稀土贮氢合金电极在乙醛酸电解制备中的应用

研究了以AB5型稀土贮氢合金作催化还原电极恒电位电解草酸制备乙醛酸,合金表面处理和电极活化可提高电解产率和电流效率.确定了最佳电解工艺条件:电流密度120mA·dm-2,电解液温度30℃,草酸浓度1.0mol·L-1,此时电流效率为86%,电解产率为88%.随着电解次数的增加,由于贮氢合金膨胀粉化及表面被电解产物覆盖,电流效率和乙醛酸产率均呈下降趋势,在电解过程中即时分离电解产物有利于提高电流效率和乙醛酸产率.     

热分解法制备电解煤浆用阳极及其电催化活性

采用热分解法制备了一元、二元贵金属形稳阳极(DSA),并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能量散射X射线谱(EDS)等测试技术对所制备电极的表面形貌、成分组成等进行分析表征;在煤浆电解过程中,采用两电极体系,对所制备电极的电催化活性进行了测试。结果表明,催化涂层中Ru、Ir主要以氧化物或合金的形式存在,而Pt主要以金属单质或合金的形式存在,用所制备的电极作为阳极,电解煤浆10h以后,电流大小和气体的生成速率比较稳定,在整个电解过程中,H2气的电解效率一直接近100%,而此时阳极产物的电解效率为40%左右。与Ti/Pt电极相比,电极的催化活性均有较大的提高,其中Ti/Pt-RuO2(1∶1)和Ti/Pt-IrO2(1∶1)电极的活性最好。     

电沉积法制备Sn-Co-C锂离子电池负极材料

本文分别采用柠檬酸和EDTA作为络合剂在CoCl2,SnCl4溶液中用电沉积方法制备Sn-Co合金电极,然后在相同条件下在镀液中加入硬碳制备Sn-Co-C复合电极.充放电测试结果显示EDTA作为络合剂时镀层循环性能明显好于柠檬酸,且比容量也较高.Sn-Co合金电极循环30次比容量保持率达91.6%,加入硬碳的Sn-Co-C复合电极比容量及循环性能较之Sn-Co合金电极都有了较大提高.电子探针结果表明EDTA作为络合剂的Sn-Co-C镀层中Sn、Co、C原子比例分别为61.8401%,22.3788%,12.5409%.SEM观察Sn-Co-C镀层表面为稳定的球状结构.     

非晶态Ni-S-Mn三元合金电极析氢行为

非晶态Ni-S-Mn三元合金电极析氢行为;电极;析氢电催化活性;水电解;非晶态合金     

在LiCl熔盐中直接电还原制备钕硅合金

在973 K熔融LiCl盐中,利用恒电压直接电还原Nd_2O_3-SiO_2与Nd_2O_3-Si两种混合氧化物,成功制备出钕硅合金.使用金属孔洞电极,通过循环伏安法结合不同条件下电解产物的X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散谱仪(EDS)分析研究了其还原机理.结果发现,Nd_2O_3-SiO_2的还原过程分二步进行:首先SiO_2还原为单质硅,然后Nd_2O_3被还原同时形成钕硅合金.此外,还研究了电解电压对电解过程的影响.结果发现,还原速率随着电解电压的增加而增加,氧化物中硅的原子含量为50%左右时,容易还原得到较纯的合金.据了解这是首次运用直接电解还原氧化物的方法得到钕硅合金.     

EC-Pt/CNTs葡萄糖氧化酶电极

采用乙基纤维素(EC)和载Pt碳纳米管(CNTs)导电复合材料固定葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)制备EC-Pt/CNTs葡萄糖氧化酶电极.该电极在0~4 mmol/L的浓度范围内检测葡萄糖,灵敏度为0.85μA/mmol.L-1,浸泡18 d后电极活性仍达80%,EC-Pt/CNTs葡萄糖氧化酶电极可望构建葡萄糖传感器.     

离子液体AlCl3/Et3NHCl中电沉积法制备金属铝

在AlCl3/Et3NHCl型离子液体中铝电极上通过恒电位电解沉积制备出金属铝. 测定了不同摩尔比的AlCl3/Et3NHCl离子液体在不同温度下的电导率, 考察了离子液体AlCl3/Et3NHCl摩尔比为2/1中Al电极上铝沉积的晶核成核过程, 以及恒电位电解沉积铝的工艺条件对电流效率和沉积铝表面形貌的影响. 结果表明, 不同比例AlCl3/Et3NHCl离子液体的电导率随温度升高而升高, 符合Arrhenius规律; 在Al电极上铝沉积的成核机理为三维瞬时成核过程; 恒电位电解沉积结果表明, 室温下在电位-2.4 V(vs Pt)和电解时间20 min条件下, 沉积铝的表面形貌比较平整致密,电流效率达73%, 沉积铝的纯度达96%(w).     

在二甲亚砜中La—Fe合金膜电化学制备的研究

研究了二甲亚砜 (DMSO)中La3 和Fe2 在Pt ,Cu和Ni电极上的电化学行为。Fe2 在Pt电极上一步不可逆还原为Fe ,La3 在Pt电极上表现为准可逆电极过程。在 2 98K时 ,利用循环伏安法测定了 0 0 1mol·L- 1 FeCl2 0 1mol·L- 1 LiCl DMSO溶液中Fe2 的扩散系数、传递系数分别为 2 5 4× 10 - 6 cm2 ·s- 1 和 0 2 4;利用计时电流法测定了 0 0 1mol·L- 1 LaCl3 0 1mol·L- 1 LiCl DMSO溶液中La3 的扩散系数为 3 10×10 - 6 cm2 ·s- 1 。在铜电极上于 -1 75 0～ -2 45 0V (vs .SCE)下恒电位电解 ,可获得La含量达 2 2 7%～ 3 7 1%的La Fe合金膜 ;应用脉冲电解技术于 2～ 6mA·cm- 2 也可获得La Fe合金膜。这些合金膜是均匀的 ,粘附性好并有金属光泽     

高分散镍-硼/纳米多孔铜非晶态合金电极上葡萄糖的电催化氧化

通过酸腐蚀去合金法处理热扩散制备的铜基表面铜锌合金得到纳米多孔铜(NPC)材料. 以NPC为载体,采用超声辅助化学镀制备Ni-B/NPC合金电极. X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表明Ni-B/NPC电极呈现由高分散纳米颗粒组成的非晶态结构. 计时电流法(CA)结果表明化学镀5 min制备的Ni-B/NPC电极具有最大的电化学活性表面积(EASA). 循环伏安法(CV)结果表明,与块状镍电极相比,碱性介质中在Ni-B/NPC电极上葡萄糖起始氧化电位负移39 mV,氧化峰电流提高了18.9倍. 采用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)、CA和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测定Ni-B/NPC电极对葡萄糖电催化氧化的电子转移系数(β)、电催化氧化反应速率常数(k)和葡萄糖的扩散系数(D)等动力学参数. 结果表明高分散Ni-B/NPC非晶态合金电极对碱性介质中葡萄糖的氧化具有较高的电催化活性和稳定性.     

3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸在聚邻甲苯胺-Cu2+膜电极上的电氧化

采用循环伏安法制备了聚邻甲苯胺(POT)膜电极,再以浸泡吸附法在此膜中嵌入Cu2+,制成POT-Cu2+膜电极.研究了POT-Cu2+膜电极对3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸的电氧化行为,并讨论了影响电氧化活性的主要因素.结果表明,50℃下,在含有0.5mol.L-13-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸的1.5mol.L-1氢氧化钠溶液中,POT-Cu2+膜电极具有高的电氧化活性和良好的稳定性.将该电极用于3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸电解氧化脱羧制备乙基香兰素,在0.55V(vsSCE)下恒电位电解1h,乙基香兰素的产率可达89%以上,电流效率达97%以上.     

树脂法再生贮氢合金材料包覆液工艺中树脂吸附性能研究

本文研究并探讨了NK-ELN型离子交换树脂在再生贮氢合金材料包覆液过程中，温度、流速、溶液中离子浓度等条件对树脂交换容量和再生效率的影响，为树脂法再生贮氢合金材料包覆液工艺的制定，提供了一系列重要参数。     

Preparation and characterization of Ni(II)/polyacrylonitrile and carbon nanotube composite modified electrode and application for carbohydrates electrocatalytic oxidation

A nickel(II) into porous polyacrylonitrile–carbon nanotubes composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Ni/PAN-CNT/GCE) was fabricated by simple drop-casting and immersing technique. The unique electrochemical activity of Ni/PAN-CNT composite modified glassy carbon electrode was illustrated in 0.10?M NaOH using cyclic voltammetry. The Ni/PAN-CNT/GCE exhibits the characteristic of improved reversibility and enhanced current responses of the Ni(III)/Ni(II) couple compared with Ni/PAN/GCE and Ni/CNT/GCE. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated the successful immobilization for PAN-CNT composite film. Kinetic parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient, α, and rate constant, k _s, of the electrode reaction were determined. Ni/PAN-CNT/GCE also shows good electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol). The electrocatalytic response showed a wide linear range (10–1,500, 12–3,200, 7–3,500, and 16–4,200?μM for glucose, sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol, respectively) as well as its experimental limit of detection can be achieved 6, 7, 5, and 11?μM for glucose, sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol, respectively. The modified electrode for carbohydrates determination is of the property of simple preparation, good stability, and high sensitivity.     

Effective conversion of cellobiose and glucose to sorbitol using non-noble bimetallic NiCo/HZSM-5 catalyst

The tandem hydrolysis and hydrogenation of saccharides into sorbitol is an especially attractive reaction in the conversion of biomass. Here, an economical and efficient bimetallic catalyst for the transformation of glucose and cellobiose into sorbitol is reported. Non-precious metal based catalysts such as NiCo, Ni, and Co, were prepared via modified impregnation method, and NiCo/HZSM-5 showed superior performance for the synthesis of sorbitol (86.9% from cellobiose, 98.6% from D-glucose). Various characterizations, such as Brunner-Emmet-Teler (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed that NiCo alloy formed and highly dispersed in NiCo/HZSM-5 catalyst. The high performance of fabricated catalyst would be attributed to the formation of nickel-cobalt alloy over HZSM-5 zeolite surface. High temperature and H₂ pressure were favorable for the tandem hydrolysis and hydrogenation reaction. Besides, the reaction pathway was also proposed based on the kinetics study. Cellobitol was detected as the intermediate in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, in the catalytic stability study, it was found that active metal species of NiCo/HZSM-5 were stable. The deactivation of catalyst would be due to the covering of acidic sites over NiCo/HZSM-5.     

On-line removal of redox-active interferents by a porous electrode before amperometric blood glucose determination

A porous reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrode and a disk electrode coupled in tandem in an electrochemical flow cell has been used for electrolytic removal of interferents before amperometric glucose detection. The electrolytic efficiency at the upstream RVC electrode is 100% at a flow rate of 0.1 mL min⁻¹ or lower. Potential interferents such as acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, and uric acid can be completely eliminated by electrolysis at the RVC electrode. A mixed monolayer comprising glucose oxidase (GOD) and ferrocenyl-1-undecanethiol preformed at the downstream gold disk electrode was used as a mediator-based amperometric glucose sensor. The dependence of the amperometric current on the glucose concentration exhibits good linearity across over three orders of magnitude. The glucose measurements were also found to be reproducible (RSD < 3.5%) and accurate. Unlike the chemiluminescence method, this device obviates the use of carcinogenic substrates and the glucose sensor performance is independent of the oxygen present in sample. On the basis that the RVC electrode requires minimal cleanup and the GOD-modified electrode remains stable for a week, the electrochemical flow cell should be amenable for automated on-line removal of redox interferents for other types of enzyme-based biosensors.     

混合稀土储氢合金中氧和氮的测定

研究了混合稀土储氢合金中氧和氮的测定方法。针对稀土金属高温易挥发、分解的特点,选择适宜的加热温度,使用镍浴,选择高温座坩埚进行试验：选择出了合适的助熔剂的预处理方法。方法已用于实际样品。对含氧0．43％、含氮0.018％的试样,分析精密度为氧4．3％,氮5.9％,加标回收率氧为93％～104％,氮为92％～110％。     

锂离子电池三维多孔Cu6Sn5合金负极材料的制备及其性能

以三维多孔泡沫铜为基底, 通过直接电沉积的方法制备锂离子电池Cu6Sn5合金负极材料. 发现合金表面大量的微孔和“小岛”不仅增大电极的表面积, 而且显著缓解充放电过程中的体积变化. 测得三维多孔Cu6Sn5合金的初始放电(嵌锂)容量为620 mAh·g-1, 充电(脱锂)容量为560 mAh·g-1, 库仑效率达到90.3%, 具有较好的循环性能. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示, 在泡沫铜基底上制备的Cu6Sn5合金电极具有比通常的铜片基底更好的结构稳定性, 经过50 周充放电循环后无明显的脱落现象.     

Electrochemical Behavior of the Li+/Li Couple and Stability of Lithium Deposits in Tri‐1‐Butylmethylammonium Bis((Trifluoromethyl)Sulfonyl)Imide Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The electrochemical behavior of the Li⁺/Li couple was studied at polycrystalline tungsten, platinum, copper and aluminum electrodes in tri‐1‐butylmethylammonium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ionic liquid mixed with a little propylene carbonate at 30 °C. Lithium cations were introduced into the ionic liquid by dissolution of lithium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide which is highly soluble in ionic liquid. Propylene carbonate was used to reduce the viscosity of this ionic liquid in order to enhance the mass transfer and to additionally improve the stability of lithium deposits. At the tungsten and copper electrodes, the cyclic voltammetric behavior of a Li⁺/Li couple is a quasi‐reversible reaction. At the platinum electrode, the behavior becomes very complicated because of the alloy formation. Coulombic efficiency was used to evaluate the stability of lithium deposits at each electrode. The aluminum electrode showed the best efficiency due to the formation of Li‐Al alloy. However, lowest efficiency was obtained at the platinum electrode because of the low redox reversibility of the lithium in the Li‐Pt alloy. The diffusion coefficient of lithium cation in this solution was 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10^?;7 cm² s^?;1 as determined by chronopotentiometry. The best coulombic efficiency obtained at the Al electrode is 97% but dropped to about 90% after 12 hours. The self‐discharge current of the lithium deposits at the Al electrode was 0.4 μA/cm² during the experimental period.     

从2AlCl3/Et3NHCl离子液体中电沉积制备Ni 和Ni-Al 合金

在含Ni2+的2AlCl3/Et3NHCl离子液体中的铜电极上通过恒电位电沉积制备出金属Ni和Ni-Al合金.采用循环伏安和计时电流方法,揭示铜电极上沉积金属Ni的成核机理,研究了电沉积Ni-Al合金的机理,以及恒电位沉积Ni-Al合金工艺条件对沉积Ni-Al合金表面形貌和电流效率的影响.结果表明:在铜电极上电沉积金属Ni的成核机理为受扩散控制的三维瞬时成核过程.在电量≥3.0 C时,电沉积Ni-Al合金的组成基本不再变化.Ni-Al合金的电沉积机理为,Ni的电沉积受扩散控制,同时进行Al的欠电位沉积,在Ni-Al合金电沉积过程中某些Ni-Al合金相的沉积可能受动力学限制而使Ni-Al合金的组成偏离热力学预测结果.在电沉积Ni-Al合金的沉积电流小且平稳,电沉积速率慢条件下,Ni-Al合金表面形貌致密均一,反之就会出现瘤节.电沉积Ni-Al合金的电流效率＞90％.电沉积物的组成接近于Ni3Al合金.     

A Novel Ultrafine Ru-B Amorphous Alloy Catalyst for Glucose Hydrogenation to Sorbitol

Glucose hydrogenation to sorbitol is of great industrial importance since sorbitol is widely used as the additive in foods, drugs, cosmetics, and as an intermediate in the vitamin C synthesis. Besides small amount of sorbitol can be obtained naturally from red seaweed and some fruits, commercial large scale production of sorbitol has always relied on the hydrogenation of glucose, in which Raney Ni catalyst is frequently used1-3. In order to enhance the catalytic efficiency and overcome the e…     

Crystallographic and electrochemical characteristics of La(0.7)Mg(0.3)Ni(5.0-x)(Al(0.5)Mo(0.5)x hydrogen-storage alloys.

The structure, hydrogen-storage property and electrochemical characteristics of La(0.7)Mg(0.3)Ni(5.0-x)(Al(0.5)Mo(0.5))x (x = 0-0.8) hydrogen-storage alloys have been studied systematically. X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis shows that all the alloys consist of an La (La,Mg)2Ni9 phase and an LaNi5 phase. The pressure-composition isotherms indicate that the hydrogen-storage capacity first increases and then decreases with increasing x, and the equilibrium pressure decreases with increasing x. Electrochemical measurements show that the maximum discharge capacity and the exchange-current density of the alloy electrodes increase as x increases from 0 to 0.6 and then decrease when x increases further from 0.6 to 0.8. Moreover, the low-temperature dischargeability of the alloy electrodes increases monotonically with increasing x in the alloys.