Polymorphism in Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 (pz = pyrazolyl): impact of supramolecular structure on an iron(II) electronic spin-state crossover

The new ligands Na[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Rpz)3] (R = H, Me) have been prepared by converting I2C6H4 to IC6H4SiMe3 with Li(t)Bu and SiMe3Cl, and then to IC6H4BBr2 with BBr3 and subsequent reaction with 3 equiv of (un)substituted pyrazole and 1 equiv of NaO(t)Bu. These new ligands react with FeBr2 to give either purple, low-spin Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(pz)3]2 or colorless, high-spin Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2. Depending upon the crystallization conditions, Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 can exist both as two polymorphs and as a methylene chloride solvate. An examination of these polymorphs by variable-temperature X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility, and Mossbauer spectroscopy has revealed different electronic spin-state crossover properties for each polymorph and yields insight into the influence of crystal packing, independent of other electronic perturbations, on the spin-state crossover. The first polymorph of Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 has a highly organized three-dimensional supramolecular structure and does not undergo a spin-state crossover upon cooling to 4 K. The second polymorph of Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 has a stacked two-dimensional supramolecular structure, a structure that is clearly less well organized than that of the first polymorph, and undergoes an abrupt iron(II) spin-state crossover from high spin to low spin upon cooling below ca. 130 K. The crystal structure of the methylene chloride solvate of Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 has a similar stacked two-dimensional supramolecular structure, but the crystals readily lose the solvate. The resulting desolvate undergoes a gradual spin-state crossover to the low-spin state upon cooling below ca. 235 K. It is clear from a comparison of the structures that the long-range solid-state organization of the molecules, which is controlled by noncovalent supramolecular interactions, has a strong impact upon the spin-state crossover, with the more highly organized structures having lower spin-crossover temperatures and more abrupt spin-crossover behavior.     

Structure-function correlations in Iron(II) tris(pyrazolyl)borate spin-state crossover complexes

Iron(II) poly(pyrazolyl)borate complexes have been investigated to determine the impact of substituent effects, intramolecular ligand distortions, and intermolecular supramolecular structures on the spin-state crossover (SCO) behavior. The molecular structure of Fe[HB(3,4,5-Me3pz)3]2 (pz = pyrazolyl ring), a complex known to remain high spin when the temperature is lowered, reveals that this complex has an intramolecular ring-twist distortion that is not observed in analogous complexes that do exhibit a SCO at low temperatures, thus indicating that this distortion greatly influences the properties of these complexes. The structure of Fe[B(3-(cy)Prpz)4]2.(CH3OH) ((cy)Pr = cyclopropyl ring) at 294 K has two independent molecules in the unit cell, both of which are high spin; only one of these high-spin iron(II) sites, the site with the lesser ring-twist distortion, is observed to be low-spin iron(II) in the 90 K structure. A careful evaluation of the supramolecular structures of these complexes and several similar complexes reported previously revealed no strong correlation between the supramolecular packing forces and their SCO behavior. Magnetic and M?ssbauer spectral measurements on Fe[B(3-(cy)Prpz)4]2 and Fe[HB(3-(cy)Prpz)3]2 indicate that both complexes exhibit a partial SCO from fully high-spin iron(II) at higher temperatures, respectively, to a 50:50 high-spin/low-spin mixture of iron(II) below 100 K. These results may be understood, in the former case, by the differences in ring-twisting and, in the latter case, by a phase transition; in all complexes in which a phase transition is observed, this change dominates the SCO behavior. A comparison of the M?ssbauer spectral properties of these two complexes and of Fe[HB(3-Mepz)3]2 with that of other complexes reveals correlations between the M?ssbauer-effect isomer shift and the average Fe-N bond distance and between the quadrupole splitting and the average FeN-NB intraligand dihedral torsion angles and the distortion of the average N-Fe-N intraligand bond angles.     

A density functional theory calculation of the electronic properties of several high-spin and low-spin iron(II) pyrazolylborate complexes

Density functional theory has been used to study the electronic spin-state properties of low-spin Fe[HB(pz)3]2, high-spin Fe[HB(3-Mepz)3]2, high-spin Fe[HB(3,5-Me 2pz)3]2, and high-spin Fe[HB(3,4,5-Me 3pz)3]2 complexes that exhibit very different iron(II) electronic spin-sate crossover behaviors with changing temperature and pressure. Excellent agreement is obtained between the experimentally observed M?ssbauer-effect quadrupole splittings and isomer shifts of these complexes and those calculated with the B3LYP functional and various different basis sets for both the high-spin and low-spin states of iron(II). The calculations for Fe[HB(pz)3]2 that use the LANL2DZ, 6-31++G(d,p), and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets for iron all lead to very similar electric field gradients and thus quadrupole splittings. The initial calculations, which were based upon the known X-ray structures, were followed by structural optimization, an optimization that led to small increases in the Fe-N bond distances. Optimization led to at most trivial changes in the intraligand bond distances and angles. The importance of the 3-methyl-H...H-3-methyl nonbonded intramolecular interligand interactions in controlling the minimum Fe-N bond distances and determining the iron(II) spin state both in Fe[HB(3-Mepz)3]2 and in the related methyl-substituted complexes has been identified.     

Ligand-Driven Light-Induced Spin Change in Transition-Metal Complexes: Selection of an Appropriate System and First Evidence of the Effect, in Fe(II)(4-styrylpyridine)(4)(NCBPh(3))(2)

The first observation of a ligand-driven light-induced spin-state change (LD-LISC effect) in a transition-metal complex is reported. The compounds under investigation are of the type Fe(II)L(4)X(2), where L is a cis/trans photoisomerizable ligand. For an iron(II) spin-state change to result from ligand cis <--> trans conversion, the Fe(II)(trans-L)(4)X(2) species had to exhibit a thermally-induced high-spin state <--> low-spin state crossover. This property was checked by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, for compounds with X(-) = NCBPh(3)(-) or NCBH(3)(-) and L = 1-phenyl-2-(4-pyridyl)ethene (or 4-styrylpyridine, abbreviated as Stpy), 1-(4-R-phenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethene (R = CH(3), COOCH(3)), or 1-(1-naphthyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethene. The results are comparatively discussed. The best candidate for the LD-LISC effect to be observed is found to be Fe(Stpy)(4)(NCBPh(3))(2): the complex (C(t)) formed with trans-Stpy undergoes a thermally-induced spin crossover centered around 190 K; the one (C(c)) formed with cis-Stpy retains the high-spin state at any temperature. Photoisomerization of the Stpy ligand, at 140 K, in the complex embedded within a cellulose acetate matrix, is effectively shown, on the basis of UV-vis absorption measurements, to trigger the spin-state change of the iron(II) ions.     

Pyrazolyl methyls prescribe the electronic properties of iron(II) tetra(pyrazolyl)lutidine chloride complexes

A series of iron(II) chloride complexes of pentadentate ligands related to α,α,α',α'-tetra(pyrazolyl)-2,6-lutidine, pz(4)lut, has been prepared to evaluate whether pyrazolyl substitution has any systematic impact on the electronic properties of the complexes. For this purpose, the new tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethylpyrazolyl)lutidine ligand, pz**(4)lut, was prepared via a CoCl(2)-catalyzed rearrangement reaction. The equimolar combination of ligand and FeCl(2) in methanol gives the appropriate 1:1 complexes [FeCl(pz(R)(4)lut)]Cl that are each isolated in the solid state as a hygroscopic solvate. In solution, the iron(II) complexes have been fully characterized by several spectroscopic methods and cyclic voltammetry. In the solid state, the complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, and, in some cases, by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. The M?ssbauer studies show that the complexes remain high spin to 4 K and exclude spin-state changes as the cause of the surprising solid-state thermochromic properties of the complexes. Non-intuitive results of spectroscopic and structural studies showed that methyl substitution at the 3- and 5- positions of the pyrazolyl rings reduces the ligand field strength through steric effects whereas methyl substitution at the 4-position of the pyrazolyl rings increases the ligand field strength through inductive effects.     

Cyano-bridged pentanuclear Fe(III)3M(II)2 (M = Ni, Co, Fe) clusters: synthesis, structures, and magnetic properties

The reactions of [M(II)(Tpm(Me))(H2O)3]2+ (M = Ni, Co, Fe; Tpm(Me) = tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazoyl)methane) with [Bu4N][(Tp)Fe(III)(CN)3] (Bu4N+ = tetrabutylammonium cation; Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate) in MeCN-Et2O afford three pentanuclear cyano-bridged clusters, [(Tp)3(Tpm(Me))2Fe(III)3M(II)2(CN)9]ClO4.15H2O (M = Ni, 1; M = Co, 2) and [(Tp)3(Tpm(Me))2Fe(III)3Fe(II)2(CN)9]BF4.15H2O (3). Single-crystal X-ray analyses reveal that they show the same trigonal bipyramidal structure featuring a D3h-symmetry core, in which two opposing Tpm(Me)-ligated M(II) ions situated in the two apical positions are linked through cyanide bridges to an equatorial triangle of three Tp-ligated Fe(III) (S = 1/2) centers. Magnetic studies for complex 1 show ferromagnetic coupling giving an S = 7/2 ground state and an appreciable magnetic anisotropy with a negative D(7/2) value equal to -0.79 cm(-1). Complex 2 shows zero-field splitting parameters deducted from the magnetization data with D = -1.33 cm(-1) and g = 2.81. Antiferromagnetic interaction was observed in complex 3.     

Functionalised Tris(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands and Re(CO)3 Complexes Thereof

The synthesis of new tripodal nitrogen ligands derived from tris(pyrazolyl)methane (Tpm^R, R = H, tBu, Ph in 3‐position) is described. After deprotonation of the parent tris(pyrazolyl)methane Tpm^R, the carbanion reacts readily with ethylene oxide to yield the 3,3,3‐tris(3′‐substituted pyrazolyl)propanol ligands[(3‐Rpz)₃CCH₂CH₂OH, R = H, tBu, Ph, 1a – c ]. These ligands can be easily derivatised at the alcohol function. Microwave‐assisted reactions of these ligands and [Re(CO)₅Br] yields the complex [( 1a )Re(CO)₃]Br ( 4 ) in the case of ligand 1a , whereas in the case of the substituted ligands 1b and 1c degradation was observed. The degradation products are identified as [(Hpz^R)₂Re(CO)₃Br] [R = tBu ( 7b ), Ph ( 7c )]. These complexes were also prepared directly from [Re(CO)₅Br] and the corresponding pyrazoles by microwave‐assisted synthesis. The Re(CO)₃ complexes 4 and [( 1a )Re(CO)₃]OTf ( 5 ) are water‐soluble. The structures of 5· H₂O and [{(pz)₃CCH₂CH₃}Re(CO)₃]OTf · 1.5H₂O · ¹/₂CH₃CN ( 6· 1.5H₂O · ¹/₂CH₃CN) as well as the structure of 7b have been elucidated by X‐ray crystallography.     

Syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of the oxalato-bridged mixed-valence complexes (FeII(bpm)3]2[FeIII2(ox)5].8H2O and FeII(bpm)3Na(H2O)2Fe(ox)(3).4H2O (bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine)

The preparation and crystal structures of two oxalato-bridged FeII-FeIII mixed-valence compounds, [FeII(bpm)3]2[FeIII2(ox)5].8H2O (1) and FeII(bpm)3Na(H2O)2FeIII(ox)(3).4H2O (2) (bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine; ox = oxalate dianion) are reported here. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 10.998(2) A, b = 13.073(3) A, c = 13.308(3) A, alpha = 101.95(2) degrees, beta = 109.20(2) degrees, gamma = 99.89(2) degrees, and Z = 1. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c, with a = 12.609(2) A, b = 19.670(5) A, c = 15.843(3) A, beta = 99.46(1) degrees, and Z = 4. The structure of complex 1 consists of centrosymmetric oxalato-bridged dinuclear high-spin iron(III) [Fe2(ox)5]2- anions, tris-chelated low-spin iron(II) [Fe(bpm)3]2+ cations, and lattice water molecules. The iron atoms are hexacoordinated: six oxygen atoms (iron(III)) from two bidentate and one bisbidentate oxalato ligands and six nitrogen atoms (iron(II)) from three bidentate bpm groups. The Fe(III)-O(ox) and Fe(II)-N(bpm) bond distances vary in the ranges 1.967(3)-2.099(3) and 1.967(4)-1.995(3) A, respectively. The iron(III)-iron(III) separation across the bridging oxalato is 5.449(2) A, whereas the shortest intermolecular iron(III)-iron(II) distance is 6.841(2) A. The structure of complex 2 consists of neutral heterotrinuclear Fe(bpm)2Na(H2O)2Fe(ox)3 units and water molecules of crystallization. The tris-chelated low-spin iron(II) ([Fe(bpm)3]2+) and high-spin iron(III) ([Fe(ox)3]3-) entities act as bidentate ligands (through two bpm-nitrogen and two oxalato-oxygen atoms, respectively) toward the univalent sodium cation, yielding the trinuclear (bpm)2Fe(II)-bpm-Na(I)-ox-Fe(III)(ox)2 complex. Two cis-coordinated water molecules complete the distorted octahedral surrounding of the sodium atom. The ranges of the Fe(II)-N(bpm) and Fe(III)-O(ox) bond distances [1.968(6)-1.993(5) and 1.992(6)-2.024(6) A, respectively] compare well with those observed in 1. The Na-N(bpm) bond lengths (2.548(7) and 2.677(7) A) are longer than those of Na-O(ox) (2.514(7) and 2.380(7) A) and Na-O(water) (2.334(15) and 2.356(12) A). The intramolecular Fe(II)...Fe(III) separation is 6.763(2) A, whereas the shortest intermolecular Fe(II)...Fe(II) and Fe(III)...Fe(III) distances are 8.152(2) and 8.992(2) A, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 2.0-290 K for 1 reveal that the high-spin iron(III) ions are antiferromagnetically coupled (J = -6.6 cm-1, the Hamiltonian being defined as H = -JS1.S2). The magnitude of the antiferromagnetic coupling through the bridging oxalato in the magneto-structurally characterized family of formula [M2(ox)5](2m-10)+ (M = Fe(III) (1), Cr(III), and Ni(II)) is analyzed and discussed by means of a simple orbital model.     

Synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of cyano-bridged heterobimetallic chains based on [(Tp)Fe(CN)3]-

With the use of the tailored cyanometalate precursor, (Bu4N)[(Tp)Fe(CN)3] (Tp = Tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate) as the building block to react with fully solvated Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) cations, four one-dimensional (1D) heterobimetallic cyano-bridged chain complexes of squares, [(Tp)2Fe(III)2(CN)6Cu(CH3OH).2CH3OH]n (1), [(Tp)2Fe(III)2(CN)6Cu(DMF).DMF]n (2), [(Tp)2Fe(III)2(CN)6M(CH3OH)2.2CH3OH]n (M = Co (3) and Ni (4)), have been prepared. In complexes 1 and 2, the Cu(II) ions are pentacoordinated in the form of a slightly distorted square-based pyramid, and they are linked by distorted octahedrons of [(Tp)Fe(CN)3]- to form 1D chains of squares. In complexes 3 and 4, both the central Co(II) and Ni(II) ions have a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry, and they are bridged by [(Tp)Fe(CN)3]- to form similar 1D chains of squares. There are weak interchain pi-pi stacking interactions through the pyrazolyl groups of the Tp ligands for complexes 3 and 4. The crystal structures and magnetic studies demonstrate that complexes 1 and 2 exhibit intrachain ferromagnetic coupling and single-chain magnets behavior, and the blocking temperature is ca. 6 K for complex 1 and ca. 3 K for complex 2. Complexes 3 and 4 show significant metamagnetic behavior, where the cyanides mediate the intrachain ferromagnetic coupling between Fe(III) and Co(II) or Ni(II) ions and the interchain pi-pi stacking interactions lead to antiferromagnetic couplings. The field dependence of the magnetization measurements shows that the critical field is around 1 kOe for complex 3 and 0.8 kOe for complex 4 at 1.8 K.     

Structural, thermal, spectroscopic, specific-heat, and magnetic studies of (C5H18N3)[Fe3(HPO3)6].3H2O: a new organically templated iron(III) phosphite with a pillared structure formed by the interpenetration of two subnets

A new open framework iron(III) phosphite with formula (C5H18N3)[Fe3(HPO3)6].3H2O has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis with N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine as a templating agent. The crystal structure was solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data in the trigonal space group R. The unit cell parameters are a= 8.803(1) A and c= 25.292(2) A with Z = 3. The complex pillared structure can be described as two interpenetrating subnets, one organic, [(C5H18N3).3H2O]3+, and one inorganic, [Fe3(HPO3)6]3-. In the inorganic subnet, the pillars are formed by FeO6 trimers linked by vertex sharing phosphite groups, while in the cationic subnet the organic molecules act like pillars. With increasing temperature, the flexibility of the structure allows contraction due to dehydration followed by thermal expansion before reaching the thermal stability limit. The Dq and Racah parameters calculated for (C5H18N3)[Fe3(HPO3)6].3H2O are Dq = 965, B = 1080, and C = 2472 cm(-1). M?ssbauer spectroscopy confirms the trivalent oxidation state of iron cations and the crystallographic multiplicities of their sites. The ESR spectra show isotropic signals with a g-value of 2.00(1). Specific-heat measurements show a three-dimensional (lambda-type) peak at a critical temperature Tc = 32 K. The value of the entropy at saturation is 46 J/mol K, very near the expected value of 44.7 J/mol K for the iron(III) cations with S = 5/2. Magnetic measurements indicate a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering below 32 K and a reorientation of spins below 15 K with an incomplete cancellation of spins due to triangular interactions inherent to the structure.     

The key role of the intermolecular pi-pi interactions in the presence of spin crossover in neutral [Fe(abpt)2A2] complexes (A = terminal monoanion N ligand)

New iron(II) complexes of formulas [Fe(abpt) 2(tcm) 2] ( 1), [Fe(abpt) 2(tcnome) 2] ( 2), and [Fe(abpt) 2(tcnoet) 2] ( 3) (abpt = 4-amino-3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole, tcm (-) = [C(CN) 3] (-) = tricyanomethanide anion; tcnome (-) = [(NC) 2CC(OCH 3)C(CN) 2] (-) = 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-methoxypropenide anion; tcnoet (-) = [(NC) 2CC(OC 2H 5)C(CN) 2] (-) = 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-ethoxypropenide anion) have been synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, magnetic properties and by variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure determinations of 1 and 2 reveal in both cases centrosymmetric discrete iron(II) monomeric structures in which two abpt chelating ligands stand in the equatorial plane and two terminal polynitrile ligands complete the distorted octahedral environment in trans positions. For 3, the crystallographic studies revealed two polymorphs, 3- A and 3- B, exhibiting similar discrete molecular structures to those found for 1 and 2 but with different molecular arrangements. In agreement with the variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, the magnetic susceptibility measurements, performed in the temperature range 2-400 K, showed a spin-crossover phenomenon above room temperature for complexes 1, 3- A, and 3- B with a T 1/2 of 336, 377, and 383 K, respectively, while complex 2 remains in the high-spin ground state ( S = 2) in the whole temperature range. To understand further the magnetic behaviors of 1, 3-A, and 3-B, single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were performed at high temperatures. The crystal structures of both polymorphs could not be obtained above 400 K because the crystals decomposed. However, single-crystal X-ray data have been collected for compound 1, which reaches the full high-spin state at lower temperatures. Its crystal structure, solved at 400 K, showed a strong modification of the iron coordination sphere (average Fe-N = 2.157(3) A vs 1.986(3) A at 293 K). In agreement with the magnetic properties. Such structural behavior is a signature of the spin-state transition from low-spin (LS) to high-spin (HS). On the basis of the intermolecular pi stacking observed for the series described in this paper and for related complexes involving similar discrete structures, we have shown that complexes displaying frontal pi stacking present spin transition such as 1, 3-A, and 3-B and those involving sideways pi stacking such as complex 2 remain in the HS state.     

1H NMR investigation of high-spin and low-spin iron(III) meso-ethynylporphyrins

The 1H NMR spectra of iron(III) 5-ethynyl-10,15,20-tri(p-tolyl)porphyrin [(ETrTP)Fe(III)X(n)], iron(III) 5-(phenylethynyl)-10,15,20-tri(p-tolyl)porphyrin [(PETrTP)Fe(III)X(n)], iron(III) 5-(phenylbutadiynyl)-10,15,20-tri(p-tolyl)porphyrin [(PBTrTP)Fe(III)X(n)], iron(III) 5,10,15,20-tetra(phenylethynyl)porphyrin [(TPEP)Fe(III)X(n)], iron(III) 1,4-bis-[10,15,20-tri(p-tolyl)porphyrin-5-yl]-1,3-butadiyne {[(TrTP)Fe(III)X(n)]2 B}, and 5,10,15-triphenylporphyrin [(TrPP)Fe(III)X(n)] have been studied to elucidate the impact of meso-ethynyl substitution on the electronic structure and spin density distribution of high-spin (X = Cl-, n = 1) and low-spin (X = CN-, n = 2) derivatives. The meso substituents, i.e., ethynyl, phenylethynyl, and phenylbutadiynyl, provided insight into the efficiency of spin density delocalization along structural elements that are typically applied to transmit electronic effects along multipart polyporphyrinic systems. The positive spin density localized at the meso-carbon of high-spin iron(III) ethynylporphyrins is effectively delocalized along the ethyne or butadiyne fragment as illustrated by the comparison of isotropic shifts of C(meso)-H and -CC-H determined for (TrPP)Fe(III)Cl (-82.6 ppm, 293 K) and (ETrTP)Fe(III)Cl (-49.5 ppm, 298 K). The replacement of the ethynyl hydrogen by phenyl or phenylethynyl provided evidence for the pi spin density distribution around the introduced phenyl ring. An analysis of the isotropic shifts for the low-spin bis-cyanide iron(III) porphyrins series reveals the analogous mechanism of spin density transfer. Treatment of high-spin [(TrTP)Fe(III)Cl]2 B with a base resulted in formation of the cyclic [(TrTP)Fe(III)OFe(III)(TrTP)B]2 complex linked by two mu-oxo bridges. (TPEP)H2 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography as a porphyrin dication where two molecules of trifluoroacetic acid associate with two coordinated trifluoroacetate anions. The X-ray structure of bis-tetrahydrofuran 1,4-bis[10,15,20-tri(p-tolyl)porphyrinatozinc(II)-5-yl]-1,3-butadiyne complex {[(TrTP)Zn(II)(THF)]2 B} reveals two parallel, non-coplanar [(TrTP)Zn(THF)] subunits linked by the linear butadiyne moiety.     

Spin crossover in di-, tri- and tetranuclear, mixed-ligand tris(pyrazolyl)methane iron(II) complexes

A series of polynuclear mixed-ligand tris(pyrazolyl)methane iron(II) complexes displaying high temperature spin crossover behaviour has been synthesised. These complexes are of the type [(Fe((3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)CH))(n)(μ-L)](BF(4))(2n), where μ-L is one of five bridging ligands X(CH(2)OCH(2)C(pz)(3))(n), (X = the central linking moiety, pz = pyrazolyl ring and n = 2 (ditopic), 3 (tritopic) or 4 (tetratopic)). Throughout the series the terminal tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane co-ligand (3,5-Me(2)pz)(3)CH and the BF(4)(-) counter anion were kept constant while variations in the central linking moiety have produced three dinuclear complexes and a trinuclear and tetranuclear complex, all isolated as solvates. The three dinuclear complexes are a 1,4-xylene-bridged complex 1·2DME, a 2,6-naphthalene-bridged complex 2·2.5MeCN.2DME and a 1,4-butene-bridged complex 3·2DME. The trinuclear complex 4·solvent (solvent undefined) has a 1,3,5-mesitylene core and the tetranuclear complex, 5·8MeCN.2(t)BuOMe, has a 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene core (DME = dimethoxyethane, (t)BuOMe = tertiarybutyl-methylether). The trinuclear cluster has a "3-up" cup shape with the cups arranging themselves in pairs to form capsules that contain anion guests. All the solvated compounds have been structurally characterised and both the solvated and desolvated versions have had their magnetic and thermal properties thoroughly investigated by variable temperature magnetic susceptibility, differential scanning calorimetric and M?ssbauer spectral methods. They all display typical low spin iron(II) magnetic behaviour at room temperature and all undergo a spin state transition to high spin iron(II) above room temperature. In particular, complex 1·2DME shows an abrupt spin transition which shifts, upon desolvation, to a lower value of T(1/2) and in addition displays a small thermal hysteresis.     

Structural and magnetic studies on cyano-bridged rectangular Fe2M2 (M = Cu, Ni) clusters

Using the tricyano precursor, (Bu4N)[(Tp)Fe(CN)3] (Tp = Tris(pyrazolyl) hydroborate) (1), four new tetranuclear clusters, [(Tp)Fe(CN)3Cu(Tp)]2.2H2O (2), [(Tp)Fe(CN)3Cu(bpca)]2.4H2O (3) (bpca = bis(2-pyridylcarbonyl)amidate anion), [(Tp)Fe(CN)3Ni(tren)]2(ClO4)2.2H2O (4) (tren = tris(2-amino)ethylamine), and [(Tp)Fe(CN)3Ni(bipy)2]2[(Tp)Fe(CN)3]2.6H2O (5) (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The four clusters possess similar square structures, where FeIII and MII (M = CuII or NiII) ions alternate at the rectangle corners. There exist intermolecular - stacking interactions through pyrazolyl groups of Tp- ligands in complexes 2 and 4, which lead to 1D chain structures. Complex 5 shows a 3D network structure through the coexistence of - stacking effects and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Magnetic studies show intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions in all four clusters. The exchange parameters are +11.91 and +1.38 cm(-1) for clusters 2 and 3, respectively, while uniaxial molecular anisotropy can be detected in complex 3 due to the distorted core in its molecular structure. Complex 4 has a ground state of S = 3 and shows SMM behavior with an effective energy barrier of U = 18.9 cm(-1). Unusual spin-glass-like dynamic relaxations are observed for complex 5.     

A synthetic, structural, magnetic, and spectral study of several [Fe[tris(pyrazolyl)methane]2](BF4)2 complexes: observation of an unusual spin-state crossover

The complexes [Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2](BF4)2 (1), [Fe[HC(pz)3]2](BF4)2 (2), and [Fe[PhC(pz)2(py)]2](BF4)2 (3) (pz = 1-pyrazolyl ring, py = pyridyl ring) have been synthesized by the reaction of the appropriate ligand with Fe(BF4)2.6H2O. Complex 1 is high-spin in the solid state and in solution at 298 K. In the solid phase, it undergoes a decrease in magnetic moment at lower temperatures, changing at ca. 206 K to a mixture of high-spin and low-spin forms, a spin-state mixture that does not change upon subsequent cooling to 5 K. Crystallographically, there is only one iron(II) site in the ambient-temperature solid-state structure, a structure that clearly shows the complex is high-spin. M?ssbauer spectral studies show conclusively that the magnetic moment change observed at lower temperatures arises from the complex changing from a high-spin state at higher temperatures to a 50:50 mixture of high-spin and low-spin states at lower temperatures. Complexes 2 and 3 are low-spin in the solid phase at room temperature. Complex 2 in the solid phase gradually changes over to the high-spin state upon heating above 295 K and is completely high-spin at ca. 470 K. In solution, variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra of 2 show both high-spin and low-spin forms are present, with the percentage of the paramagnetic form increasing as the temperature increases. Complex 3 is low-spin at all temperatures studied in both the solid phase and solution. An X-ray absorption spectral study has been undertaken to investigate the electronic spin states of [Fe[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3]2](BF4)2 and [Fe[HC(pz)3]2](BF4)2. Crystallographic information: 2 is monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 10.1891(2) A, b = 7.6223(2) A, c = 17.2411(4) A, beta = 100.7733(12) degrees, Z = 2; 3 is triclinic, P1, a = 12.4769(2) A, b = 12.7449(2) A, c = 13.0215(2) A, alpha = 83.0105(8) degrees, beta = 84.5554(7) degrees, gamma = 62.5797(2) degrees, Z = 2.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper(II), Zinc(II), and Potassium Complexes of a Highly Fluorinated Bis(pyrazolyl)borate Ligand

Highly fluorinated, dihydridobis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl)borate ligand, [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](-) has been synthesized and characterized as its potassium salt. The copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes, [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Cu and [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Zn, have been prepared by metathesis of [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)]K with Cu(OTf)(2) and Zn(OTf)(2), respectively. All the new metal adducts have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. The potassium salt is polymeric and shows several K.F interactions. The Cu center of [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Cu adopts a square planar geometry, whereas the Zn atom in [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Zn displays a tetrahedral coordination. Bis(pyrazolyl)borate ligands in the Zn adduct show a significantly distorted boat conformation. The nature and extent of this distortion is similar to that observed for the methylated analog, [H(2)B(3,5-(CH(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Zn. This ligand allows a comparison of electronic effects of bis(pyrazolyl)borate ligands with similar steric properties. Crystallographic data for [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)]K: triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, with a = 8.385(1) ?, b = 10.097(2) ?, c = 10.317(1) ?, alpha = 104.193(9) degrees, beta = 104.366(6) degrees, gamma = 91.733(9) degrees, V = 816.5(3) ?(3), and Z = 2. [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Cu is monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 25.632(3) ?, b = 9.197(1) ?, c = 17.342(2) ?, beta = 129.292(5) degrees, V = 3164.0(6) ?(3), and Z = 4. [H(2)B(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Zn is triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, with a = 9.104(1) ?, b = 9.278(1) ?, c = 18.700(2) ?, alpha = 83.560(6) degrees, beta = 88.200(10) degrees, gamma = 78.637(9) degrees, V = 1538.8(3) ?(3), and Z = 2. [H(2)B(3,5-(CH(3))(2)Pz)(2)](2)Zn is monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 8.445(1) ?, b = 14.514(2) ?, c = 19.983(3) ?, beta = 90.831(8) degrees, V = 2449.1(6) ?(3), and Z = 4.     

Tris(5-methylpyrazolyl)methane: synthesis and properties of its iron(II) complex

The new ligand, tris(5-methylpyrazolyl)methane (1), has been prepared by the reaction of n-butyl lithium with tris(pyrazolyl)methane followed by trimethylation of the tetralithiated species with methyl iodide. The BF(4)(-), ClO(4)(-), and BPh(3)CN(-) salts of the Fe(II) complex of this ligand were also synthesized. The X-ray crystal structure of the BF(4)(-) complex (2) at 100 K had Fe-N bond lengths of 1.976 ?, indicative of a low spin Fe(II) complex, while at room temperature, the structure of this complex had a Fe-N bond distance close to 2.07 ?, indicative of an admixture of approximately 50% low-spin and 50% high-spin. The solid-state structure of the complex with a ClO(4)(-) counterion was determined at 5 different temperatures between 173 and 293 K, which allowed the thermodynamic parameters for the spin-crossover to be estimated. M?ssbauer spectra of the BF(4)(-) complex further support spin-state crossover in the solid state with a transition temperature near 300 K. UV-visible spectroscopy and (1)H NMR studies of 2 show that the transition temperature in solution is closer to 400 K. No spin-crossover was observed for [Fe(1)(2)](2+)·2BPh(3)CN(-). The results allow the separation of effects of groups in the 3-position from those in the 5-position on tpm ligands, and also point toward a small cooperative effect in the spin-crossover for the Fe(II) complex.     

One- and two-step spin-crossover behavior of [Fe(II)(isoxazole)(6)](2+) and the structure and magnetic properties of triangular [Fe(III)(3)O(OAc)(6)(isoxazole)(3)][ClO(4)

The structure and spin-crossover magnetic behavior of [Fe(II)1(6)][BF(4)](2) (1 = isoxazole) and [Fe(II)1(6)][ClO(4)](2) have been studied. [Fe(II)1(6)][BF(4)](2) undergoes two reversible spin-crossover transitions at 91 and 192 K, and is the first two-step spin transition to undergo a simultaneous crystallographic phase transition, but does not exhibit thermal hysteresis. The single-crystal structure determinations at 260 [space group P3, a = 17.4387(4) A, c = 7.6847(2) A] and at 130 K [space group P1, a = 17.0901(2) A, b = 16.7481(2) A, c = 7.5413(1) A, alpha = 90.5309(6) degrees, beta = 91.5231(6) degrees, gamma = 117.8195(8) degrees ] reveal two different iron sites, Fe1 and Fe2, in a 1:2 ratio. The room-temperature magnetic moment of 5.0 mu(B) is consistent with high-spin Fe(II). A plateau in mu(T) having a moment of 3.3 mu(B) centered at 130 K suggests a mixed spin system of some high-spin and some low-spin Fe(II) molecules. On the basis of the Fe-N bond distances at the two temperatures, and the molar fraction of high-spin molecules at the transition plateau, Fe1 and Fe2 can be assigned to the 91 and 192 K transitions, respectively. [Fe(II)1(6)][ClO(4)](2) [space group P3, a = 17.5829(3) A, c = 7.8043(2) A, beta = 109.820 (3) degrees, T = 295 K] also possesses Fe1:Fe2 in a 1:2 ratio, and magnetic measurements show a single spin transition at 213 K, indicating that both Fe1 and Fe2 undergo a simultaneous spin transition. [Fe(II)1(6)][ClO(4)](2) slowly decomposes in solutions containing acetic anhydride to form [Fe(III)(3)O(OAc)(6)1(3)][ClO(4)] [space group I2, a = 10.1547(7) A, b = 16.5497(11) A, c = 10.3205(9) A, beta = 109.820 (3) degrees, T = 200 K]. The isosceles Fe(3) unit contains two Fe.Fe distances of 3.2844(1) A and a third Fe.Fe distance of 3.2857(1) A. The magnetic data can be fit to a trinuclear model with H = -2J(S(1)xS(2) + S(2)xS(3)) - 2J(13)(S(1)xS(3)), where J = -27.1 and J(13) = -32.5 cm(-1).     

A high-pressure iron K-edge x-ray absorption spectral study of the spin-state crossover in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) and (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2)

The room temperature iron K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) and (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) have been measured between ambient and 88 and 94 kbar, respectively, in an opposed diamond anvil cell. The iron(II) in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2)undergoes the expected gradual spin-state crossover from the high-spin state to the low-spin state with increasing pressure. In contrast, the iron(II) in (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) remains high-spin between ambient and 78 kbar and is only transformed to the low-spin state at an applied pressure of between 78 and 94 kbar. No visible change is observed in the preedge peak in the spectra of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))I(2) with increasing pressure, whereas the preedge peak in the spectra of ((e[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) changes as expected for a high-spin to low-spin crossover with increasing pressure. The difference in the spin-state crossover behavior of these two complexes is likely related to the unusual behavior of (Fe[HC(3,5-(CH(3))(2)pz)(3)](2))(BF(4))(2) upon cooling.