫化氢双组分混合气体流入喷管后,经过喷管的渐缩段,马赫数不断增大,压力温度不断降低,在喉部处达到声速,流经喉部后气体高速膨胀,马赫数最大可达2.06;随着入口压力的升高,成核率起始位置前移、成核区域变窄,液滴数目减小,液滴半径和液相所占比重增大,Laval喷管出口处气相中硫化氢摩尔分数降低,硫化氢的脱除效率增大。     

入口压力对天然气超声速液化特性的影响

为研究入口压力对天然气混合物超声速液化特性的影响规律,建立了三维双组分天然气混合物超声速凝结流动数学模型,对Laval喷管内双组分混合物凝结流动进行了数值模拟,得出了沿Laval喷管轴向的参数分布,通过开展双可凝组分气体凝结相变实验,对比发现数值模拟与实验结果基本一致,说明了所建立的数学模型及计算方法的正确性。还研究了入口压力对甲烷-乙烷混合物超声速液化特性的影响,结果表明,保持Laval喷管入口温度及组成不变,增大入口压力,混合气体成核位置前移,成核率、平均液滴半径、液相质量分数均随之增大,即入口压力越大,混合气体在Laval喷管内越易发生凝结,在实际生产中可以通过调节入口压力来促进天然气的凝结,提高Laval喷管的液化效率。     

进汽参数对汽轮机叶栅通道内自发凝结影响的数值分析

为准确描述汽轮机级内湿蒸汽凝结流动特性,采用双流体模型结合修正的均质成核和水滴生长模型,实现汽轮机初始成核级叶栅通道内非平衡凝结数值求解。通过焓损失系数与自由能理论进一步分析了进汽参数变化对汽轮机叶栅通道内湿蒸汽自发凝结流动的影响,结果表明:随着过热度的降低,非平衡凝结起始位置提前,非平衡凝结现象更剧烈,凝结产生的液相质量分数增加,热力学损失升高;进口湿度对水滴的生长和蒸发速率非常敏感,对凝结冲击位置有很大的影响;入口湿蒸汽液滴直径越大,阻碍相变的自由能壁垒越低,二次凝结现象越易发生,热力学损失越大,当湿度为0.01的液滴直径超过0.2μm时,均质成核的二次凝结现象逐渐发生;二次成核的临界水滴直径随着湿度的增加而增大。     

水蒸气超音速流动中自发凝结现象的数值模拟

本文研究了水蒸气超音速流动过程中的自发凝结现象.在欧拉坐标系下建立了二维可压缩守恒型数值计算模型,引入3系数维里型状态方程对水蒸气超音速凝结流动进行了数值模拟,依据Moore等提供的实验数据对缩放喷管算例进行了数值校验,验证了数值模型的可信度和准确性,在此基础上分析了水蒸气超音速凝结流动的特点和规律,揭示了水蒸气超音速流动过程中的自发凝结、液滴增长,凝结冲波等热力学现象的规律.     

Laval喷管气体超声速凝结流动实验研究

Laval喷管是超声速旋流分离技术的核心装置,气体在喷管内高速膨胀产生的低温效应可实现混合气体中可凝组分的冷凝分离。为明确喷管内超声速凝结流动规律,建立了超声速凝结流动实验系统,研究了Laval喷管内气体凝结流动过程,并重点对比分析了膨胀角为1.5°/3°/5°时喷管内的凝结流动参数。结果表明:气体在喷管内流动,温度压力不断降低,气体在喷管喉部处发生凝结,液滴数目急剧增长。喷管膨胀角对气体凝结过程影响明显。喷管膨胀角越大,喷管压力温度下降越快,喷管制冷效果越好。与此同时,凝结产生的液滴数目越多,半径越小。     

天然气液化用拉伐尔管结构设计数值模拟分析

拉伐尔喷管是天然气超音速液化分离管的核心部件,对制冷和分离效果具有重要影响.采用Fluent软件对天然气超音速液化拉伐尔喷管结构设计进行数值模拟,分析了渐扩段尺寸和渐缩段线型对天然气降温效果及气流运动规律的影响.结果表明,渐扩段锥度减小导致天然气不完全膨胀,将减少温降,不利于制冷;锥度过大导致天然气过度膨胀,压降过大,...     

水蒸气超音速非平衡凝结流动中的激波效应

对水蒸气超音速非平衡凝结流动进行了数值模拟,研究了水蒸气超音速流动过程中的非平衡相变及凝结激波现象,揭示了压缩激波与核化凝结流动之间相互作用的非平衡流动规律.发现了激波的耗散效应对非平衡相变的影响,探讨了激波发生时,波阵面处核化凝结、液滴生长的变化规律.     

湿天然气凝结流动的双组分模型

基于气液相间滑移的影响,建立了适用于湿天然气凝结系统的水蒸气-甲烷双组分自发凝结流动数理模型,研究了水蒸气在以甲烷为载气的超声速流动中的凝结规律,对比了不考虑相间滑移的单流体模型与加入了相间滑移因素的双组分模型在自发凝结过程中的凝结规律的区别,分析了压力、温度对湿天然气在Laval喷管中自发凝结的影响.结果表明,湿天然气中相间滑移作用对凝结参数影响较大,本文建立的包含相间滑移因素的双组分模型能更准确的预测湿天然气的凝结特性;在凝结初始阶段相间滑移速度较大达到7.2 m/s,对湿天然气的自发凝结规律影响较大,随凝结过程的不断进行气液两相逐渐达到平衡,相间滑移速度逐渐降低至1.8 m/s;随入口温度的降低、入口压力的升高最大凝结成核率位置向入口方向移动。     

天然气超声速除湿器旋流分离数值研究

壁面型线决定了超声速除湿器的内部流场特征,进而对组分凝结特性和分离效率等产生重要影响。本文借助数值方法研究了内扩张型超声速除湿器流场径向分布特性以及组分凝结特性。计算结果表明除湿器内气流的周向速度、压力、温度在不同截面呈现出不同的径向分布特征。加速流道内壁面侧的气流温度低于外壁面侧,使组分凝结首先发生于流道内侧,为达到气液分离效果必须增加分离段长度。因此需要对除湿器加速段流道进行优化设计,以改善除湿器工作性能。     

Features of molecular-beam mass spectrometry registration of clusters in underexpanded supersonic jets

The structure of clustered supersonic underexpanded jets of molecular nitrogen and argon was measured by the method of molecular beam mass-spectrometry. Peculiarities of application of the molecular beam methods for recording the supersonic rarefied gas jets under the conditions of weak and developed condensation (i.e., in the presence of small and large clusters in jets) have been discovered, identified, and studied. An unusual shape of longitudinal and transverse cross sections of the clustered supersonic jets was revealed and explained when scanning with a molecular-beam system. It has been determined that small clusters and monomers are the sources of double-ionized monomers available near the flow axis, and dimer ions at the early stages of condensation, whereas another mechanism of such ion formation dominates, when large clusters area available in the flow. A marker for fixing the stage of formation of small clusters in a supersonic flow is proposed.     

外界核心对喷管内水蒸气凝结流动的影响

建立了考虑摩擦阻力的一维水蒸气超音速流凝结数学模型,对喷管内含有不同初始浓度和半径的外界核心的水蒸气超音速流凝结过程进行了数值计算。结果发现:当外界核心浓度在不同范围内时,外界核心半径对凝结有不同的影响规律;当外界核心半径在不同范围内时,外界核心浓度对凝结也有不同的影响规律;为了促进凝结的发生,要选择匹配的外界核心平均半径和浓度。选定喷管出口的液相质量分数为标准,针对计算的几种情况得出:当外界核心半径为1.0×10~(-9)m,外界核心浓度为1.0×10~(14)kg~(-1)时,对应的喷管出口处的液相质量分数最大。     

超音速分离管内部流动的二维数值模拟与分析

为了克服现有天然气脱水技术的不足,基于气体动力学和传热传质学理论提出了一种新型的天然气超音速分离管装置.介绍了其基本结构和分离机理,对装置内部流动进行了合理假设,建立了几何模型,并利用张量形式的时均方程组对其内部的稳态可压缩湍流流动进行了求解,结果发现在轴向-400 mm至-200 mm之间发生了激波现象,导致气流速度急剧下降,压力急剧上升,温度急剧上升.计算结果与之前的实验结果基本一致,为分离管几何结构优化提供了理论基础.     

超音速分离管在天然气制冷液化领域中的研究进展

超音速分离管是一种新型、高效的天然气制冷设备。该装置因具有节能、结构简单、性能可靠等优点,在天然气脱水脱烃中己经获得了成功的应用,并在小型天然气液化装置中有良好的应用前景。文中介绍了超音速分离管的工作原理以及在天然气制冷液化领域中的研究进展,并对该装置中分离管的设计方法及影响制冷、分离效果的因素进行了分析。     

Influence of the evaporation coefficient on the strong condensation of a monatomic gas

The influence of the evaporation coefficient on the supersonic condensation of a monatomic gas on a flat surface is studied on the basis of the kinetic theory. The formulation of the problem allows for the possible existence of a shock-wave type solution near the surface. The regions of admissible values of the parameters characterizing the state of the gas beyond the Knudsen layer are determined for different values of the evaporation coefficient. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 21–25 (October 1997)     

Condensation of uranium hexafluoride in supersonic Laval nozzle flow

6 carried in a mixture of argon and methane was studied experimentally in a continuously operating supersonic Laval nozzle. The onset of condensation was detected by Rayleigh light scattering. Measurements of static pressure in the nozzle, together with the equations of isentropic flow, permitted the determination of the relation between the pressure of UF₆, P_k, and the temperature, T_c, at the observed onset of condensation. The experiments addressed conditions of condensation onset in the range 80<T_c<160 K and 0.1<P_k<3.0 Torr. We found that there was no influence of the pressure of the carrier gas argon, which ranged from 3.5 to 68 Torr at onset points, on the onset of condensation. The dependence of the supersaturation ratio on temperature at the onset could be expressed by a straight line as deduced by P.P. Wegener and B.J.C. Wu from the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation [Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 7, 325 (1977)]. These results indicate that supersonic expansion in the nozzle formed single-component droplets of UF₆ in a mixture of UF₆, CH₄, and Ar under the experimental conditions studied herein. Received: 23 December 1997 / Revised version: 7 April 1998     

Effect of the stagnation temperature on supersonic flow parameters: Application for air in nozzles

When the stagnation temperature of a perfect gas increases, the specific heats and their ratio do not remain constant any more and start to vary with this temperature. The gas remains perfect and its state equation always remains valid, except it will be called a calorically imperfect gas. The aim of this research is to develop the relations of the necessary thermodynamics and geometrical ratios and to study the supersonic flow at high temperature (lower than the threshold of dissociation). The results are found by the resolution of nonlinear algebraic equations and integration of complex analytical functions where the exact calculation is impossible. The dichotomy method is used to solve the nonlinear equation, and the Simpson algorithm is used for the numerical integration of the found integrals. A condensation of the nodes is used, since the functions to be integrated have a high gradient at the extremity of the interval of integration. A comparison is made with a calorifcally perfect gas to determine the error of this. An application is made for air in a supersonic nozzle. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

GAS DYNAMIC PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE GENERATION OF THE RADICALS IN A SUPERSONIC JET

A simplified one-dimensional model was proposed to treat the gas dynamic problems in a supersonic jet, which was used to produce radicals cooled by supersonic expansion, Based on this model, the gas dynamic equations can be integrated directly to obtain the evolution or the translational temperature and the rotational temperature of free radicals as well as the molecule density. The results show that the heating position where the radicals are generated and the initial rotational temperature of radicals have little effect on the rotational temperature at the down stream detection point, if the heating position is close to the nozzle orifice.     

含水天然气喷射装置性能的数值模拟

本文针对天然气喷射装置在低压气带水情况下的运行特性进行了数值模拟,获得了超声速喷射装置在气液两相运行时装置的性能变化规律。计算结果表明:低压气流量随着水滴质量流量的增加而减小,引射比随着水滴质量流量的增大而减小;低压气流量随着水滴直径的增加而逐渐减小,但当水滴直径大于20μm时,低压气流量基本保持不变,引射比变化规律与低压气流量的变化规律基本一致。本文工作对天然气引射装置的设计和实际运行具有重要指导意义。