怀柔EAS阵列的Monte Carlo研究

用GENAS程序包为怀柔阵列产生了36万Monte Carlo模拟EAS事例,用它们研究了怀柔阵列的性能,确定了最佳的事例判造条件,对实验数据进行了正确性检验,得到了怀柔EAS Size(即簇射在观测面的总荷电粒子数)与初级宇宙线能量之间的转换关系.这项研究表明,怀柔阵列的EAS心位和方向测定精度分别好于3m和2.5°;EASSize测定误差典型值约8%;近垂直簇射的Size(N)与初能(E)的关系为E≈10^10.64N^0.84.     

羊八井ARGO实验触发效率的地磁场效应

广延大气簇射(EAS)中次级带电粒子在地磁场中偏转,影响次级粒子的横向分布.本文简要分析了羊八井宇宙线观测站不同天顶角的地磁场因子随方位角的变化,表明地磁场对从北方来的宇宙线次级粒子横向分布的影响比对南方来的大.利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了有无地磁场情况下两个大容量的EAS样本,采用ARGOG探测器模拟程序模拟羊八井ARGO阵列的触发效率.模拟结果表明在忽略地磁场影响时阵列的触发效率确是各向同性的,有地磁场时触发效率南高于北,且原初粒子的天顶角越大,这种南北不对称性越明显.     

对宇宙线广延大气簇射Cerenkov光的计算机模拟

结合高能宇宙线广延大气簇射研究的需要研制了能够模拟广延大气簇的强子成分，电磁成分和Ｃｅｒｅｎｋｏｖ光的Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ软件，模拟程序的建立不仅能够针对梁王山阵列的实验结果进行相关的物理分析，而且具有共通性，可提供其它广延大气簇射实验产生对照的模拟样本。     

扩散序谱(DOSY)实验测定缓冲体系中蛋白质表观分子量

液体核磁共振扩散序谱（DOSY）可以通过测定溶质分子的自扩散系数（D_t）来研究该分子在溶液中的表观分子量（M）.D_t与测试体系和分子本身性质相关，蛋白质体系较为复杂，从而增加了蛋白质自扩散系数（D_t-protein）测定的难度.本文以3-（三甲基硅基）丙磺酸钠（DSS）为内标，以蛋白质分子与DSS自扩散系数的比值（D_r）来表征蛋白质分子在溶液中的表观分子量（M_protein），该方法降低了缓冲体系对M_protein的影响，使得M_protein主要由分子本身的性质决定.在此基础上，测定了不同分子量蛋白质分子相对于DSS的D_r，拟合得到了D_r与M_protein的相关关系：lgM_protein =-2.6488 lgD_r-0.7863，相关系数（R²）为0.997.最后测定了通过大肠杆菌表达纯化得到的SARS冠状病毒主蛋白酶C端结构域（M^pro-C）分子相对于DSS的D_r，并计算出与文献结果一致的M_protein，进一步验证了拟合公式的准确性和实用性.     

水溶液中稀土离子与甘氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸作用的13C NMR研究

测定了酸性水溶液中甘氨酸、丝氨酸和天冬氨酸稀土络合物(Ln=La、Pr、Nd、Eu、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm和Yb)的¹³C诱导位移。对位移试剂的分析指出,三种氨基酸通过α-羧基以双齿形式配位于稀土,配位键长为0.23nm~0.25nm,天冬氨酸的γ-羧基也是配位基团。由本文与文献中已报道的各种氨基酸稀土络合物的¹³C诱导位移的系统分析表明,配体¹³C超精细偶合常数A值和结构因子G值有如下规律:(1)│A(C₀)│<│A(C_α)│;A(C₀)为正,A(C_α)为负;(2)│G(C₀)│>│G(C_α)│;配体碳核的G均为负值。     

确定等价电子杨盘基的等概率比对方法

给出了等价电子正则杨盘T^［λ］_ig的基本对称算子、完全对称算子概念,同时给出了这些对称算子作用于任一Slater函数_i所产生的根态、生成态概念.由正交归一化杨盘T^［λ］_ie的纵置换算子A^［λ］_ie的构造规则,给出了A^［λ］_ie中存在的对称算子和确定T^［λ］_ie的等概率比对方法,从而基本避免了牵涉到许多算子的极其复杂的代数,给出了求解N值较大的电子系统杨盘基问题的新方法. 关键词： 正则杨盘 对称算子 根态 等概率比对方法     

Cu1-xHxZr2(PO4)3中Cu2+的EPR谱和局域结构研究

本文采用Cu²⁺斜方对称电子顺磁共振（EPR）参量的高阶微扰公式计算了晶体Cu_1-xH_xZr₂（PO₄）₃中Cu²⁺的EPR参量（g因子和超精细结构常数A因子）．计算结果表明,晶体Cu_1-xH_xZr₂（PO₄）₃中[CuO₆]^10-基团的Cu-O键长分别为R_||≈0.241 nm,R_⊥≈0.215 nm,平面键角τ≈80.1°;由于对称性降低,中心金属离子基态²A_1g（θ）和²A_1g（ε）有一定程度混合,混合系数α≈0.995．所得EPR谱图的理论计算值与实验数据符合得很好．     

关于PCG迭代矩阵特征值近似计算

对于预处理共轭梯度法,本文给出其迭代矩阵AM^-1与三对角阵B_s之间的关系,并对B_s的特征值分布作了分析,进而得到关于AM^-1特征值的一些性质。通过算例对两者的特征值及条件数进行了探讨。     

用宇宙线大气簇射N_e-M_μ关系研究“膝”区原初成分

用梁王山宇宙线观测站获得的宇宙线大气簇射μ子数据,与假设原初分别为质子、氦核、中等核(Z=15)和铁核的Monte-Carlo模拟结果进行比较,结果显示宇宙线膝区原初成分无明显变化且以轻核为主．     

用宇宙线大气簇射Ne-Nμ关系研究“膝”区原初成分

用梁王山宇宙线观测站获得的宇宙线大气簇射μ子数据, 与假设原初分别为质子、氦核、中等核(Z=15)和铁核的Monte-Carlo模拟结果进行比较, 结果显示宇宙线膝区原初成分无明显变化且以轻核为主.     

Determining the primary cosmic ray energy from the total flux of Cherenkov light measured at the Yakutsk EAS array

We present a method for determining the energy of the primary particle that generates an extensive air shower (EAS) of comic rays based on measuring the total flux of Cherenkov light from the shower. Applying this method to Cherenkov light measurements at the Yakutsk EAS array has allowed us to construct the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the range 10¹⁵ ? 3 × 10¹⁹ eV.     

Small shower CORSIKA simulations

Extensive Air Showers (EAS) induced by cosmic ray particles of very low energies, owing to the significantly steep cosmic ray energy spectrum, dominate the secondary particle flux measured by single detectors and small shower arrays. Such arrays connected in extended networks can be used to determine potentially interesting spatial correlations between showers, which may shed new light on the nature of ultra high-energy cosmic rays. The quantitative interpretation of showers recorded by small local arrays requires a methodology that differs from that used by ordinary large EAS arrays operating in the "knee" region and above. We present "small EAS generator," a semi-analytical method for integrating cosmic ray spectra over energies of interest and summing over the mass spectra of primary nuclei in arbitrary detector configurations. Furthermore, we provide results on the EAS electron and muon fluxes and particle density spectra.     

A novel type of EAS recording array: First results

The prototype of a novel type EAS (extensive air shower) recording and investigation array (the PRISMA project) is created on the basis of the NEVOD experimental complex through cooperation between Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI. The prototype (ProtoPRISMA) consists of thirty-two en-detectors sensitive to EAS electromagnetic (e) and hadronic (via the registration of thermal neutrons) (n) components. The array is designed to develop and to test a new method of EAS investigation using neutron and electromagnetic components and to obtain preliminary data on the spectrum and composition of cosmic rays.     

A new method for observing the shower cascade profile at the Yakutsk EAS array

An empirical approach is presented for reconstruction of the extensive air shower (EAS) cascade curve according to data of the Cherenkov track detector. The proposed method, unlike conventional ones, is based on experimentally measured parameters and on calculated values which weakly depend on the model of shower development.     

用羊八井加密阵列数据寻找3TeV能区γ暴的初步结果

报道了用 1 996年 1 0月完成的羊八井 EAS加密阵列探测器 ( Tibet 和 HD)于 1 997- 1 998年进行的全天区观测数据 ,对 3Te Vγ暴进行寻找的结果 .发现了一批显著性明显超过 3σ、少数显著性超过 4σ的事例团. A search for γ ray bursts at 3 TeV energy region was done by using the data of Tibet HD air shower array, which was obtained in the period of Febuary 1997-June 1998. About 2.5×10 9 EAS events were analysed to search for the shower clusters appearing in a fixed time intervial and small sky bin. An equal zenith angle method is used to estimate the background and three different time intervals(Δ t =1, 10, 100 s) were adopted in the research. A part of clusters show excess over the...     

Detection and analysis of radio pulses from extensive air showers

Radio pulses from extensive air showers (EAS) at 30, 44, and 60 MHz frequencies have been studied, using wide band broad-side arrays of half-wave dipole antenna systems. The experimental results support the theoretical prediction that the field strength of radio emission depends on the shower size. An asymmetry has been noticed in the pulse height distributions of radio pulses detected by North-South and East-West directed arrays. These observations are in agreement with the theory that the charge separation mechanism is predominant in generating radio pulses from EAS and radio emission is polarised in the East-West direction. Experimental data are compared with those of earlier workers.     

Evidences for strangelet presence in Primary Cosmic Rays

The recent results of experiment “Hadron” which was carried out at Tien-Shan Station in 1985–91 are discussed. The combining of extensive air shower array and large emulsion chamber has permitted to receive new experimental data on sharp scaling violation at energies ≥10¹⁵ eV (1 PeV). Data show strong hardness of hadron energy spectra in EAS cores for primary energies ≥3 PeV. The EAS electron lateral distribution function also exhibits the same energy dependence in interval 1–10 PeV. The EAS muon component also shows changing of energy dependence at 10 PeV. These data permit to discuss a model in which sharp scaling violation is connected with EAS spectrum “knee”. A hypothesis of strangelet presence in PCR is discussed. The flow of strangelet component is estimated to be about 1 m^?2 · year^?1.     

Radio signals from extensive air showers with the energies <Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis> <Subscript>0</Subscript> ≥ 10<Superscript>19</Superscript> eV according to data from the Yakutsk extensive air shower array

A radio instrument and results obtained from the measurements of the 32-MHz radio signal from particles of extensive air showers (EASs) with energies E₀ ≥ 1×10¹⁹ eV are reported in brief. The data were obtained at the Yakutsk EAS array in 1987–1989 (the first series of measurements) and in 2009–2014 (new series of measurements). The radio signal from EASs with energies above 10²⁰eV was detected at the Yakutsk EAS array for the first time, including the shower with the record energy of ~2×10²⁰ eV for the Yakutsk EAS array.     

Studying the muon and hadron components of extensive air showers with the Carpet-2 array

The method of separating muons and hadrons recorded by the Muon Detector of the Carpet-2 air shower array of Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences) is described. The results of studying characteristics of the muon and hadron components of extensive air showers (EAS) with N _e ≥ 10⁵ are presented. For the range of distances 40–55 m from shower axes the numbers of hadrons with energies higher than 30 GeV and muons with energies above 1 GeV are obtained as functions of the shower size N _e .