Accurate numerical estimation of interphase momentum transfer in Lagrangian–Eulerian simulations of dispersed two-phase flows

The Lagrangian–Eulerian (LE) approach is used in many computational methods to simulate two-way coupled dispersed two-phase flows. These include averaged equation solvers, as well as direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES) that approximate the dispersed-phase particles (or droplets or bubbles) as point sources. Accurate calculation of the interphase momentum transfer term in LE simulations is crucial for predicting qualitatively correct physical behavior, as well as for quantitative comparison with experiments. Numerical error in the interphase momentum transfer calculation arises from both forward interpolation/approximation of fluid velocity at grid nodes to particle locations, and from backward estimation of the interphase momentum transfer term at particle locations to grid nodes. A novel test that admits an analytical form for the interphase momentum transfer term is devised to test the accuracy of the following numerical schemes: (1) fourth-order Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation (LPI-4), (3) Piecewise Cubic Approximation (PCA), (3) second-order Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation (LPI-2) which is basically linear interpolation, and (4) a Two-Stage Estimation algorithm (TSE). A number of tests are performed to systematically characterize the effects of varying the particle velocity variance, the distribution of particle positions, and fluid velocity field spectrum on estimation of the mean interphase momentum transfer term. Numerical error resulting from backward estimation is decomposed into statistical and deterministic (bias and discretization) components, and their convergence with number of particles and grid resolution is characterized. It is found that when the interphase momentum transfer is computed using values for these numerical parameters typically encountered in the literature, it can incur errors as high as 80% for the LPI-4 scheme, whereas TSE incurs a maximum error of 20%. The tests reveal that using multiple independent simulations and higher number of particles per cell are required for accurate estimation using current algorithms. The study motivates further testing of LE numerical methods, and the development of better algorithms for computing interphase transfer terms.     

Constitutive modeling of cyclic plasticity and creep,using an internal time concept

Using the concept of an internal time as related to plastic strains, a differntial stress-strain relation for elastoplasticity is rederived, such that (i) the concept of a yield-surface is retained; (ii) the definitions of elastic and plastic processes are analogous to those in classical plasticity theory; and (iii) its computational implementation, via a “tangent-stiffness” finite element method and a “generalized-midpoint-radial-return” stress-integration algorithm, is simple and efficient. Also, using the concept of an internal time, as related to both the inelastic strains as well as the Newtonian time, a constitutive model for creep-plasticity interaction, is discussed. The problem of modeling experimental data for plasticity and creep, by the present analytical relations, as accurately as desired, is discussed. Numerical examples which illustrate the validity of the present relations are presented for the cases of cyclic plasticity and creep.     

Localization Phenomena in Liquid-Saturatedand Empty Porous Solids

Localization phenomena occur as a result of local concentrations of plastic deformations in small bands of finite width (shear bands). Porous materials, as, for instance, soil, rock, concrete and sinter materials as well as polymeric and metallic foams exhibit a strong tendency towards shear banding caused by plastic dilatation in the brittle deformation range. This kind of behaviour is of great practical importance in engineering design, for example in the study and computation of failure mechanisms in soil mechanics (base failure, slope failure, etc.). From the mathematical point of view, the computation of localization phenomena, for example within the framework of the finite element method (FEM), yields an ill-posed problem, since each mesh refinement leads to smaller shear bands until one obtains (ideally) a singular surface. Following this, regularization mechanisms should be introduced to obtain reliable and robust results.In the present article, two natural regularization mechanisms for liquid-saturated and empty granular porous materials are discussed. These mechanisms are (1) the inclusion of additional independent degrees of freedom in the sense of the Cosserat brothers for the granular porous solid and (2) the inclusion of pore-fluid viscosity in the saturated case.     

圆柱形有壳装药侧向飞散速度分布的预估

对圆柱形有壳装药侧向飞散速度的分布,本文提出了一种改进的预估方法,与实验结果有较好相符。这一方法是从装药侧面冲量分布出发,加以适当变换(经验修正),既比用HEMP程序计算来得省钱,也可象用HEMP程序计算那样适合多种起爆方式。为实用目的,文中还给出了侧向飞散最大速度值的估算方法。     

Method of reverberation ray matrix for static analysis of planar framed structures composed of anisotropic Timoshenko beam members

Based on the method of reverberation ray matrix(MRRM), a reverberation matrix for planar framed structures composed of anisotropic Timoshenko(T) beam members containing completely hinged joints is developed for static analysis of such structures.In the MRRM for dynamic analysis, amplitudes of arriving and departing waves for joints are chosen as unknown quantities. However, for the present case of static analysis, displacements and rotational angles at the ends of each beam member are directly considered as unknown quantities. The expressions for stiffness matrices for anisotropic beam members are developed. A corresponding reverberation matrix is derived analytically for exact and unified determination on the displacements and internal forces at both ends of each member and arbitrary cross sectional locations in the structure. Numerical examples are given and compared with the finite element method(FEM) results to validate the present model. The characteristic parameter analysis is performed to demonstrate accuracy of the present model with the T beam theory in contrast with errors in the usual model based on the Euler-Bernoulli(EB) beam theory. The resulting reverberation matrix can be used for exact calculation of anisotropic framed structures as well as for parameter analysis of geometrical and material properties of the framed structures.     

Characteristics of the critical heat flux for downward flow in a vertical tube at low flow rate and low pressure conditions

The characteristics of the critical heat flux (CHF) for downward flow were studied experimentally with an Inconel 600 circular tube test section in a water test loop at low-flow rate (0 200 kg/m²s) and low-pressure (0.1 0.7 MPa) conditions. The attention was given to the effects of upstream conditions—upper plenum and inlet throttling. Two totally different kinds of CHF behaviors were observed. It seems appropriate to interpret them as flooding-type CHF and dryout in annular flow. The CHF in downward flow may vary from extremely unstable flow CHF as low as near the flooding CHF value to stable flow CHF as high as that of upflow, depending on the upstream conditions of the test section. The CHF correlation by Mishima and that by Weber were proposed for the presentation of the lower and upper limits of the CHF for downward flow in a vertical tube at low-flow rate and low-pressure conditions.     

A NEW INTERFACE CAPTURING METHOD BASED ON DOUBLE INTERFACE FUNCTIONS

基于代数重构思想,发展了一种新的双界面函数重构方法,并采用双正弦函数构造了双正弦界面重构方法（double sine interface capturing,DSINC）.为验证不同界面函数对界面捕捉效果的影响,用数值方法求解了可压缩五方程模型,其中对流项的离散采用五阶WENO（weighted essentially non-oscillatory method）格式,时间积分采用三阶Runge——Kutta方法,通量计算分别考虑了HLL和HLLC方法,而状态方程采用Mie-Grüneisen状态方程.在数值计算中,在界面附近,采用DSINC来获得体积分数的重构,而在远离界面的区域采用WENO格式来获得高阶插值状态.相比采用单界面函数的方法,如双曲正切界面重构方法（tangent of hyperbola for interfacecapturing,THINC）,DSINC方法同样具有界面重构算法简单,在程序中添加方便等特点,两者区别在于,DSINC方法在重构过程中未知函数更易于求解,而无需求解复杂的非线性超越方程,这就使其具有易于向多维扩展的能力.一些典型的两相流动问题,如圆形水柱对流问题,两相三波点问题和激波——界面不稳定性问题等被用作不同界面函数对界面捕捉效果的影响对比.对比分析发现,DSINC与THINC在界面捕捉效果上大致保持一致,并在计算中表现出了较好的稳定性.双界面函数重构思想可以为多相流动界面的代数重构提供了一种新的思路.     

Method of fundamental solutions for multidimensional Stokes equations by the dual-potential formulation

A simple and accurate boundary-type meshless method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is applied to solve both 2D and 3D Stokes flows based on the dual-potential formulation of velocity potential and stream function vector. Using the dual-potential concept, the solutions of both 2D and 3D Stokes flows are obtained by combining the much simpler fundamental solutions of Laplace (potential) and bi-harmonic equations without using the complicated singular fundamental solutions such as Stokeslets and their derivatives as well as source doublet hypersingularity. The developed algorithm is used to test five numerical experiments for 2D flows: (1) circular cavity, (2) wave-shaped bottom cavity and (3) circular cavity with eccentric rotating cylinder; and for 3D flows: (4) a uniform flow passing a sphere and (5) a uniform flow passing a pair of spheres. Good results are obtained as comparing with solutions of analytical and numerical methods such as FEM, BEM and other meshfree schemes.     

Artificial oxygen carriers,from nanometer- to micrometer-sized particles,made of hemoglobin composites substituting for red blood cells

Blood transfusions are regarded as the most well-known and frequently performed cell transplantations. Although current transfusion systems are sophisticated, they cannot be freed from the inherent difficulties that include infection, short shelf life, and blood type mismatching. Artificial oxygen carriers produced using hemoglobin (Hb) are designated as Hb-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), which are anticipated for use as biomaterials that have potential to resolve issues of transfusion by a radical paradigm shift. Various HBOCs, nanometer-sized to micrometer-sized bioparticles having an oxygen-carrying function, are developed for use as substitutes for red blood cells (RBCs). This paper presents an overview of the classification of HBOCs with reference to their histories, preparations, structures, functions, and in vitro and in vivo properties. Additionally, we give a more detailed introduction of our academic studies of liposome encapsulated Hb, designated as Hb-vesicles (HbV), which mimic the physiologically important corpuscular structure of RBCs. This review outlines perennial efforts and approaches to mimic RBC functions through chemical, genetic, and encapsulation techniques. It will provide important insights into the eventual realization of an alternative for RBC transfusion.     

A “quasi-elastic” affine formulation for the homogenised behaviour of nonlinear viscoelastic polycrystals and composites

The derivation of the overall behaviour of nonlinear viscoelastic (or rate-dependent elastoplastic) heterogeneous materials requires a linearisation of the constitutive equations around uniform per phase stress (or strain) histories. The resulting Linear Comparison Material (LCM) has to be linear thermoviscoelastic to fully retain the viscoelastic nature of phase interactions. Instead of the exact treatment of this LCM (i.e., correspondence principle and inverse Laplace transforms) as proposed by the “classical” affine formulation, an approximate treatment is proposed here. First considering Maxwellian behaviour, comparisons for a single phase as well as for two-phase materials (with “parallel” and disordered morphologies) show that the “direct inversion method” of Laplace transforms, initially proposed by Schapery (1962), has to be adapted to fit correctly exact responses to creep loading while a more general method is proposed for other loading paths. When applied to nonlinear viscoelastic heterogeneous materials, this approximate inversion method gives rise to a new formulation which is consistent with the classical affine one for the steady-state regimes. In the transient regime, it leads to a significantly more efficient numerical resolution, the LCM associated to the step by step procedure being no more thermoviscoelastic but thermoelastic. Various comparisons for nonlinear viscoelastic polycrystals responses to creep as well as relaxation loadings show that this “quasi-elastic” formulation yields results very close to classical affine ones, even for high contrasts.     

A variational approach to coarse graining of equilibrium and non-equilibrium atomistic description at finite temperature

The aim of this paper is the development of equilibrium and non-equilibrium extensions of the quasicontinuum (QC) method. We first use variational mean-field theory and the maximum-entropy (max-ent) formalism for deriving approximate probability distribution and partition functions for the system. The resulting probability distribution depends locally on atomic temperatures defined for every atom and the corresponding thermodynamic potentials are explicit and local in nature. The method requires an interatomic potential as the sole empirical input. Numerical validation is performed by simulating thermal equilibrium properties of selected materials using the Lennard-Jones (LJ) pair potential and the embedded-atom method (EAM) potential and comparing with molecular dynamics results as well as experimental data. The max-ent variational approach is then taken as a basis for developing a three-dimensional non-equilibrium finite-temperature extension of the QC method. This extension is accomplished by coupling the local temperature-dependent free energy furnished by the max-ent approximation scheme to the heat equation in a joint thermo-mechanical variational setting. Results for finite-temperature nanoindentation tests demonstrate the ability of the method to capture non-equilibrium transport properties and differentiate between slow and fast indentation.     

Inhomogeneity of the first and second statistical moments of stresses inside the heterogeneities of random structure matrix composites

In this paper linearly thermoelastic composite media are treated, which consist of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically homogeneous random set of heterogeneities. Effective properties (such as compliance, thermal expansion, stored energy) as well as the first statistical moments of stresses in the phases are estimated for the general case of nonhomogeneity of the thermoelastic inclusion properties. The micromechanical approach is based on the generalization of the “multiparticle effective field” method (MEFM, see for references Buryachenko, Appl. Mech. Rev. (2001), 54, 1–47), previously proposed for the estimation of stress field averages in the phases. The method exploits as a background the new general integral equation proposed by the author before and makes it possible to abandon the use of the central concept of classical micromechanics such as effective field hypothesis as well as their satellite hypothesis of “ellipsoidal symmetry”. The implicit recursion representations of the effective thermoelastic properties and stress concentration factor are expressed through some building blocks described by numerical solutions for both the one and two inclusions inside the infinite medium subjected to the inhomogeneous effective fields evaluated from subsequent self-consistent estimations. One also estimates the inhomogeneous statistical moments of local stress fields which are extremely useful for understanding the evolution of nonlinear phenomena such as plasticity, creep, and damage. Just at some additional assumptions (such as an effective field hypothesis) the involved tensors can be expressed through the Green function, Eshelby tensor and external Eshelby tensor. These estimated inhomogeneities of effective fields lead to the detection of fundamentally new effects for the local stresses inside the heterogeneities.     

复合材料薄壁结构连接件细节内力分析的有限元方法

为得到复合材料薄壁结构机械连接件中各承力元件的内力和变形情况,确定各承载紧固孔的旁路载荷（ＰＰＬ）和钉传载荷（Ｐｄｃ）,以便合理地进行连接件的细节设计和强度分析,本文基于迭层板“等效弹性模量”概念,提出了一套工程实用的复合材料结构连接件细节内力分析的有限元方法。所编制的计算程序适用于对实际结构中各种机械连接型式和各种平面受载情况的内力计算和分析。     

Prediction of Non-Darcy Coefficients for Inertial Flows Through the Castlegate Sandstone Using Image-Based Modeling

Near wellbore flow in high rate gas wells shows the deviation from Darcy??s law that is typical for high Reynolds number flows, and prediction requires an accurate estimate of the non-Darcy coefficient (?? factor). This numerical investigation addresses the issues of predicting non-Darcy coefficients for a realistic porous media. A CT-image of real porous medium (Castlegate Sandstone) was obtained at a resolution of 7.57???m. The segmented image provides a voxel map of pore-grain space that is used as the computational domain for the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based flow simulations. Results are obtained for pressure-driven flow in the above-mentioned porous media in all directions at increasing Reynolds number to capture the transition from the Darcy regime as well as quantitatively predict the macroscopic parameters such as absolute permeability and ?? factor (Forchheimer coefficient). Comparison of numerical results against experimental data and other existing correlations is also presented. It is inferred that for a well-resolved realistic porous media images, LBM can be a useful computational tool for predicting macroscopic porous media properties such as permeability and ?? factor.     

Least-squares finite-element method for shallow-water equations with source terms

Numerical solution of shallow-water equations （SWE） has been a challenging task because of its nonlinear hyperbolic nature, admitting discontinuous solution, and the need to satisfy the C-property. The presence of source terms in momentum equations, such as the bottom slope and friction of bed, compounds the difficulties further. In this paper, a least-squares finite-element method for the space discretization and θ-method for the time integration is developed for the 2D non-conservative SWE including the source terms. Advantages of the method include： the source terms can be approximated easily with interpolation functions, no upwind scheme is needed, as well as the resulting system equations is symmetric and positive-definite, therefore, can be solved efficiently with the conjugate gradient method. The method is applied to steady and unsteady flows, subcritical and transcritical flow over a bump, 1D and 2D circular dam-break, wave past a circular cylinder, as well as wave past a hump. Computed results show good C-property, conservation property and compare well with exact solutions and other numerical results for flows with weak and mild gradient changes, but lead to inaccurate predictions for flows with strong gradient changes and discontinuities.     

Hyperviscosity and Vorticity-Based Models for Subgrid Scale Modeling

Large-eddy simulations corresponding to the decaying isotropic turbulence experiment of Comte-Bellot and Corrsin are performed, using a pseudo-spectral code that incorporates four models: viscosity and hyperviscosity types, each implemented for both the subgrid scale stress tensor and the subgrid scale force. Two 1/T scalings are also considered for the viscosity amplitude. The dynamic procedure is extended to the four models and is tested. Results are obtained with and without this procedure and for both scalings. The main conclusions are: (a) the two viscosity models perform equally well; (b) the Kolmogorov scaling performs as well as the Smagorinsky scaling, yet it is computationally more efficient; (c) in the dynamic procedure, there is a fairly wide range of test to grid filter ratios which produces results insensitive to this ratio; and (d) the hyperviscosity models lead to energy decay curves that follow the experimental data as well as the usual viscosity models.     

Fundamental solutions in perturbed shear flow

In this paper infinite plane Couette flow in a viscous incompressible fluid is considered subject to general three-dimensional perturbations and the equations of motion are linearized. Furthermore, initial-value problems are posed and a set of closed-form solutions are obtained for a variety of conditions, such as the system under the influence of: (i) a mass source; (ii) an external force; or (iii) initial vorticity. The result is a knowledge of both the early transient dynamics and the near spatial field behavior, as well as the state after a long time and the far field behavior. It is shown that the solutions can be considered as fundamental (in the sense that source-sink solutions are regarded fundamental for irrotational motion) and therefore are useful in analyzing other boundary-value, initial-value problems where the basic flow can be synthesized from piece-wise linear (constant shear) variations. To this end a generalized Green's function for the system is determined.     

Formulation of thermoelastic dissipative material behavior using GENERIC

We show that the coupled balance equations for a large class of dissipative materials can be cast in the form of GENERIC (General Equations for Non-Equilibrium Reversible Irreversible Coupling). In dissipative solids (generalized standard materials), the state of a material point is described by dissipative internal variables in addition to the elastic deformation and the temperature. The framework GENERIC allows for an efficient derivation of thermodynamically consistent coupled field equations, while revealing additional underlying physical structures, like the role of the free energy as the driving potential for reversible effects and the role of the free entropy (Massieu potential) as the driving potential for dissipative effects. Applications to large and small-strain thermoplasticity are given. Moreover, for the quasistatic case, where the deformation can be statically eliminated, we derive a generalized gradient structure for the internal variable and the temperature with a reduced entropy as driving functional.