薄层色谱法分析圆珠笔色痕形成时间

 利用薄层色谱法对 70种市售的蓝色圆珠笔油墨的染料成分进行了研究。通过与染料标样的薄层色谱数据比较 ,发现国内圆珠笔厂生产的圆珠笔所用的油墨中的染料主要包括碱性紫、碱性蓝及铜酞菁 ,只是不同厂家的油墨中几种染料的配比不同。根据薄层扫描仪对油墨各斑点的扫描结果 ,确定了圆珠笔油墨成分中碱性紫和铜酞菁染料的峰高比值随着书写时间变化的关系 ,从而为法庭科学工作中鉴定圆珠笔字迹的色痕形成时间提供了可靠的依据。     

圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱分析方法

采用正交实验设计法从多种流动相体系中优选出了圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱分析条件。在此条件下分析了105种市售的不同生产厂家和牌号蓝色圆珠笔油墨的字迹色痕,并依据有色成分的差异将这些同色油墨分成了6大类,考察了纸张的影响因素及在该条件下分析结果的重现性和精密度,为进一步分析鉴定圆珠笔字迹色痕的形成时间提供了有利条件。     

裂解气相色谱法分析蓝色中性笔字迹的书写墨水种类及墨迹随书写时间的变化规律

中性笔是当前比较流行的一种书写工具,其墨水多采用颜料作为色料成分,很难用水和有机溶剂进行提取,故无法利用分析圆珠笔油墨和水性笔墨水所采用的气相色谱或高效液相色谱等方法进行检验。目前在法庭科学领域内还没有一种有效的方法用于分析中性笔字迹的书写墨水。采用裂解气相色谱法分析了蓝色中性笔字迹的书写墨水,根据色谱峰的个数和保留时间将收集的65个样品分成3类,其中大部分样品属于具有铜酞菁颜料主要色谱峰的第二大类。色谱峰的保留时间和峰面积比值的分析结果表明所建立的分析方法重现性好且稳定。在此基础上,对蓝色中性笔墨迹随书写时间的变化规律进行了初步研究,得出了老化曲线。     

非水毛细管电泳法区分蓝色圆珠笔油墨的研究

建立了一种基于非水毛细管电泳法区分蓝色圆珠笔油墨的方法.确定了笔迹中碱性染料(结晶紫、甲基紫、碱性品蓝、罗丹明6G、碱性艳蓝B和碱性艳蓝BO)的分离条件:缓冲溶液为1.00 mmol/L醋酸-100 mmol/L醋酸铵的甲醇-水(体积比90 ∶ 10)体系,分离电压和温度分别为25 kV和25 ℃,检测波长为214 nm.通过该方法分析了96支蓝色圆珠笔中的油墨,并依据油墨中所含的染料种类对圆珠笔进行分类,同一类笔又通过聚类分析计量学方法再次进行区分.该法重复性好,结果准确可靠,为圆珠笔字迹鉴定提供了一种科学的方法.     

高效液相色谱法分析蓝色的圆珠笔油墨中染料

采用反相高效液相色谱法-二极管阵列检测器对88种不同产地、不同厂商、不同品牌的蓝色的圆珠笔油墨字迹进行分析。以Xterra MS C18柱(3.9 mm×150 mm,5μm)为分离柱,0.01 mol.L-1碳酸氢铵溶液与乙腈以体积比35比65混合溶液为流动相,流量为0.8 mL.min-1。根据油墨中分离出的主要染料成分结晶紫、甲基紫、碱性品蓝、碱性艳蓝B、碱性艳蓝BO、磺化铜酞菁、罗丹明B含量的不同,将所被分析的圆珠笔分为9类,并提出了根据染料成分的相对峰面积来区分同类圆珠笔品牌的方法。     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹的高效液相色谱分析与模式识别研究

该文收集市售蓝色圆珠笔样品16份,结合模式识别技术对其高效液相色谱数据进行研究。利用相关系数法计算色谱图相对峰面积的相似度,定量地评价样品间的差异性。选取16个样品3个批次间的最小相似度(λ=0.92)作为判定是否源于同种样品的阈值,相似度小于0.92的数据为89份,占全部比对样品的74.2%;根据液相色谱图的保留时间、峰数及峰形差异将所有样品分为3类,进一步利用系统聚类法依据相似度的大小将第一类样品分为3小类。该文提出的采用相对峰面积相似度评价样品差异的方法,能够显著提高分辨能力,促进圆珠笔字迹的自动化识别。高效液相色谱法获取数据,模式识别技术分析数据的方法为圆珠笔字迹的分类与鉴别提供了新思路。     

蓝色圆珠笔油墨紫外光照射变化的研究

在紫外光照射下，通过对蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕ＦＴ－ＩＲ显微光谱的研究。发现溶剂挥发迅速。其次是环氧树脂的聚合、交联；三苯甲烷染料的分解比较缓慢；而醇酸树脂相对稳定。该研究为字迹色痕的进一步分辨提供了新方法，同时为字迹色痕的“年龄”推断奠定了基础。选用相关峰的相对峰高比来描述这一变化，并进行曲线拟合，消除了因笔力不同而引起的油墨流出量不同造成的误差，这在实际工作中是很有意义的。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱无损识别蓝色圆珠笔油墨染料组分

１　引　言 在刑事案件、民事案件、经济案件的侦察诉讼中以及纪检、监察、公诉、仲裁等活动中,有许多与案件有关,怀疑被同色墨水篡改的文件需进行司法鉴定。因此,对油墨组成及笔迹的鉴定就显得非常重要,圆珠笔油墨主要由染料、树脂、溶剂润滑剂组成,蓝色笔油中的染料主要有铜钛青和三芳甲烷两种。染料的不同配比将引起红外光谱的峰位置、峰形、峰强发生变化,由此可识别混合谱中染料的种类及配比,这为进一步利用红外光谱对蓝色圆珠笔笔迹形成时间的原位识别的深入研究打下了良好的基础。２　实验部分２．１　仪器设备及参数　美国Ｐ…     

用气相色谱-质谱法和薄层色谱法分析蓝色圆珠笔油墨及其分类

采用气相色谱-质谱法和薄层色谱法对110支不同产地、品牌的蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行检测及种类鉴定。以气相色谱-质谱法研究了圆珠笔油墨中的溶剂组成,据此样品可分为6大类;以薄层色谱法检测了油墨中的染料组成,根据染料斑点的个数、位置、颜色及薄层扫描后吸收峰中标准峰的位置,将样品分为了17类。综合分析上述两种色谱检测的结果,同时考察溶剂和染料在组成上的差异,将110支不同品牌、产地的蓝色圆珠笔分为了35类,可以达到某些品牌之间的区分和认定,比依据单一检验手段得到的分类结果更为精准、系统。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法鉴别蓝色圆珠笔油墨

建立了用胶束电动毛细管色谱法（MECC）对纸上微量蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行分析鉴别的方法。研究了检测波长、电压、温度及电泳缓冲液中各组分浓度等因素对圆珠笔油墨分离的影响。当电压为25kV、柱温为25℃，检测波长为200nm时，以50mmol/L SDS-50mmol/L硼砂溶液（外加体积分数为45％的乙腈）为缓冲液，20种微量圆珠笔油墨样品样到了良好的鉴别。     

Determining the relative age of blue ballpoint ink by gas chromatography

A method for identifying the writing age of blue ballpoint pen ink has been established due to the imperative demand in forensic laboratories. The content of the volatile components in blue ballpoint pen ink were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The absorbance of dye in blue ballpoint pen ink was measured by UV-Vis spectrometry A writing age curve of the ink was established using the ratio of the content of the volatile components to the dye, based on the identification of 74 kinds of blue ballpoint pen ink of domestic and international origins. The change of benzene alcohol or phenoxetol with the writing age was also tested. Different kinds of blue ballpoint pen ink were detected and the repeatability of the experiment was investigated. The results indicate that the method is reliable, sensitive, systematic and is especially suitable for practical use. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2005 (3)(in Chinese)     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法的无损分析

利用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法中的微区衰减全反射采样技术无损测定了纸张上圆珠笔油墨所形成的字迹色痕,获得了１０种不同圆珠笔字迹的显微红外光谱图。结果表明,笔迹色痕的微区衰减全反射谱图可明显地识别色料和溶剂的结构组成;快速地分辨各生产厂家油墨的差异。同时,纸张的不同,字迹书写的深浅均可快速,准确地进行无损分析。     

Nondestructive classification and identification of ballpoint pen inks by Raman spectroscopy for forensic document examinations

As a non-destructive analytical method, Raman spectroscopy often provides insufficient information to identify or differentiate the ink used for the preparation of a questioned document. In this study, blue and black ballpoint pen inks deposited on paper substrate were examined in situ by conventional Raman spectroscopy. Inks were successfully classified based on the total number of prominent bands in Raman spectra. It was found that more than 90% of the samples of the same type and color could be differentiated visually using only Raman spectra, i.e. 94 and 95% for blue and black inks, respectively. As a result of this study, a flow chart has been constructed for blue and black ballpoint pen inks allowing their systematic identification. Raman spectroscopy proved to be a fast and precise technique for forensic ink analysis.     

Forensic Identification of Dyes in Ballpoint Pen Inks Using LC–ESI–MS

The aim of this work was to develop a new technique using flow injection analysis combined with LC–ESI–MS which allows identification of dyes in ballpoint pen inks. A sample preparation procedure for the extraction of dyes from ballpoint pen strokes has been developed. The characteristic group of ions for each sample of 21 studied ballpoint pen inks corresponding to the present dyes has been determined using flow injection method. LC separation conditions for identified dyes have been optimized on reversed-phase sorbent based on silica gel. The best composition of the mobile phase for the dyes mixture LC separation was 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. Detection of dyes was carried out using mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in positive and negative modes after reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation. Dye composition of ink was additionally confirmed comparing the data obtained from the literature. Flow injection analysis allows obtaining intensive ions of unknown strokes. It is difficult to get this information using only chromatographic methods, because dyes peak intensity can be low and noise of basic line high. Flow injection method allows distinguishing the analyzed 21 ballpoint pens by determining a characteristic set of dyes. The developed flow injection technique is very simple and quick. As a result, a novel approach for the identification of dyes in the ballpoint pen inks by flow injection analysis with LC–ESI–MS and UV detection without using standard dye samples has been established. It can be an effective alternative to the existing LC–DAD–MS and IR spectroscopy methods.     

Forensic classification of ballpoint pen inks using high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy with principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis

Several varieties of blue ballpoint pen inks were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The chromatographic data extracted at four wavelengths (254, 279, 370 and 400 nm) was analyzed individually and at a combination of these wavelengths by the soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) technique using principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between the pen samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) measured the probability with which an observation could be assigned to a pen class. The best resolution was obtained by HPLC using data from all four wavelengths together, differentiating 96.4% pen pairs successfully using PCA and 97.9% pen samples by LDA. PCA separated 60.7% of the pen pairs and LDA provided a correct classification of 62.5% of the pens analyzed by IR. The results of this study indicate that HPLC coupled with chemometrics provided a better discrimination of ballpoint pen inks compared to IR. The need to develop a suitable IR method for analysing blue ballpoint pen inks has been emphasized and it is hoped that the development of such a method would indeed provide a valuable tool for the non-destructive analysis of blue ballpoint pen ink samples for forensic purposes.     

DATINK pilot study: An effective methodology for ballpoint pen ink dating in questioned documents

Establishing the approximate age of an ink entry from a questioned document is often a complicated task and a controversial issue in forensic sciences. Among the existing approaches, the analysis of solvents in ballpoint inks may be a useful parameter for determining the age of ink on paper. In recent years, several ink dating methods have been proposed. These methods have been based on the analysis of common ink solvents using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as the analytical platform. Despite these recent methods, several questions remain. The aim of this work was to develop an ink dating methodology (DATINK) for documents written by ballpoint pens based on the disappearance of volatile solvents from the ink entry. Multiple solid-phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) coupled to GC/MS was used to measure the solvents from ink entries made with four BIC^® ballpoint pens. The β parameter, the remaining fraction of the analyte in the system after one equilibration, corresponding to the successive extractions was considered for modelling a mathematical equation for later ink age dating. Preliminary tests of DATINK method showed that it was possible to detect the presence of ink solvents on documents up to the studied five years. The analyses of different real samples of known age were analyzed in terms of β values, which provided a mean relative error of 21%. The proposed use of β parameter for estimating the absolute age of ballpoint ink entries has shown promising results with a standard deviation of β ranging from 0.002 to 0.004.     

Studies on the degradation of blue gel pen dyes by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) was utilized to monitor the composition changes of blue gel pen ink entries on paper stored in different light conditions and natural environment. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by comparing the separation efficiencies of the blue gel pen inks using a series of ion-pairing reagents, including ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, triethylamine acetate, tributylamine acetate, tetrabutylammonium bromide and dihexylammonium acetate. It has been found that tributylamine acetate was a suitable ion-pairing reagent for separation of the inks on the common C18 column. The analysis results of the ink entries on paper in different aging conditions showed that the tendency of composition change in natural aging condition was similar with those in fluorescent light and UV light conditions, respectively. One main component dye of the blue gel pen ink, Acid Blue 9, and its degradation products were identified by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the main degradation products originated from the Acid Blue 9. It gave a reasonable explanation for the changing rules of the relative content of the dyes in the blue gel pen ink. The results obtained can provide scientific evidences for dating of the blue gel pen ink entries on documents.     

Classification and dating of black gel pen ink by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel approach for classification and dating of the black gel pen ink entries on document was developed based on ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). Ninety-three black gel pens were collected and divided into two groups, dye-based and pigment-based, by preliminary solubility test. The chromatographic conditions for separation of the dye-based black gel pen inks were optimized and the dye components in inks were satisfactorily separated by using 40 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide as ion-pairing reagent. According to the number and the chromatographic retention times of the main dye components, the 50 dye-based inks were categorized into four classes. The inks within a class can be further identified by the percentage of each dye component. The compositional changes of the dye components in the black gel pen ink entries on paper were investigated in light and natural aging conditions and it has been found that the dye components in the ink entries underwent obvious decomposition, and the decomposing extent of the dye components was related to the aging time. The results can provide scientific evidences for dating of the suspicious black gel pen ink entries on documents.