Interaction of a bubble and a bubble cluster in an ultrasonic field

Using an appropriate approximation, we have formulated the interacting equation of multi-bubble motion for a system of a single bubble and a spherical bubble cluster. The behavior of the bubbles is observed in coupled and uncoupled states. The oscillation of bubbles inside the cluster is in a coupled state. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the secondary Bjerknes force can be influenced by the number density, initial radius, distance, driving frequency, and amplitude of ultrasound. However, if a bubble approaches a bubble cluster of the same initial radii, coupled oscillation would be induced and a repulsive force is evoked, which may be the reason why the bubble cluster can exist steadily. With the increment of the number density of the bubble cluster, a secondary Bjerknes force acting on the bubbles inside the cluster decreases due to the strong suppression of the coupled bubbles. It is shown that there may be an optimal number density for a bubble cluster which can generate an optimal cavitation effect in liquid for a stable driving ultrasound.     

Theoretical estimation of sonochemical yield in bubble cluster in acoustic field

In order to learn more about the physical phenomena occurring in cloud cavitation, the nonlinear dynamics of a spherical cluster of cavitation bubbles and cavitation bubbles in cluster in an acoustic field excited by a square pressure wave are numerically investigated by considering viscosity, surface tension, and the weak compressibility of the liquid.The theoretical prediction of the yield of oxidants produced inside bubbles during the strong collapse stage of cavitation bubbles is also investigated. The effects of acoustic frequency, acoustic pressure amplitude, and the number of bubbles in cluster on bubble temperature and the quantity of oxidants produced inside bubbles are analyzed. The results show that the change of acoustic frequency, acoustic pressure amplitude, and the number of bubbles in cluster have an effect not only on temperature and the quantity of oxidants inside the bubble, but also on the degradation types of pollutants, which provides a guidance in improving the sonochemical degradation of organic pollutants.     

声场与电场作用下空化泡的动力学特性

以液体为工作介质, 利用空化泡的RP控制方程, 模拟分析了无量纲化的电场频率、场强的幅值以及无量纲化的声波频率、 声压幅值的变化对空化泡运动特性的影响. 结果表明: 声场和电场联合作用时, 空化泡运动处于混沌区域范围远高于两者单独作用下空化泡的混沌区域范围. 这不仅对声空化的进一步研究具有重要的理论意义, 而且对于提高和改进空化降解有机污染物的技术也具有指导意义.     

声场中气泡群的动力学特性

以水为工作介质,考虑了液体的轻微可压缩性,研究了声场中气泡群的动力学特性,对单一型和混合型气泡群内微泡的初始半径、气泡的数目及声频率和声压对气泡动力学特性进行了数值研究．分析了各参数对气泡运动特性和气泡崩溃时所产生压力脉冲的影响．研究了单一型气泡群内气泡动力学的混沌特性,分析了气泡处于混沌特性下两次崩溃压力脉冲特征,结果表明：适合的参数有利于提高声空化处理效果．     

Study of acoustic bubble cluster dynamics using a lattice Boltzmann model

The search for the development of a reliable mathematical model for understanding bubble dynamics behavior is an ongoing endeavor.A long list of complex phenomena underlies the physics of this problem.In the past decades,the lattice Boltzmann method has emerged as a promising tool to address such complexities.In this regard,we have applied a 121-velocity multiphase lattice Boltzmann model to an asymmetric cluster of bubbles in an acoustic field.A problem as a benchmark is studied to check the consistency and applicability of the model.The problem of interest is to study the deformation and coalescence phenomena in bubble cluster dynamics,as well as the screening effect on an acoustic multibubble medium.It has been observed that the LB model is able to simulate the combination of the three aforementioned phenomena for a bubble cluster as a whole and for every individual bubble in the cluster.     

超声场中气泡融合的影响因素分析

采用高速摄影机对不同声压和频率作用下接触气泡的融合时间进行了实验研究,运用实验和数值计算相结合的方法分析了次Bjerknes力和最大径向振动速度对气泡融合时间的影响,结果表明在不同的超声声压和频率作用下,气泡的融合时间会随着次Bjerknes力和最大径向振动速度的增大而增大,对两个因素进行对比分析得到次Bjerknes力是影响气泡融合的关键因素。     

Analysis on the factors that influence bubble coalescence in an acoustic field

The coalescence time between two contacting bubbles was measured experimentally in different acoustic pressures and frequencies using an imaging system with a high-speed video camera,and taken an analysis to the influence of the secondary Bjerknes force and maximum oscillation velocity on the coalescence time of two contacting bubbles in this paper.It showed that under the action of different acoustic pressures and frequencies,the coalescence time increases with secondary force and maximum oscillation velocity.The analysis and comparison of the secondary Bjerknes force and maximum oscillation velocity for the effect of bubble coalescence time showed that the secondary Bjerknes force is the critical factor to influence the bubble coalescence.     

Study on the bubble transport mechanism in an acoustic standing wave field

The use of bubbles in applications such as surface chemistry, drug delivery, and ultrasonic cleaning etc. has been enormously popular in the past two decades. It has been recognized that acoustically-driven bubbles can be used to disturb the flow field near a boundary in order to accelerate physical or chemical reactions on the surface. The interactions between bubbles and a surface have been studied experimentally and analytically. However, most of the investigations focused on violently oscillating bubbles (also known as cavitation bubble), less attention has been given to understand the interactions between moderately oscillating bubbles and a boundary. Moreover, cavitation bubbles were normally generated in situ by a high intensity laser beam, little experimental work has been carried out to study the translational trajectory of a moderately oscillating bubble in an acoustic field and subsequent interactions with the surface. This paper describes the design of an ultrasonic test cell and explores the mechanism of bubble manipulation within the test cell. The test cell consists of a transducer, a liquid medium and a glass backing plate. The acoustic field within the multi-layered stack was designed in such a way that it was effectively one dimensional. This was then successfully simulated by a one dimensional network model. The model can accurately predict the impedance of the test cell as well as the mode shape (distribution of particle velocity and stress/pressure field) within the whole assembly. The mode shape of the stack was designed so that bubbles can be pushed from their injection point onto a backing glass plate. Bubble radial oscillation was simulated by a modified Keller–Miksis equation and bubble translational motion was derived from an equation obtained by applying Newton’s second law to a bubble in a liquid medium. Results indicated that the bubble trajectory depends on the acoustic pressure amplitude and initial bubble size: an increase of pressure amplitude or a decrease of bubble size forces bubbles larger than their resonant size to arrive at the target plate at lower heights, while the trajectories of smaller bubbles are less influenced by these factors. The test cell is also suitable for testing the effects of drag force on the bubble motion and for studying the bubble behavior near a surface.     

声场中气泡运动的混沌特性

以水为工作介质,考虑了液体的可压缩性,研究了声场中气泡的运动特性,模拟了声波频率、声压幅值、气泡初始半径以及液体的表面张力和黏滞系数的变化对气泡运动状态的影响. 分析了空化处理效果与气泡运动状态之间关系. 结果表明:气泡运动处于混沌状态,是提高声空化降解有机污染物能力的最重要因素. 关键词： 声空化 混沌 相图 功率谱图     

Collective bubble dynamics near a surface in a weak acoustic standing wave field

The transport of bubbles to a neighboring surface is very important in surface chemistry, bioengineering, and ultrasonic cleaning, etc. This paper proposes a multi-bubble transport method by using an acoustic standing wave field and establishes a model that explains the multi-bubble translation by expressing the balance between Bjerknes forces and hydrodynamic forces on a bubble in a liquid medium. Results indicated that the influence of primary Bjerknes force, secondary Bjerknes force, and buoyancy force on the bubble translation depends on the position of the target bubble in the acoustic field. Moreover, it was found that increasing the size of a bubble or pressure amplitude can accelerate the bubble motion and enhance the bubble-bubble interaction. The secondary Bjerknes force between two bubbles can switch from an attractive one when they oscillate in phase to a repulsive one when the bubble oscillations are out of phase. These findings provide an insight into the multi-bubble translation near a surface and can be applied to future bubble motion control studies, especially in drug delivery, sonoporation, and ultrasonic cleaning.     

超声波作用下泡群的共振声响应

从球状泡群气泡动力学方程出发, 考虑泡群间次级声辐射的影响, 得到了声场中两泡群共同存在时气泡振动的动力学方程, 并以此为基础探讨声波驱动下双泡群振动系统的共振响应特征. 由于泡群间气泡间的相互作用, 系统存在低频共振和高频共振现象, 两不同共振频率的数值与泡群内气泡的本征频率相关. 泡群内气泡的本征频率又受到初始半径、泡群大小和泡群内气泡数量的影响. 气泡自由振动和驱动声波的耦合激起泡群内气泡的受迫振动, 气泡初始半径、气泡数密度和驱动声波频率等都会影响泡群内气泡的振动幅值和初相位. 关键词： 气泡群 共振 声响应 超声空化     

声驻波场中空化泡的动力学特性

以水为工作介质, 考虑了液体的可压缩性, 研究了驻波声场中空化泡的运动特性, 模拟了驻波场中各位置处空化泡的运动状态以及相关参数对各位置处空化泡在主Bjerknes力作用下运动方向的影响. 结果表明: 驻波声场中, 空化泡的运动状态分为三个区域, 即在声压波腹附近空化泡做稳态空化, 在偏离波腹处空化泡做瞬态空化, 在声压波节附近, 空化泡在主Bjerknes 力作用下, 一直向声压波节处移动, 显示不发生空化现象; 驻波场中声压幅值增加有利于空化的发生, 但声压幅值增加到一定上限时, 压力波腹区域将排斥空化泡, 并驱赶空化泡向压力波节移动, 不利于空化现象的发生; 当声频率小于初始空化泡的共振频率时, 声频率越高, 由于主Bjerknes 力的作用将有更多的空化泡向声压波节移动, 不利于空化的发生, 尤其是驻波场液面的高度不应是声波波长的1/4; 当声频率一定时, 空化泡初始半径越大越有利于空化现象的发生, 但当空化泡的初始半径超过声频率的共振半径时, 由于主Bjerknes力的作用将有更多的空化泡向声压波节移动, 不利于空化的发生.     

Dynamics of a relativistic bubble

We discuss the motion of a relativistic membrane by analogy with classical electrodynamics and string dynamics. The static configurations are the surfaces of constant mean curvature. The only complete and compact such surface is the sphere. This spherical solution is shown to be dynamically unstable.     

Gas bubble fragmentation in an ultrasonic field

A model system consisting of a thin layer of vacuum-deposited metallic aluminium on a glass microscope slide was developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of cavitational activity (occurring within the cooling water supply of a dental ultrasonic descaler operating at 25 kHz) in the removal of particulate matter from solid surfaces. The pattern of particulate matter removal using this model system demonstrated both the mechanism of bubble activity and the erosive nature of microbubbles.Non-resonant bubbles were formed by surface wave activity and adhered to the surface of the slide. There was some removal of the aluminium metal at the periphery of the bubble (probably by a microstreaming mechanism) giving a ‘ghost’ outline. The majority of aluminium removal was caused by numerous microbubbles of non-resonant sizes (typically 1 to 2 μm diameter) formed by surface wave induced fragmentation of the parent bubble.The damaging and erosive effects of transient cavitational activity appear to be the result of sub-resonant sized microbubble formation from larger parent bubbles.     

Reflection of an acoustic wave from a bubble layer of finite thickness

The problem of reflection of an acoustic wave from a two-layer medium containing a layer of bubble liquid is considered. The wave reflectance for a water–water mixture with an air bubble–air mixture is calculated and compared with experimental data. The parameters of the problem at which the reflectance takes extreme values are found and illustrated.     

Internal circulation in a drop in an acoustic field

An investigation of the internal flow field for a drop at the antinode of a standing wave has been carried out. The main difference from the solid sphere case is the inclusion of the shear stress and velocity continuity conditions at the liquid-gas interface. To the leading order of calculation, the internal flow field was found to be quite weak. Also, this order being fully time dependent has a zero mean flow. At the next higher order, steady internal flows are predicted and, as in the case of a solid sphere, there is a recirculating layer consisting of closed streamlines near the surface. In the case of a liquid drop, however, the behavior of this recirculating Stokes layer is quite interesting. It is predicted that the layer ceases to have recirculation when [formula: see text], where [symbol: see text] is the liquid viscosity, mu is the exterior gas-phase viscosity, and M is the dimensionless frequency parameter for the gas phase, defined by M = i omega a2 rho/mu, with a being the drop radius. Thorough experimental confirmation of this interesting new development needs to be conducted. Although it seems to agree with many experiments with levitated drops where no recirculating layer has been clearly observed, a new set of experiments for specifically testing this interesting development need to be carried out.     

Investigation on bubble dynamics characteristics and power spectral variation in acoustic field

Based on Keller-Miksis model,the influences of multiple control parameters,such as acoustic pressure amplitude,acoustic frequency and bubble radius at rest,on the complicated dynamics characteristics of nonlinear bubble oscillation driven by acoustic wave are discussed by utilizing a variety of numerical analysis methods,and the restrictive relationships among different parameters are analyzed.It is shown that chaotic state can occur only in the condition of all of the parameters in the suitable threshold,as the same time,chaotic state is the result of interaction of multiple control parameters.Furthermore,the power spectral expansion and energy conversion are existed in this nonlinear system.It is certified that the stronger acoustic pressure amplitude,the greater the sub-harmonic energy,besides,the energy attenuation of fundamental harmonic is also much greater.