Quantum Watermarking Scheme Based on INEQR

Quantum watermarking technology protects copyright by embedding invisible quantum signal in quantum multimedia data. In this paper, a watermarking scheme based on INEQR was presented. Firstly, the watermark image is extended to achieve the requirement of embedding carrier image. Secondly, the swap and XOR operation is used on the processed pixels. Since there is only one bit per pixel, XOR operation can achieve the effect of simple encryption. Thirdly, both the watermark image extraction and embedding operations are described, where the key image, swap operation and LSB algorithm are used. When the embedding is made, the binary image key is changed. It means that the watermark has been embedded. Of course, if the watermark image is extracted, the key’s state need detected. When key’s state is |1〉, this extraction operation is carried out. Finally, for validation of the proposed scheme, both the Signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the security of the scheme are analyzed.     

Optical 3D watermark based digital image watermarking for telemedicine

Region of interest (ROI) of a medical image is an area including important diagnostic information and must be stored without any distortion. This algorithm for application of watermarking technique for non-ROI of the medical image preserving ROI. The paper presents a 3D watermark based medical image watermarking scheme. In this paper, a 3D watermark object is first decomposed into 2D elemental image array (EIA) by a lenslet array, and then the 2D elemental image array data is embedded into the host image. The watermark extraction process is an inverse process of embedding. The extracted EIA through the computational integral imaging reconstruction (CIIR) technique, the 3D watermark can be reconstructed. Because the EIA is composed of a number of elemental images possesses their own perspectives of a 3D watermark object. Even though the embedded watermark data badly damaged, the 3D virtual watermark can be successfully reconstructed. Furthermore, using CAT with various rule number parameters, it is possible to get many channels for embedding. So our method can recover the weak point having only one transform plane in traditional watermarking methods. The effectiveness of the proposed watermarking scheme is demonstrated with the aid of experimental results.     

基于菲涅耳全息图和离散余弦变换的“盲数字水印”技术

基于光学菲涅耳全息图和相位密码板,结合离散余弦变换,设计了一种新的正实值编码的“盲数字水印”计算方法.相位密码板是多个点光源的菲涅耳衍射光场的相角之和,原始水印图像在其菲涅耳衍射域中与通过相位密码板的参考光作相干叠加,形成菲涅耳全息图;之后将其嵌入到原始宿主图像的离散余弦变换中,同时将此叠加水印信息的原像素值用其邻近的原像素均值来替换;通过作逆离散余弦变换,获得了已嵌入水印信息的正实数值的目标图像;通过对载有水印信息的目标图像作逆运算,从中提取了原始水印图像.数值计算结果表明：该水印计算法对JPEG有损压缩、剪切、噪音污染和重采样等攻击,具有很强的鲁棒性.由于本算法属“盲数字水印”技术,以及水印信息的灵活嵌入和多重密钥（衍射距离、多个点光源位置等）的随意选择,从而使该算法具有很高的安全性和实用价值.     

A Quantum Watermark Protocol

Quantum watermarking is the technique which embeds the invisible quantum signal such as the owner’s identification into quantum multimedia data (such as audio, video and image) for copyright protection. In this paper, a watermark strategy for quantum images is proposed based on flexible representation for quantum images (FRQI). Compared with the former strategy, which can only be used to verify the identity of the true owner of a carrier image, the proposed method can be used to find out who is the real owner, and our strategy’s capacity reaches the largest. It is impossible for anyone except the copyrighter to clear off or extract the watermark images.     

基于图象特征的小波域水印算法

提出一种基于图象特征点的小波变换域第二代水印算法.首先对图象作小波变换,其中最低频成分是图象的粗尺度(低分辨率)逼近,从中提取出图象的特征点;然后在特征点对应的所有高频系数中嵌入水印.水印检验不需要原始图象,但需要原始图象的特征点位置信息,计算特征点对应的所有高频系数与嵌入水印的互相关,利用门限值检验水印是否存在. 实验证明该算法对通常的图象处理有很强的鲁棒性,对有损压缩的鲁棒性尤为突出,而且对几何变换也有一定鲁棒性.     

基于二值化计算鬼成像的盲水印方法

提出了一种基于二值化计算鬼成像的盲水印方法.首先将水印图像经计算关联成像加密系统加密,并将加密数据二值化,然后将其隐藏到宿主图像的离散余弦变换域,实现水印信息的嵌入.水印信息的提取和重建是隐藏和加密的逆过程,分别借助提取密钥和解密密钥获取水印信息.仿真实验证明,该方法具有很好的隐蔽性,在嵌入因子α=10时,嵌入水印仍具有较好的不可感知性,含水印图像的峰值信噪比在38 dB以上;另外,该方法也具有一定的容错能力,提取的加密数据错误率达20%时,重建的水印信息仍能分辨和识别;与传统的计算鬼成像相比,加密数据的二值化为水印嵌入提供了方便,但是并未对重建图像带来严重恶化,其相关系数相差不足0.1;水印信息的提取无需借助原始宿主图像,是一种盲提取方法.     

A Spatial Domain Quantum Watermarking Scheme

This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme, a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.     

A novel blind digital watermarking algorithm for embedding color image into color image

A robust and blind watermarking technique for dual color images is proposed in this paper. According to the energy concentrating feature of DCT, the two-level DCT is introduced and used to embed color watermark image into color host image, which is completely different with the traditional DCT. For reducing the redundancy of watermark information, the original color watermark image is compressed by the proposed compression method. After two-level DCT, nine AC coefficients in different positions of each sub-block are selected and quantified to embed watermark information. Moreover, only the extraction rules are used to extract watermark from the watermarked image without resorting to the original host image or watermark image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm can effectively improve the quality of the watermarked image and the robustness of the embedded watermark against various attacks.     

A color image watermarking scheme based on hybrid classification method: Particle swarm optimization and k-nearest neighbor algorithm

In this paper, a novel robust watermarking technique using particle swarm optimization and k-nearest neighbor algorithm is introduced to protect the intellectual property rights of color images in the spatial domain. In the embedding process, the color image is separated into non-overlapping blocks and each bit of the binary watermark is embedded into the individual blocks. Then, in order to extract the embedded watermark, features are obtained from watermark embedded blocks using the symmetric cross-shape kernel. These features are used to generate two centroids belonging to each binary (1 and 0) value of the watermark implementing particle swarm optimization. Subsequently, the embedded watermark is extracted by evaluating these centroids utilizing k-nearest neighbor algorithm. According to the test results, embedded watermark is extracted successfully even if the watermarked image is exposed to various image processing attacks.     

A blind dual color images watermarking based on IWT and state coding

In this paper, a state-coding based blind watermarking algorithm is proposed to embed color image watermark to color host image. The technique of state coding, which makes the state code of data set be equal to the hiding watermark information, is introduced in this paper. When embedding watermark, using Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and the rules of state coding, these components, R, G and B, of color image watermark are embedded to these components, Y, Cr and Cb, of color host image. Moreover, the rules of state coding are also used to extract watermark from the watermarked image without resorting to the original watermark or original host image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm cannot only meet the demand on invisibility and robustness of the watermark, but also have well performance compared with other proposed methods considered in this work.     

A novel blind color images watermarking based on SVD

Since the color image watermark has more bit information, it is a challenging problem to design a robust and blind color watermarking scheme for copyright protection. In this paper, a blind watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. By analyzing the orthogonal matrix U via SVD, it is found that there exists a strong similarity correlation between the second row first column element and the third row first column element. Hence, this paper utilizes this property for image watermarking. Firstly, the 4 × 4 non-overlapping pixels block of each component in color host image is processed by SVD. And then, the color watermark is embedded by slightly modifying the value of the second row first column element and the third row first column one of U matrix, and the modified relation can be utilized to extract watermark. Experimental results, compared with the related existing methods, show that the proposed color image scheme has stronger robustness against most common attacks such as image compression, filtering, cropping, noise adding, blurring, scaling and sharpening et al.     

Performance analysis on a watermarking method based on double random phase encoding technique

When digital watermarking is used for piracy tracking, different watermarks are needed to be embedded into different distributions of a digital product. Based on double random phase encoding (DRPE) technique, cascaded-phases iterative algorithm and random-phase-shift algorithm, Chen et al. proposed a method to generate many different embedded watermarks from one reference watermark, while the embedded watermark can be recognized by testing the correlation between the recovered watermark and the original reference watermark. In this way, only the reference watermark instead of the embedded watermarks needs to be stored and managed. However, since the recovered watermark may be different from the embedded watermark, especially under any image processing, the correlation between the recovered watermark and the reference watermark may be different from the correlation between the embedded watermark and the reference watermark, which may result in wrong recognition. In this paper, the performance of Chen's method was analyzed with numerical simulations. The results indicated that, to correctly recognize the embedded watermark, the number of generated embedded watermarks with Chen's method is limited.     

基于级联分数傅里叶变换系统的数字水印技术

提出一种基于分数傅里叶变换和随机相位编码的光学加密数字水印技术,可成为一种信息隐藏及保护的有效方案.该数字水印技术对于噪音叠加和常见的图像处理操作具有较强的稳健性.该技术根据光学级联分数傅里叶变换系统,利用两个随机相位分布函数对水印信息编码并经过迭代分数傅里叶变换嵌入到变换域的载体图像中.在水印检测和提取过程中,两个相位分布函数作为密钥.随机相位编码技术的引入,进一步提高了数字水印系统的密钥空间.增强了系统的安全性.该数字水印技术基于光学分数傅里叶变换原理,可以利用光学变换系统方便地实现.     

Cryptanalysis and improvement of a binary watermark-based copyright protection scheme for remote sensing images

The copyright protection of the remote sensing images is becoming a hot research topic in recent years. By considering the characteristics of the binary image, Zhu et al. proposed a new digital watermarking algorithm to protect the copyright of remote sensing images effectively. However, Zhu et al.’s scheme is not secure under the novel attack method proposed in this paper. While keeping the visual quality of the protected original image unchanged, the embedded watermark can be replaced with another watermark if the attacker has the host image carrying the other watermark. Thus the copyright of the original image changes and the copyright protection fail. To overcome the insecurity, a chaos-based improvement measure is proposed, in which the performance is the same as before. Analysis, proof, and experiment show that our methods are feasible and effective.     

基于虚拟通道技术的数字图像灰度水印算法

根据提出的虚拟通道技术,提出一种在载体中嵌入灰度图像作为水印的数字水印算法.通过修改载体频率域系数,载体通道可被看成一个虚拟的水印通道,它由若干个缺损的水印子通道构成,水印的提取不需要原始载体或原始水印的参与.实验结果表明提出的算法很好地保证了水印的不可见性和稳健性.     

基于光学菲涅耳衍射的"盲数字水印"技术

基于光学菲涅耳衍射,设计了一种新的“盲数字水印”计算方法。水印图像通过离散菲涅耳衍射变换成一复矩阵,将此复矩阵的实部和虚部分开,分别嵌入到宿主图像的不同位置中。通过将水印嵌入点的宿主图像的像素值更改为其近邻像素值的均值,而实现“盲水印”的提取。数值计算结果表明:该水印计算法对像素变换攻击具有很强的鲁棒性,如图像亮度、对比度和灰度曲线的调整;能抵抗JPEG有损压缩、剪切和噪声污染攻击;能抵抗对图像的重采样攻击,可从显示屏幕拷贝的图像中提取水印。由于该方法为使用者提供了灵活的水印嵌入方式和双重密钥的选取,以及提取水印不需要原始图像数据,因而使该方法具有很高的安全性和实用价值。     

An optimal adaptive quantization index modulation watermarking algorithm

A novel adaptive watermarking algorithm in discrete wavelet transform （DWT） based on quantization index modulation （QIM） technique is presented. The host image is decomposed into wavelet subbands, and then the approximation subband is divided into non-overlapping small embedding blocks. The secret watermark bit is embedded into singular value vector of each embedding block by applying QIM. To improve the invisibility and robustness of watermarking system, the quantization step for each embedding block is set by combining statistical model with particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only preserves the high perceptual quality, but also effectively stands against joint photographic experts group （JPEG） compression, low-pass filtering, noise addition, scaling, and cropping attacks, etc. The comparison analysis demonstrates that our scheme has better performance than the previously reported watermarking algorithms.     

基于虚拟光学的三维空间数字水印系统

数字水印已成为数字作品版权保护的一种手段。数字水印是一种嵌入到图像、视频或者音频数据中的不可见标志 ,通过对水印信息的检测可以达到保护多媒体数据版权的目的。先前众多的水印算法大部分是基于二维操作的 (如静止图像、视频 )。基于虚拟光学信息隐藏理论提出了一种三维空间的数字水印算法。该数字水印算法能成为一种多媒体数据产权保护的有效方案。对算法的测试结果表明 ,该算法对于噪声叠加、剪切、有损压缩等常见的信号处理操作具有较高的鲁棒性。同时 ,该算法由于引入了虚拟光学信息隐藏思想 ,将虚拟光路的几何结构参量作为密钥 ,设计出了多重“锁”和多重“密钥” ,大大提高了水印系统的密钥空间 ,仿真结果表明该算法具有良好的安全性。     

基于SIFT图像特征区域的全息水印技术

为了增强水印的不可见性和鲁棒性,提出了一种基于图像特征区域的水印算法。首先利用SIFT(Scale Invariant Feature Transform)算法从载体图像蓝色B通道中提取图像特征点来进行优化和筛选,根据优化后的稳定特征点及其特征尺度确定图像的特征区域,再结合全息技术,对原始水印图像进行双随机相位加密,生成加密全息水印;然后对特征区域进行离散余弦变换(DCT);最后在其中频区域嵌入加密全息水印。在提取水印时无须借助原始图像,是盲水印技术。实验结果表明:该算法重建的水印图像与原始水印图像的NC值高达0.95;水印的嵌入对图像质量影响很小,PSNR值高达55.97,能够抵抗常规信号攻击及缩放、剪切、平移等几何攻击。     

A novel three-dimensional digital watermarking scheme basing on integral imaging

A novel integral imaging-based three-dimensional (3D) digital watermarking scheme is presented. In the proposed method, an elemental image array (EIA) obtained by recording the rays coming from a 3D object through a pinhole array in the integral imaging system is employed as a new 3D watermark. The EIA is composed of a number of small elemental images having their own perspectives of a 3D object, and from this recorded EIA various depth-dependent 3D object images can be reconstructed by using the computational integral imaging reconstruction (CIIR) technique. This 3D property of the EIA watermark can make a robust reconstruction of the watermark image available even though there are some data losses in the embedded watermark by attacks. To show the robustness of the proposed scheme against attacks, some experiments are carried out and the results are discussed.