基于“HPS教学理念”体现科学本质的物理教学——2019版教材自由落体运动中“科学漫步”的教学设计

新版教科书将以往教学中"伽利略对自由落体运动的研究"这节课作为"科学漫步"的主要内容,新教材的变动将会带来教学中的改革."伽利略对自由落体运动的研究"这部分作为一节方法教育课是培养学生科学素养、科学精神的重要途径.教师在教学中如何既能将本节课所蕴含的科学思维和精神完全展现,又可符合"科学漫步"短小精悍的教学定位?基于此,本文借鉴对"伽利略对自由落体运动的研究"教学设计进行优化,将科学史与物理规律学习有机融合,以期促进学生科学素养、科学思维的培养,落实新教材中本节内容的有效实施.     

物理学的发展需要物理－哲学型复合人才

在一般教科书中,哲学被定义为"系统化、理论化的世界观,是自然知识、社会知识和思维知识的概括和总结".它是建立在科学基础上的"上层建筑",是对科学理论和思想的反思及再加工;同时,也是指导科学研究的世界观和方法论.物理学作为科学的重要组成,离不开物理哲学的研究,而其发展更需要物理哲学的概括、总结以及提供指导.     

高中物理课堂中培养学生质疑能力的教学研究——物理场问题中质疑方法的应用与分析

质疑能力是培养学生创造性思维中一个必不可少的过程,它能引发对问题多角度、多层次地思考.其关键就在于能对原有思想加以盘问以打开更多的思路,是科学探索所需的重要环节.物理场的抽象性让其相关问题具备了提升学生质疑能力的条件,在场问题的解决过程中,探求并总结出教学常用的质疑方法以指导教学,有利于促进学习者创造性思维的形成,也是核心素养价值观的体现.     

物理教学中科学方法显性化尝试

传统物理教学注重科学思维方法的"隐性"教育,追求学生在潜移默化的熏陶中体会和领悟科学思维方法,然而,效果并不尽如人意.现通过牛顿第一、二定律的教学设计,初步尝试了科学思维方法的显性化教学.     

多角度审视过山车问题——以运动学物理量解决动力学问题初探

创新思维是在当前科学发展的指引下,每个学生必须培养的思维.本文以"多角度审视过山车问题"为课题,以"一题多解"方式获得物理学习的启示,以期从讨论过程中寻找适合的学习方法,激发学生学习物理学科的兴趣.     

中美基础物理实验教科书的对比与启示

文章选取中美两国有代表性的基础物理实验教科书,对教科书的知识内容与结构、实验项目取材、配套信息建设、教科书特色与优点、教科书体现教与学的思维方法、教科书深度与广度等方面进行对比与分析。总结了中美两国基础物理实验教科书在认知思维方式、学习观、教科书开放程度、实验环境设置、实验项目取材、教科书深度与广度、印刷风格等方面存在差异。在此基础上得到一些启示,希望为我国教科书的修订与编写、实验教学改革的进一步推进和优化提供一些有益的参考和建议。     

课程教学观视角下高中物理科学思维目标体系的建构及其有效性探究

从课程教学观视角对高中物理科学思维、模型建构、科学推理等的含义和内容进行拓展,构建了课程教学观视角下的高中物理科学思维目标体系.其有效性体现在三方面:一是畅通"思维素养"目标培养的物理学径向,增强科学思维培养的整体衔接性;二是"可视化"科学思维,增强科学思维目标的可操作性;三是提高"科学思维"学业水平的精准度,发挥目标引领作用.     

核心素养视角的整合与进阶教学例析——以“电容器的电容”为例

以教学整合和学习进阶为主线,以培养学生核心素养为目标,通过"电容器的电容"为例分析概念和模型的建构过程,融合科学探究和科学思维要素,在静电场的单元内进行前后的关联和拓展,实现学生思维的发展和进阶.     

优化探究过程培养学习能力的教学与思考

基于培养学生学习能力、优化问题探究过程的具体策略可以围绕探究各环节展开,从追求问题情境的"价值"、重视猜想与假设中的科学思想方法、构建层层铺垫探究设计的"脚手架"、创造"给力"的探究论证、呈现审慎的总结交流等方面实施.培养学生学习能力优化探究过程特别要以学生发展为本、重视科学思维方法教育.     

物理教学中让学生感知科学探索过程,提高认知水平,培养物理思维能力

物理学是培养学生逻辑思维能力的一门科学.在物理科学研究中,为了发现科学规律,很多科学家进行了艰苦而卓有成效的探索.在课堂教学上,作为教师,应该抓住机会向学生讲授科学家们是如何探索科学问题的,包括探索过程中的思维方法、试验过程.本文以波粒二象性、法拉第电磁感应定律、太空探索等为例,具体讲解这些探索过程中的思维方法和实验过程,通过这些,让学生感知科学探索过程,提高学生的认知水平,激发学生的学习兴趣,掌握正确的思维方式和科学方法,培养创新能力.     

Physics Without Physics

David Finkelstein was very fond of the new information-theoretic paradigm of physics advocated by John Archibald Wheeler and Richard Feynman. Only recently, however, the paradigm has concretely shown its full power, with the derivation of quantum theory (Chiribella et al., Phys. Rev. A 84:012311, 2011; D’Ariano et al., 2017) and of free quantum field theory (D’Ariano and Perinotti, Phys. Rev. A 90:062106, 2014; Bisio et al., Phys. Rev. A 88:032301, 2013; Bisio et al., Ann. Phys. 354:244, 2015; Bisio et al., Ann. Phys. 368:177, 2016) from informational principles. The paradigm has opened for the first time the possibility of avoiding physical primitives in the axioms of the physical theory, allowing a re-foundation of the whole physics over logically solid grounds. In addition to such methodological value, the new information-theoretic derivation of quantum field theory is particularly interesting for establishing a theoretical framework for quantum gravity, with the idea of obtaining gravity itself as emergent from the quantum information processing, as also suggested by the role played by information in the holographic principle (Susskind, J. Math. Phys. 36:6377, 1995; Bousso, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74:825, 2002). In this paper I review how free quantum field theory is derived without using mechanical primitives, including space-time, special relativity, Hamiltonians, and quantization rules. The theory is simply provided by the simplest quantum algorithm encompassing a countable set of quantum systems whose network of interactions satisfies the three following simple principles: homogeneity, locality, and isotropy. The inherent discrete nature of the informational derivation leads to an extension of quantum field theory in terms of a quantum cellular automata and quantum walks. A simple heuristic argument sets the scale to the Planck one, and the currently observed regime where discreteness is not visible is the so-called “relativistic regime” of small wavevectors, which holds for all energies ever tested (and even much larger), where the usual free quantum field theory is perfectly recovered. In the present quantum discrete theory Einstein relativity principle can be restated without using space-time in terms of invariance of the eigenvalue equation of the automaton/walk under change of representations. Distortions of the Poincaré group emerge at the Planck scale, whereas special relativity is perfectly recovered in the relativistic regime. Discreteness, on the other hand, has some plus compared to the continuum theory: 1) it contains it as a special regime; 2) it leads to some additional features with GR flavor: the existence of an upper bound for the particle mass (with physical interpretation as the Planck mass), and a global De Sitter invariance; 3) it provides its own physical standards for space, time, and mass within a purely mathematical adimensional context. The paper ends with the future perspectives of this project, and with an Appendix containing biographic notes about my friendship with David Finkelstein, to whom this paper is dedicated.     

物理竞赛中的物理图象

图象处理法是物理竞赛中常用的处理方法,主要表现在图象的"面积"与图象的交点两个方面.     

Chinese Physics C(Formerly High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics)

<正>Monthly,founded in 1977Published monthly in hard copy by Science Press and online by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(domestic)and by IOP Publishing,Temple Circus,Temple Way,Bristol BS1 6HG,UK(international).     

Physics Needs Philosophy. Philosophy Needs Physics

Contrary to claims about the irrelevance of philosophy for science, I argue that philosophy has had, and still has, far more influence on physics than is commonly assumed. I maintain that the current anti-philosophical ideology has had damaging effects on the fertility of science. I also suggest that recent important empirical results, such as the detection of the Higgs particle and gravitational waves, and the failure to detect supersymmetry where many expected to find it, question the validity of certain philosophical assumptions common among theoretical physicists, inviting us to engage in a clearer philosophical reflection on scientific method.     

物理美学对物理教学的意义

在实施新课程改革的大背景下,运用理论与实践相结合的方法就物理美学对物理教学的意义做了论述,以引起同行们对物理美学研究及其应用的关注．     

物理教育的使命:传承物理精神

目前很多中学的物理教育中存在着不尽如人意之处，如初中阶段不求甚解的记忆，高中阶段大量的习题操练，更为严重的是，物理教师的物理精神越来越淡漠，教学成了解题训练，缺乏“假设-实验-观察-探索”的精神，没有真正将学生领进物理学大门．那么，教师怎样才能很好地传承物理精神。将学生带进奇妙的物理世界呢？     

Physics of fracture

This article first presents introductory material which should make it possible for the person unfamiliar with fracture to read the papers of this series. Then material of a basic physical nature regarding cracks in materials is presented. Emphasis is placed on the effects of chemical attack of bonds at a crack tip, and on the basic physical cause for a material to exhibit a tough (desirable) or a brittle (undesirable) overall aspect.