低温气体声学温度计测量原理与实验系统研制

热力学温度是温度测量的基准,应用气体声学温度计测量热力学温度是目前应用最广泛和测量最精确的方法之一。本文基于国内对于低温标准的需求,针对低温温度的精密测量,分析了采用球形谐振腔的气体声学温度计测量原理,并对谐振腔进行了静力学特性仿真模拟。在综合考虑降低非理想因素扰动的基础上,研制了一套在液氦温区4.2～20 K、利用脉冲管制冷机冷却的气体声学温度计实验系统,该系统将用于高精度低温温度测量实验以及气体工质的热物性研究。     

声学气体温度计测量不确定度分析

声学气体温度计(AGT)是当前测量热力学温度最精确和应用最广泛的计量器具。该方法通过测量声学共鸣腔内的气相声速确定热力学温度,进而得到玻尔兹曼常数,从而实现国际温标开尔文的重新定义。声学气体温度计测量的关键技术包括气体纯度、腔体体积、声波及微波频率的测量。针对当前的研究成果,本文综述了其主要不确定度来源分析,并对未来低温区的精确测量做了展望。     

钒的高压声速测量

采用反向碰撞方法进行了钒冲击实验,利用激光干涉测速技术对V/LiF窗口界面粒子速度剖面进行测量.通过对粒子速度剖面的分析获得了32—88 GPa压力范围内钒的高压声速.实验获得的声速-冲击压力关系在约60 GPa存在间断,表明钒发生了冲击相变.相变压力与静高压实验结果及第一性原理计算结果基本一致.     

低孔隙度疏松锡的高压声速与相变

为研究微孔洞对锡的高压相变的影响, 对含亚微米孔洞的疏松锡(疏松度m=1.01)进行了冲击加载-卸载实验. 利用DPS(Doppler pins system)测得了31.8-66.1 GPa冲击压力下疏松锡/LiF界面粒子的速度剖面, 获得了各压力下的纵波声速与体波声速, 给出了该疏松锡的冲击熔化起始压力约为49.1 GPa, 获得了各压力下的剪切模量与泊松比. 结合密实锡与疏松锡的高压纵波声速、体波声速与剪切模量, 界定密实锡的冲击熔化压力在53.5-62.3 GPa之间, 高于疏松锡的值, 表明微孔洞明显降低了冲击熔化压力. 对密实锡准确的冲击熔化压力值还需要进一步的实验数据. 测试的固态压力范围内的声速数据没有明显奇异点, 表明疏松锡没有类似密实锡的固态bcc 相变发生.     

低温温度计标定装置中测量引线传热分析

介绍了低温温度计标定装置中的热沉问题;建立了数学模型;找出了计算与热沉接触电引线长度的方法;并给出了实例计算。为解决低温装置中的热沉问题提供了理论依据。     

低温拉曼光谱研究二氧化钛纳米晶的相变

本文通过对二氧化钛纳米晶在-190℃温度的低温拉曼光谱的研究,得到了在二氧化钛纳米晶聚集体中,可以发生锐钛矿到板钛矿然后到金红石和/或直接到金红石的相变;也可发生板钛矿到锐钛矿然后到金红石和/或直接到金红石的相变。     

边界层效应对定程干涉法声速测量的影响

定程干涉法是精度最高的气相声速测量方法,本文再现了定程干涉法共振频率的导出过程,在此基础上复现了边界层修正式的导出过程。最后以声速数据丰富的Ar为例,分析了边界层对这两种定程干涉法测量的影响规律。结果表明:边界层对定程干涉法声速测量有着显著的影响;边界层的影响随温度升高而增大、随压力升高而降低;适当增加共鸣腔体的几何尺寸有利于减小边界层效应的影响。     

低温均匀相变的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

文中基于气液两相接触时的传质机理和两相格子Boltzmann理论模型,提出相界面的密度数处于气液相密度数之间,对低温液滴相变进行了模拟研究。在低温状态下,对单个液滴进行了均匀蒸发现象模拟,分析了不同过热度对蒸发速率的影响,并模拟运动液滴的相变。结果表明,所采用的格子Boltzmann方法能够有效分析模拟低温介质的相变。     

蓝青铜CDW相变比热的连续绝热法测量

改进建立了一套连续绝热法测量材料比热测量材料比热随温度变化的装置。标准铜的测量结果证实了此装置的稳定可靠性。给出了两种准一维导体蓝青铜Ｋ０．３ＭｏＯ３ Ｔｌ０．３ＭｏＯ３的Ｐｅｉｅｒｌｓ－电荷密度波相变比煌测量结果。     

低温拉曼光谱研究钛酸铋尺寸驱动的相变

本文对粒径为25~75 nm的钛酸铋纳米晶在-190℃温度的低温拉曼光谱进行了研究,结果表明,在钛酸铋纳米晶中,除了存在已知的尺寸驱动的铁电正交-顺电四方的结构相变外,还存在尺寸驱动的细微的单斜-正交的结构相变。     

用脉冲光声法测量固体介质中声速

提出了一种利用脉冲光声技术测量固体介质中声速的方法,建立了由YAG激光器和超声探测器组成的实验系统,脉冲激光在固体表面产生脉冲超声波,通过测量脉冲声波在固体内多次反射后的出射信号及固体的厚度,即可算出固体介质中的声速.对黄铜及铝的测量结果表明,这是一种准确性较高的固体介质中声速测量方法.该测量方法可作为综合设计性物理实...     

Influence of resonator shape on nonlinear acoustic field in a thermoacoustic engine

The influence of the resonator shape on nonlinear acoustic field in a thermoacoustic engine is studied.The resonator of themoacoustic engine is boundary driving by a piston at one end,and the other end of it is rigid closed.A one-dimensional wave equation that accounts for gas dynamic nonlinearities and viscous dissipation in the resonator is established based on the governing equations of viscous hydromechanics.The nonlinear wave equation is solved using approximate Galerkin method.The nonlinear acoustic field in four different types of shaped resonators including hyperbolical,exponential,conical and sinusoidal are obtained and compared with that of a cylindrical resonator.It is found that the amplitude and waveform of the pressure are strongly affected by the resonator shape,the driving amplitude and the oscillation frequency of the piston.Waveform distortion,resonance frequency shift and hysteresis are observed,when the piston oscillation amplitude is large enough.The advantages of shaped resonator for thermoacoustic engine lie in inhibition of higher order harmonics and improvement of pressure ratio,etc.     

谐振管形状对热声发动机内非线性声场的影响

研究了谐振管一端受活塞声源激励,另一端刚性封闭条件下,管道形状对热声发动机谐振管内部非线性声场的影响。基于流体力学基本方程建立了渐变截面谐振管内一维非线性声场的模型,考虑了黏性耗散及非线性效应的影响。利用伽辽金法数值求解了该模型的速度势方程,分析了谐振管形状、活塞振动速度及激励频率对管内声场的影响。将双曲形、指数形、锥形、正弦形等四种变截面谐振管内的非线性声场与圆柱形直管的情况进行了比较。结果反映了谐振管内声场的压力波动受活塞振动速度及谐振管形状的影响;显示了当活塞振动幅度较大时,谐振管内出现的波形畸变、频率曲线偏移、共振频率滞后等非线性现象;揭示了变截面谐振管在抑制管内的高阶谐波及提高压比等方面的优越性。     

A novel method for the measurement of acoustic speed

Traditional methods for measuring acoustic speed require knowledge of either the specimen thickness or the distances between the transducers and the specimen. In general, the accuracy in measuring these quantities determines the accuracy of the experimental technique for measuring speed. This problem is particularly acute in measuring sound speed in biological specimens. A new method for measuring acoustic speed of materials, which eliminates the need for determining these quantities, has been developed. The technique, which necessitates the use of only one transducer, requires measurement of four times of flight of a sound pulse and the knowledge of the speed of sound in a reference fluid medium in which the specimen is placed. Ultrasonic speed in stainless steel and Plexiglas was measured using this method to verify its validity. Results on measurements on porcine liver, myocardium, and soft fat are also reported.     

Nonlinear frequency shift in surface acoustic wave resonator operating as a gas sensor

The shift in the resonance frequency of a two-port quartz surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator operating as a gas sensor without a selective layer is studied versus the power of an SAW excited in the resonator. At working frequencies of the resonator (≈389 MHz) placed in the flow of moisture-containing nitrogen gas, an anomalously large positive shift of the resonance frequency is observed as the SAW power exceeds 1 mW. This shift is one order of magnitude larger than that due to the nonlinear amplitude-frequency effect, which is known for quartz SAW resonators. Possible physical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are analyzed. Experimental data indicate that such a shift is associated with the influence of a powerful SAW on sorption processes taking place on the active surface of the resonator rather than being a direct consequence of heating of the SAW substrate by the powerful SAW.     

用SF6气体作SBS相位共轭镜的激光谐振腔

利用高压SF_6气体中的受激布里渊散射作相位共轭镜,将其用于Nd:YAG激光谐振腔,得到了能量在100mJ左右的脉冲激光输出.与利用液体介质的受激布里渊散射相位共轭腔的激光输出相比,其光斑的空间模式大大改善,基本达到TEM_(00)模,功率密度在150MW/cm~2输出能量的稳定性也有所提高.     

Dynamics of superradiant medium in resonator

Experimental data and theoretical model describing superradiance from the LaF₃ crystal doped with impurity praseodymium ions are presented in cases of non-resonator and resonator generation. The spiky structure of superradiance is registered and studied. When the crystal is placed inside a resonator, a new channel of energy removal by superradiance related to the resonator mode appears; the old non-resonator channels are preserved, as well. It has been found that the duration of superradiance in each channel decreases, and there arises a modulation independent of the length of resonator. These new peculiarities of superradiance induced by the presence of resonator have been explained on the basis of the developed simple mean-field theory.