MODIFIED SZABO’S WAVE EQUATION FOR ARBITRARILY FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT VISCOUS DISSIPATION IN SOFT MATTER WITH APPLICATIONS TO 3D ULTRASONIC IMAGING

Soft matters are observed anomalous viscosity behaviors often characterized by a power law frequency-dependent attenuation in acoustic wave propagation.Recent decades have witnessed a fast growing research on developing various models for such anomalous viscosity behaviors,among which one of the present authors proposed the modified Szabo’s wave equation via the positive fractional derivative.The purpose of this study is to apply the modified Szabo’s wave equation to simulate a recent ultrasonic imaging technique called the clinical amplitudevelocity reconstruction imaging(CARI) of breast tumors which are of typical soft tissue matters.Investigations have been made on the effects of the size and position of tumors on the quality of ultrasonic medical imaging.It is observed from numerical results that the sound pressure along the reflecting line,which indicates the detection results,varies obviously with sizes and lateral positions of tumors,but remains almost the same for different axial positions.     

The latent fingerprint in mass transport of polycrystalline materials

Herein, a systematic investigation was carried out to reach a rational understanding and to provide information concerning the possible causes for a significant influence of pressure variation in the underlying processes of mass transport in polycrystalline materials. The authors focused their research in solid-state diffusion, a part of the subject “Mass Transport in Solids”. Theories on diffusion are the subject by itself which exists as a latent fingerprint in every text of higher learning in interdisciplinary science. In this research, authors prepared sandwich samples of titanium alloy and stainless steel using nickel as an intermediate metal. The samples were processed at three different levels of bonding pressure (3, 4 and 5 MPa) while bonding temperature and bonding time was maintained at 750 °C and 1 h, respectively, throughout the experiments. It was observed that the net flux of atomic diffusion of nickel atoms into Ti-alloy at TiA/Ni interface increased by ~63 % with the rise in the bonding pressure from 3 to 4 MPa, but decreased by ~40 % with the rise in the bonding pressure from 4 to 5 MPa. At the same time, the net flux of atomic diffusion of nickel atoms into stainless steel at Ni/SS interface increased by ~19 % with the rise in the bonding pressure from 3 to 4 MPa, but increased by ~17 % with the rise in the bonding pressure from 4 to 5 MPa. Here authors showed that the pressure variations have different effects at the TiA/Ni interface and Ni/SS interface, and tried to explain the explicit mechanisms operating behind them. In general for sandwich samples processed irrespective of bonding pressure chosen, the net flux of Ni-atoms diffused into SS is greater than that of the net flux of Ni-atoms diffused in Ti-alloy matrix by four orders of magnitude. The calculated diffusivity of Ni-atoms into Ti-alloy reaches its highest value of ~5.083 × 10^?19 m²/s for the sandwich sample processed using 4-MPa bonding-pressure, whereas the diffusivity of Ni-atoms into SS reaches its peak value of ~1.615 × 10^?14 m²/s for the sample bonded using 5-MPa bonding-pressure.     

冲击波反射压测量曲线的动态修正与补偿方法

为准确获取爆炸冲击波反射压测量曲线,分析了影响其峰值的三个因素:测压系统的带宽、压力测量方式和信号传输线长度;使用激波管对冲击波测压系统进行动态校准,获取其动态特性;采用改进的levy法对其动态特性进行参数化建模,设计巴特沃斯滤波器作为补偿后的系统,计算出动态补偿环节,拓宽了测压系统的工作频带,且降低了测压系统谐振频率处的幅值;对冲击波反射压测量曲线进行动态修正与补偿,发现该方法能够修正冲击波反射超压峰值,明显降低由于测压系统的动态特性不够带来的峰值误差。该研究成果能够显著提高冲击波反射压测量峰值的准确度,为武器毁伤威力评价提供技术支持。     

Experimental study of syngas combustion at engine-like conditions in a rapid compression machine

As the world energy demand and environmental concern continue to grow, syngas is expected to play an important role in future energy production. It represents a viable energy source, particularly for stationary power generation, since it allows for a wide flexibility in fossil fuel sources, and since most of the harmful contaminants and pollutants can be removed in the post-gasification process prior to combustion. In this work, two typical mixtures of H₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂ have been considered as representative of the producer gas coming from wood gasification, and its turbulent combustion at engine-like conditions is made in a rapid compression machine in order to improve current knowledge and provide reference data for modeling and simulation of internal combustion engines. Methane as main constituent of the natural gas is used as reference fuel for comparison reasons. Single compression and compression- expansion events were performed as well direct light visualizations from chemiluminescence emission. There is an opposite behavior of the in-cylinder pressure between single compression and compression-expansion strokes. For single compression, peak pressure decreases as the ignition delay increases. In opposite, for compression-expansion the peak pressure increases as the ignition delay increases. This opposite behavior has to do with the combustion duration under constant volume conditions. Conclusion can be drawn that higher pressures are obtained with methane-air mixture in comparison to both typical syngas compositions. These results could be endorsed to the heat of reaction of the fuels, air to fuel ratio and burning velocity. Another major finding is that syngas typical compositions are characterized by high ignition timings due to its low burning velocities. This could compromise the use of typical syngas compositions on high rotation speed engines.     

Measurement of dispersed two-phase gas-liquid flow by cross correlation of modulated ultrasonic signals

A technique for metering two-phase gas-liquid mixtures is described. The measuring apparatus consists of a concentric constriction device and an ultrasonic cross-correlation velocity meter (Coulthard 1973). The constriction device breaks up the gaseous phase and generates a near-homogeneous type of flow, with characteristics largely independent of those existing in the approach section. The mean velocity of the resulting flow is obtained by cross-correlating the modulations of two parallel ultrasonic beams, transmitted across the pipe. The peak value of the cross-correlation function is found to occur at a time delay virtually equal to the mean transit time of the mixture between the centre lines of the beams.

The main advantages of this type of non-intrusive meter are its averaging capabilities and relative insensitivity to pressure transients.     

Axisymmetric vibrations of a cylindrical resonator measured by holographic interferometry

A circular, cylindrical, ultrasonic resonator excited at one of its resonant frequencies is studied by holographic interferometry. Displacement distributions associated with the axisymmetric oscillations of the resonator are measured with the aid of time-average holograms, and are compared with a simple one-dimensional theory of rod vibrations, corrected for radial inertia. Analysis shows the overall error bounds on measured displacements to be ±9 percent of the maximum displacement at the resonator tip. Although the accuracy of measurements could be increased by refinements in experimental techniques, the work reported here represents substantial improvement in measuring the vibratory motion characteristics of ultrasonic devices over the point-by-point technique used heretofore.     

Numerical Investigation of Magnetic Nanoparticles Distribution Inside a Cylindrical Porous Tumor Considering the Influences of Interstitial Fluid Flow

A numerical simulation of interstitial fluid flow and blood flow and diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are developed, based on the governing equations for the fluid flow, i.e., the continuity and momentum and mass diffusion equations, to a tissue containing two-dimensional cylindrical tumor. The tumor is assumed to be rigid porous media with a necrotic core, interstitial fluid and two capillaries with arterial pressure input and venous pressure output. Blood flow through the capillaries and interstitial fluid flow in tumor tissues are carried by extended Poiseuille’s law and Darcy’s law, respectively. Transvascular flows are also described using Starling’s law. MNPs diffuse by interstitial fluid flow in tumor. The finite difference method has been used to simulate interstitial fluid pressure and velocity, blood pressure and velocity and diffusion of MNPs injected inside a biological tissue during magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). Results show that the interstitial pressure has a maximum value at the center of the tumor and decreases toward the first capillary. The reduction continues between two capillaries, and interstitial pressure finally decreases in direction of the tumor perimeter. This study also shows that decreasing in intercapillary distance may cause a decrease in interstitial pressure. Furthermore, multi-site injection of nanoparticles has better effect on MFH.     

塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的温湿效应分析

随着铜互连以及low-k电介质在超大规模集成电路中地广泛使用，low-k电介质的机械完整性及其对互连可靠性变得更加重要。影响介电膜的机械完整性和互连可靠性的因素包括介电膜的工艺制程，芯片与封装材料的相互影响，以及环境温度和湿度的影响。本文研究集中于了解环境温度和湿度对塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的可靠性影响。采用快速温度和湿度实验条件，对塑封硅器件中介电薄膜受水分和温度损伤的敏感性进行了分析。运用商业有限元（FEA）分析软件，对水分在塑封材料和硅器件中的扩散过程进行了建模及仔细分析。并对硅器件周边密封圈的防水分扩散效力进行了研究。通过这一系列实验与分析，对塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的温湿效应有了完整地了解，并提出和建立了相关的物理模型和经验公式。运用这物理模型和经验公式可对在各种使用环境温度和湿度条件下，塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的可靠性进行评估及分析。     

塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的温湿效应分析(英文)

随着铜互连以及low-k电介质在超大规模集成电路中地广泛使用,low-k电介质的机械完整性及其对互连可靠性变得更加重要。影响介电膜的机械完整性和互连可靠性的因素包括介电膜的工艺制程,芯片与封装材料的相互影响,以及环境温度和湿度的影响。本文研究集中于了解环境温度和湿度对塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的可靠性影响。采用快速温度和湿度实验条件,对塑封硅器件中介电薄膜受水分和温度损伤的敏感性进行了分析。运用商业有限元(FEA)分析软件,对水分在塑封材料和硅器件中的扩散过程进行了建模及仔细分析。并对硅器件周边密封圈的防水分扩散效力进行了研究。通过这一系列实验与分析,对塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的温湿效应有了完整地了解,并提出和建立了相关的物理模型和经验公式。运用这物理模型和经验公式可对在各种使用环境温度和湿度条件下,塑封硅器件中介电薄膜的可靠性进行评估及分析。     

Experimental contact pattern analysis for a gear-rack system

Gears perform their main task, namely load transmission, by means of very small contact areas originated by tooth interaction and thus, the analysis of phenomena occurring at the interface between mating teeth represents a critical issue in ensuring the optimal functioning of such devices. Nevertheless, while literature proposes a huge amount of numerical tooth contact analyses (TCA), a lack of experimental validation of such approaches is to be noted, since it is extremely difficult to inspect a contact interface which is, by its own nature, closed towards the outside world. One of the most promising techniques employed in investigating contact in metallic interfaces is based on the use of high frequency ultrasonic waves; their reflection from the interface (which is known to be related to contact conditions) can be graphically processed to build maps from which it is possible to assess geometrical features of the nominal contact area and, after a suitable calibration procedure, contact pressure distribution.     

泄爆过程中外部爆炸现象的实验研究

采用压力测量与YA-16 高速阴影系统同步测量方法,对柱型容器内甲烷-空气混合气体的燃烧及泄爆过程进行实验 研究. 获得正常泄爆和发生外部爆炸(也称二次爆炸)时泄爆外流场压力-时间曲线和流场 阴影照片. 结果表明：泄爆过程中发生外部爆炸的典型特征为, 在压力-时间曲线上,破膜激 波形成的第一个压力峰值后出现外部爆炸形成的第二个压力峰值,在流场阴影照片上,破膜 激波后有第二道爆炸波出现.     

Dependence of Pressure,Combustion and Frequency Characteristics on Valved Pulsejet Combustor Geometries

An experimental analysis of valved pulsejets based on the Curtis-Dyna design and the concomitant results are discussed in the current paper. By altering the combustor length, the tail pipe length and by adding a flare at the aft-end, twelve different pulsejet configurations are tested. An axially-distributed array of piezoelectric pressure sensors and ion probes reveal the pressure and combustion dynamics inside these devices. Evidence is attained to support the claim that valved Curtis-Dyna pulsejets of the tested configurations behave like a Helmholtz resonator. Each cycle of a pulsejet is composed of temporally and spatially restrained combustion events. Altering the geometry induces an amplitude modulated low frequency instability inside the pulsejet that is characterized by sinusoidally-varying peak cycle pressures. The operating frequency, peak pressures and combustion activity of the pulsejets are characterized to reveal that reliable pulsejet operation requires proper amount of coupling — defined by low time lags — between the pressure peaks and combustion events.     

Invariant solutions of the Westervelt model of nonlinear hydroacoustics without dissipation

We study three-dimensional Westervelt model of a nonlinear hydroacoustics without dissipation. We received all of its invariant submodels. We studied all invariant submodels described by the invariant solutions of rank 0 and 1. All invariant solutions of rank 0 and 1 are found either explicitly, or their search is reduced to the solution of the nonlinear integral equations. With a help of these invariant solutions we researched: (1) a propagation of the intensive acoustic waves (self-similar, axisymmetric, planar and one-dimensional) for which the acoustic pressure and a speed of its change, or the acoustic pressure and its derivative in the direction of one of the axes are specified at the initial moment of the time at a fixed point , (2) a spherically symmetric ultrasonic field for which the acoustic pressure and a speed of its change, or the acoustic pressure and its radial derivative are specified at the initial moment of the time at a fixed point. Solving of the boundary value problems describing these processes is reduced to the solving of nonlinear integral equations. We are established the existence and uniqueness of solutions of these boundary value problems under some additional conditions. Mechanical relevance of the obtained solutions is as follows: (1) these solutions describe nonlinear and diffraction effects in ultrasonic fields of a special kind, (2) these solutions can be used as a test solutions in the numerical calculations performed in studies of ultrasonic fields generated by powerful emitters. We found all the conservation laws of the first order for the Westerveld equation written in dimensionless variables.     

柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性

锥形水中爆炸激波管是进行水中爆炸实验的一种装置,该装置能够通过较小装药量在相同距离处实现自由场水中较大装药量爆炸的冲击波峰值。为了获得柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性,本文通过数值计算的方式,对不同圆锥角和不同柱形装药质量下锥形激波管内的冲击波传播过程进行了模拟,通过对不同工况下激波管内冲击波特性进行分析,发现其初始冲击波的衰减规律符合自由场水中的指数衰减形式,并拟合得到了与自由场水中爆炸相容的冲击波峰值、比冲量和能流密度经验公式;发现其二次脉动压力周期与炸药质量呈反常规的变化规律,并引入等效静水压深度解释了这一现象;发现其二次脉动压力幅值与初始冲击波幅值之比比自由场水中更大,而二次脉动压力的比冲量与初始冲击波冲量之比与自由场水中相当。     

Non-linear shear vibrations of piezoceramic actuators

A wide range of non-linear effects are observed in piezoceramic materials. For small stresses and weak electric fields, piezoceramics are usually described by linearized constitutive equations around an operating point. However, typical non-linear vibration behavior is observed at weak electric fields near resonance frequency excitations of the piezoceramics. This non-linear behavior is observed in terms of a softening behavior and the decrease of normalized amplitude response with increase in excitation voltage. In this paper the authors have attempted to model this behavior using higher order cubic conservative and non-conservative terms in the constitutive equations. Two-dimensional kinematic relations are assumed, which satisfy the considered reduced set of constitutive relations. Hamilton's principle for the piezoelectric material is applied to obtain the non-linear equation of motion of the piezoceramic rectangular parallelepiped specimen, and the Ritz method is used to discretize it. The resulting equation of motion is solved using a perturbation technique. Linear and non-linear parameters for the model are identified. The results from the theoretical model and the experiments are compared. The non-linear effects described in this paper may have strong influence on the design of the devices, e.g. ultrasonic motors, which utilize the piezoceramics near the resonance frequency excitation.     

Control of shock unsteadiness in shock boundary-layer interaction on a compression corner using mechanical vortex generators

An experimental study was conducted to control the unsteadiness of separation shock in a Mach 2 24° compression ramp-induced interaction using mechanical vortex generators (VG). Control devices in the form of an array of single-row delta-ramps were placed upstream of the interaction region and tested for two streamwise locations with respect to the boundary layer thickness (δ) at the interaction location and height ‘h’ of the delta-ramps, i.e., at 27.5δ or h/δ?=?0.65 and at 12.5δ or h/δ?=?0.26, respectively. Surface oil study revealed traces of streamwise counter-rotating vortex pairs generated downstream of these devices. Measurements using pressure-sensitive paint also showed a spanwise sinusoidal pattern of wall pressure variation indicating generation of streamwise vortices from these control devices. These vortices, on interaction with the reverse flow in the separation bubble, replaced a well-defined separation line (for no control) by a highly corrugated separation line. In the region of separation, the mean pressure distribution gets modified while the peak rms value in the intermittent region of separation showed significant changes. Additionally, the spanwise spacing ‘s’ of the vertex of the delta ramps seemed to be an important parameter in controlling the peak rms value. A decrease in this spacing, i.e., VG1 with s =? 0, significantly reduced the peak rms value (by 50 and 35 %) while an increase in the spacing, i.e., VG2 with s =? 1?mm, consistently showed an increase (by 12 and 30 %) in the separation shock unsteadiness relative to no control, irrespective of their placement location (of h/δ?=?0.65 and 0.26, respectively).     

海洋生物水下粘附机理及仿生研究

生物粘附行为往往是生物在长期进化过程中获得的一种特殊功能或者生存能力,然而仿生水下粘附材料和结构如何充分再现生物材料的自适应能力一直是工程材料领域的研究难点. 本文作者基于自然界中丰富的粘附方式,详细介绍了几类典型海洋生物(贻贝、藤壶、沙塔蠕虫、章鱼、?鱼、鲍鱼、海胆)的水下粘附机理,并概述了相关的仿生设计(如DOPA改性水凝胶、吸盘贴、海胆机器人等)及其应用前景. 最后,对目前海洋生物粘附机理和相关仿生研究进行归纳总结,阐述存在的问题,提出深入研究典型海洋粘附生物“粘附-脱附”的动态过程和调控机理的必要性,并进一步指出仿生粘附研究在未来可逆、可控、绿色的发展方向和趋势.      

疲劳荷载与氯盐耦合作用下混凝土中氯离子扩散行为的试验研究

混凝土桥梁在服役过程中经常同时承受疲劳荷载和氯离子侵蚀,但现有研究多未考虑疲劳和氯离子侵蚀的耦合作用。本文研究了疲劳荷载与氯盐侵蚀耦合作用下混凝土中氯离子的扩散行为,并运用超声检测表征混凝土的疲劳损伤,以建立疲劳损伤与氯离子扩散性能之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着疲劳压应力水平提高,超声参数表征的混凝土损伤值也逐渐增大;应力水平低于0.4时,不同疲劳应力水平对混凝土中氯离子浓度分布没有明显影响,氯离子扩散系数甚至略有减小,这应是应力水平较低时混凝土中微孔隙和裂缝被压缩而降低了氯离子的扩散能力;应力水平为0.5及0.6时,混凝土中氯离子浓度显著提高,扩散系数明显增大,并且与应力水平呈正相关;超声参数表征的混凝土损伤与氯离子渗透性的发展趋势不一致,表明由于混凝土内部缺陷分布的不均匀性使得超声技术难以定量表征荷载引起的混凝土损伤。     

The Influence of Air Entrainment on the Fluid Pressure Transients in a Pumping Installation

A four-equation, two-fluid model of two-component flow has been developed to study the effects of air entrainment on the pressure transients in a pumping installation. A semi-implicit hydrodynamic numerical scheme is applied. Free and dissolved gases in the fluid and cavitation at the gas saturation pressure are modeled. The mechanism and behaviors of the pressure transients are discussed. Numerical experiments show that the first pressure peak is mainly dominated by two factors: one is the delay in wave reflection from the reservoir; the other is the change of wave speed in the mixture, which directly cause changes in wave speed. The magnitude of the first pressure peak depends on the overlapping of the effects of these two factors. The air volume at the check valve is mainly controlled by the local pressure there and the initial air void fraction. Comparably, the air volume at peak level is dependent on the local pressure and air release with initial air entrainment less than 10^-2, but dependent on the local pressure, air release and initial air void fraction together with initial air entrainment greater than 10^-2.