低速度零散会切电子枪的设计和数值仿真

根据拉格朗日方程对电子在平滑会切磁场中的径向波动与速度零散的关系进行讨论。运用Matlab,Magic软件相互结合的方法设计电子枪结构和磁场。用Matlab程序模拟单电子在给定电场、磁场中的运动,分析了单电子径向速度对零散的影响,并优化磁场分布。设计的磁场可以有效地减小单电子束径向速度,降低电子束速度零散。用Magic软件对电流为1 A、能量为30 keV的电子束在优化磁场中的运动进行仿真,得到的电子束速度比约为2,速度零散小于2.5%,轴向速度零散小于8.5%。     

大回旋电子束双磁会切电子枪的设计

 分析了Ka波段二次谐波回旋行波管双磁会切电子枪的理论模型，计算了电子枪的设计参数；采用EGUN软件进行模拟，设计出了产生大回旋电子束的双磁会切电子枪。该枪电压为70 kV，电流为3.35 A，电子束横纵速度比为1.62，速度零散为4.2%。给出了电子束速度比、速度零散沿轴线的分布，进而讨论了阳极电压对电子束性能的影响，结果表明选择适当的阳极电压和阴极磁场对得到好的电子束参量作用明显。     

170 GHz回旋管大束流双阳极磁控注入电子枪的分析及设计

 基于绝热压缩原理和强流电子光学理论,设计了一只170 GHz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪,经过理论分析及计算,采用仿真软件进行模拟和优化,最终得到的电子枪的电子注速度比为1.31,横向速度零散度为3.5%,纵向速度零散度为6.1%,束电流为51 A。讨论了阴极磁场、控制阳极电压和第二阳极电压等因素对电子注性能的影响,发现电子注的速度比和速度零散度对这些影响因子的变化都非常敏感:随着阴极磁场的增大,电子注的速度比减小,纵向速度零散度先增大后减小,横向速度零散度先减小后增大;阳极角越接近阴极倾角,纵向速度零散度越小;阳极角向着减小阴阳极间距的方向变化时横向速度零散度变小;增大第一阳极电压可以增大电子注的速度比和电子注的速度零散度。在两阳极电压不变的情况下,增大阴阳极之间的距离会使电子注的速度零散度和电子注的速度比减小。     

0.6 THz三次谐波大回旋电子枪设计

基于会切磁场的理论模型,采用粒子模拟软件对0.6 THz三次谐波的太赫兹回旋管所需的大回旋电子光学系统进行研究。通过大量的模拟计算,分析讨论了不同参数对电子注的横向速度离散、纵向速度离散及横纵速度比的影响,优化了电子光学系统的性能参量,得到符合设计要求且具有工程实际应用的电子枪,该电子枪能够产生55 kV,1 A,横向速度离散为3.39%、纵向速度离散为7.10%、横纵速度比为1.53的大回旋电子注。     

回旋速调管双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计与优化

 根据8 mm回旋速调管放大器对双阳极磁控注入电子枪的要求，分析了电极形状、阳极电压、磁场、注电流对电子注横纵速度比和速度零散的影响，并进行了粒子模拟。分析表明：这些因素可归根为电场和磁场的作用，阴极附近高的电场有助于提高横纵速度比和降低速度零散；而高的磁场及低的磁压缩比将降低横纵速度比，但对速度零散影响无明显规律。在此基础上通过优化电极形状、磁场分布、电流、第一阳极电压和第二阳极电压，模拟并试制出工作电压65 kV、电流12 A、磁场1.4 T的双阳极电子枪，得到的横纵速度比值为1.4，横向速度零散为4.5%， 为8 mm回旋速调管提供了稳定高质量的电子注。     

8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管放大器双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计

 计算了8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管双阳极电子枪的设计参数，根据这些参数，采用EGUN软件进行模拟和优化，设计出了一只双阳极磁控注入电子枪，该枪的电子束纵横速度比为1.45，速度零散为5.4%，并讨论了电极形状、磁场分布、电流、控制极电压和第二阳极电压对电子注性能的影响，结果发现电子注对这些影响因子非常敏感，设计中应对它们进行充分优化。     

94 GHz单阳极磁控注入式电子枪初始参数设计

根据94 GHz回旋振荡管对电子束的需求,在理论分析电子枪工作原理的基础上通过大量编程对94 GHz单阳极磁控注入式电子枪的一系列参数进行了初始设计, 基于粒子模拟软件CHIPIC开发了专门针对磁控注入式电子枪的计算模块并对其进行了数值模拟。模拟结果显示:该枪的电子束横纵速度比为1.42、速度零散为4.6%,符合回旋振荡管对电子注的要求。     

L波段强流单束团注入器的束流动力学计算

自由电子激光器要求高亮度、低能散度的电子束注入波荡器(Undulator)。本文叙述提供高亮度电子束的高频电子直线加速器中的注入器部分的设计计算。注入器由L波段(1300MHz)的十二分频和三分频两个谐振腔预聚束器和一个基波频率的变相速聚束器组成。粒子运动方程中考虑了空间电荷效应和束流负载效应。电子枪的注入参数:脉冲宽度T=4ns;电流I=5A;电子的初始动能E_0=100keV;电子束分布为高斯型。参数优化设计结果:单束团宽度小于25ps,峰值电流达400A以上,电子的平均归一化能量>4,束团内的能量差小于200keV。     

Prebunched high-harmonic gyrotron

A scheme for harmonic wave generation using a prebunched electron beam has been demonstrated. The prebunched electron beam has been used to further increase the efficiency of the authors' axis-encircling high-harmonic gyrotron. The proof-of-principle experiment was performed at the third harmonic with a TE₃₁₂ mode at 27.7 GHz. The conversion power of 6.7 kW was significantly greater than that used in the nonprebunched experiment. Also, mode competition was effectively suppressed. As expected, the unsaturated output power is proportional to the square of the electron beam current and the start of oscillation current is essentially zero. A linear theory, derived by taking into account the spread of the guiding center and the spread of the axial velocity, gives good agreement with the experimental results     

双阳极磁控注入枪设计参数对其性能的影响分析

 对34GHz基波回旋管双阳极磁控注入枪的优化做了详细的研究和计算，数值模拟了阳极电压、注电流、枪体尺寸加工误差、外加直流磁场等因素对电子枪的影响。模拟结果表明：增大阳极电压不但可以提高速度比，而且可以降低横向速度零散。磁场压缩比减小，使电子注具有最小速度零散的电流值增大；同时，电子注的速度比降低，最小横向速度零散值也增大。必须慎重选择阳极形状，以提高电子枪的性能并保证电子注的稳定性；同时，还发现由于阳极结构的变化导致阴极电场分布的变化，使电子注的注电流在各因子变化过程中出现了微小的扰动。减小Bc可以增大电子注的速度比，还可以减小电子注的横向速度零散，但是当电子注的速度比增大到一定值时，电子注的性能就会变得不太稳定。     

AC space-charge effects in gyroklystron amplifiers

The effects of AC space charge on multicavity gyroklystron amplifiers are studied. It is found that when AC space charge is included in the analysis of weakly relativistic multicavity gyroklystron amplifiers, the optimized nonlinear efficiency becomes a function of beam current. For a cold beam (no velocity spread), the efficiency is maximum at zero current and decreases monotonically as the current increases. The zero current limit of the optimized efficiency when AC space-charge effects are included is not the same as the optimized efficiency with no space charge; it is significantly higher. This behavior is regularized when velocity spread is taken into account; in that case, the nonlinear efficiency increases with beam current until it reaches a maximum, then falls off slowly. The increase in efficiency is attributed to enhanced bunching associated with the saturation of the space-charge instability in the drift region; the reduction in efficiency at high current occurs because space charge induces an additional velocity spread in the beam     

全三维94 GHz回旋管系统数值模拟研究

为了打破传统回旋管数值模拟所采用的回旋发射产生理想电子束的局限性, 本文在理论分析94 GHz双阳极磁控注入式电子枪的结构参数的基础上, 通过共形FDTD算法对网格划分进行优化, 得到了具有横纵速度比为1.42, 最大速度零散为5.92%的高性能电子束, 并将此优化后的电子枪取代传统回旋管数值模拟时采用的回旋发射进行该94 GHz回旋 管系统的数值模拟, 并采用MPI四进程并行计算, 最终获得了具有TE₀₃模、94 GHz、平均输出功率约在40 kW、 效率达到10.5%的高性能回旋振荡管. 关键词： 双阳极磁控注入式电子枪 共形FDTD 横纵速度比 速度零散     

Limiting current of helical electron beams in gyrotrons

Potential depression (PD) and limiting current (LC) of helical electron beams (HEB) are investigated. Nonneutral electron beams and two velocity distributions: uniform and Rayleigh distribution are taken into account. For Rayleigh distribution electron reflection from magnetic mirror is taken into account. It is shown that velocity spread may lead to substantial reduction of LC for real values of the mean pitch-factors of helical trajectories. PD and LC are an unmonotonous functions of the velocity spread for Rayleigh distribution. A connection of PD with the change of gyrofrequency and with the beam broadening in gyrotron operating space is retraced.     

The nonlinear theory of slow-wave electron cyclotron masers with inclusion of the beam velocity spread

The nonlinear theory of slow-wave electron cyclotron masers (ECM) with an initially straight electron beam is developed. The evolution equation of the nonlinear beam electron energy is derived. The numerical studies of the slow-wave ECM efficiency with inclusion of Gaussian beam velocity spread are presented. It is shown that the velocity spread reduces the interaction efficiency.     

二次谐波回旋行波管Cusp电子枪的模拟与实验研究

 利用3D PIC软件和乌克兰开发的电子光学计算软件TAU对二次谐波回旋行波管Cusp电子枪进行模拟，提取电子的3维运动速度计算横纵速度比。在阳极电压和阴极电流变化的条件下，对电子速度比和速度零散随之而变化的情况进行了模拟，得到平均速度比1.1和平均速度零散9.5%的结果。基于电子平均半径，并根据电子平均半径与横向速度、纵向速度的关系提出了一种实验测量速度比的方法。当电子轰击荧光屏玻璃时，玻璃上的荧光物质感应到光斑，测量空心光斑的平均半径可计算得到电子速度比，其结果与模拟值误差15%。     

8mm波段三次谐波复合腔回旋管的非线性分析

利用含电流的传输线方程,在考虑了诸多实际因素影响的情况下,对三次谐波渐变复合腔回旋管进行了自洽非线性模拟,计算了H₅₁₁-H₅₂₁模式下三次谐波多模注波互作用,分析了电子注的厚度、速度零散、速度比α值及磁场波动对多模注波互作用的影响 关键词： 回旋管 复合腔 多模注波互作用 速度零散 速度比α     

Experimental studies of gyrotron electron beam systems

In order to provide electron beams of powerful gyrotrons, magnetron-injection guns operating in the regime of the temperature limited current are used. The electron beam quality and gyrotron performances are defined both by the cathode emission processes and the processes occurring in the electron beam during its formation and transportation. The results of measurements of the energy spectrum and velocity spread of the gyrotron electron beam in different regimes are given. Experimental data on the parameter of efficient emission inhomogeneity for different regimes are presented, as well as the dependencies of electron beam parameters on efficient inhomogeneity of the cathode     

双阳极回旋管磁控注入电子枪设计

对真实磁场进行拟合,根据电子光学原理以及绝热压缩理论,运用EGUN软件,设计了工作模式为TE34,19的170 GHz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪。最终得到的电子注速度比约为1.3,速度零散小于3%。分析了调节磁场位置、阴阳极间距、阳极间距等因素对电子注性能的影响。结果表明:电子注的速度比和速度零散对于这些影响因子的变化比较敏感,随着阴阳极间距以及阳极间距的增加,速度比逐渐减小,速度零散先减小后增大。设计的双阳极电子枪已应用于整管实验中。     

Experimental investigation of a 140 GHz gyrotron-backward wave oscillator

We report the experimental operation of a voltage tunable gyrotron backward wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) in the frequency range near 140 GHz. Voltage tunability is an important feature of the gyro-BWO for application as a fast tuning source for driving high power free electron lasers or cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifiers. The gyro-BWO operated in an overmoded cylindrical waveguide structure in the TE_1,2 mode. The electron beam source was a Pierce-wiggler gun producing an 80 kV, 6.2 A beam. Frequency tuning with voltage between 134 and 147 GHz was achieved in the TE_1,2 mode with constant magnetic field. However, this tuning was found to be discontinuous. Output powers of up to 2 kW and 2% efficiency were found, significantly below theoretical predictions for a cold beam. The theoretical beam velocity spread was modeled by a 3D beam transport code. The code results show that space charge forces, coupled with the wiggler-induced helical motion and the short cyclotron wavelength of the beam, produce large increases in velocity spread in the magnetic compression region. A beam with smaller velocity spread would be needed to make the gyro-BWO operate at the desired efficiency.     

Experimental study of the possibility to increase the pitch factor of an intense relativistic helical electron beam

We present the results of experiments on the formation of a high-quality relativistic helical electron beam (HEB) in a magnetron-injection gun. It is shown that suppression of parasitic excitation of microwaves in the input part of the transportation channel allows eliminating high-voltage breakdowns in the gun and achieving greater beam compression. A modulation of the electron beam current at the frequency of longitudinal electron oscillations between the cathode and the magnetic mirror in the trap, which is related to the instability of the helical electron beam, has been observed for the first time. The modulation depth can reach tens percent. Pickup of reflected electrons by a special diaphragm makes it possible to increase the achievable pitch factor, eliminate the beam-current modulation and, as a result, form although with a current loss on the diaphragm, an HEB with record-breaking values of the pitch factor, which exceed 2. For a moderate HEB compression, when the portion of reflected electrons is relatively low, their pickup by the diaphragm allows one to form a beam in which the total energy of the transverse motion of electrons conserves despite the loss of part of the current. After the optimization, a beam with an electron energy of 300 keV, a current of 100 A, a pitch factor of 1.5, and a velocity spread of 20% is obtained for a 15% loss of the current on the diaphragm. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 855–863, October 2008.