Determination of Internal Rotation Barrier

The interrelation between the experimental heights of the potential barrier to internal rotation about the C-C bond and those calculated by the semiempirical and nonempirical quantum-chemical methods for 25 compounds was studied. The height of the potential barrier to internal rotation about the C-C bond can be determined by the AM1 semiempirical method with correction introduced according to the correlation dependence established.     

Structure and Internal Rotation of Molecules in Chlorodifluoroacetic Acid

The potential energy profile of an isolated CF₂ClCOOH molecule with a CF₂Cl group rotating around the C–C bond was determined by the Hartree–Fock method using the 6-31G(d) basis set. Barriers to internal rotation were estimated for this molecule; its geometrical parameters were found for the equilibrium and transition states that are due to the torsion potential with unequal wells. Crystal effect on CF₂Cl reorientations in solid chlorodifluoroacetic acid has been evaluated.     

二溴腈基乙酰胺的分子结构和内转动势垒

二溴腈基乙酰胺具有很强的抗生、杀菌作用,其分子结构和晶体结构尚未见报道.本文合成并测定了该化合物的晶体结构,利用CNDO/2和INDO法计算了该化合物及2-腈基乙酰胺的内转动势垒.     

Conformational Structure of Molecules with Weakly Hindered Internal Rotation

The torsion potentials of divinylacetylene (1) and 1,4-dichlorobutyne (2) were calculated by the HF/6-31G* method. It is found that the barrier of internal rotation is 164 cm ^-1 for 1 and 214 and 29 cm ^-1 for the cis- and trans-conformations of 2, respectively. The energies and the wave functions of the torsion states were calculated by solving the Schrödinger equation. The distribution of molecules 1 and 2 over torsion angle was determined at different temperatures.     

Internal Rotation of the Methyl Group in Cations of Toluene Derivatives

The potential of the internal rotation of the methyl group was determined for o-, m-, and p-fluorotoluene cations by pulsed field ionization spectroscopy. The potential of the internal rotational motion was also surveyed for other toluene derivative cations. It was found that the barrier height generally increases by ionization. The increase in the barrier height has been discussed in connection with the reduction of the internal rotational constant B by ionization. The geometrical distortion of the methyl group during the internal rotation has been suggested.     

A PCILO Study of Conformation and Internal Rotation in Mono-substituted Benzenes

The effect of Kékulé representation and hybrid function of O-atoms in the PCILO-CNDO framework of conformation and internal rotation in mono-sub stituted benzenes Ph-X (X?NH₂, OH, OCH₃, CH₃, CHO, NO₂) is studied. Three variational criteria for the choice of the appropriate third-order energy, proposed to symmetrize the PCILO results, are critically examined in relation with the height of rotational barrier in these molecules. The study shows that, in all cases, the most stable conformation is qualitatively correct predicted by the PCILO method. Since the barrier to internal rotation in the studied aromatic systems arises predominantly from delocalization effect, it is proposed to employ the arithmetic mean of the third-order energy of the two Kékulé structures. In molecules, in which the third-order energy between the two Kékulé structures is larger than 2 kcal/mol, however, the lower third-order energy representation alone seems to be appropriate. In phenol and anisole the spa-hybridization type of the O-atoms offers better values of rotational barrier, whereas in the sp³-type the delocalization is overestimated in the planar conformation.     

Hindered Internal Rotation about a C-N Bond in Some Trisubstituted 1,3,5-Triazines

We have studied the temperature dependence of the ¹H NMR spectra of some 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines having an NHAlk or NAlk₂ group or groups at the position 2 or 2 and 4 of the heterocycle. We have shown that rotation of these groups about the C-N bond is hindered. We have calculated the free energies of activation for the rotation processes. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1236–1239, August, 2005.     

Structural Effects of Self-Organization of Biaxial Molecules with Internal Rotation in Nematic Liquid Crystals

The effect of correlation between the conformational and orientational degrees of freedom of biaxial molecules with internal rotation on the conformational, orientational, and mixed order parameters of the molecules and on the function of the conformational distribution of molecules in nematic liquid crystals was studied in terms of molecular statistical theory. The correlation has a strong effect on polarizability of molecules with -conjugated fragments. An explanation is offered to the experimental dependences of the mean value and anisotropy of polarizability on the character and degree of orientational ordering of molecules in the nematic phase.     

NMR Studies of Solvent Effect on Internal Rotation in Some Non-Symmetrical 1,2-Disubstituted Ethanes

The A₂B₂ system of PMR spectra of 3-bromopropionic acid, 3-chloropropionic acid, 3-bromopropionitrile, and 3-chloropropionitrile exhibit appreciable solvent effect at room temperature. NMR spectroscopic parameters of A₂B₂ spectrum as well as physical parameters related to internal rotation, i. e. the highest energy barrier and the energy difference between rotamers, were determined for these compounds in the medium of various solvents. It was found that in the case of 3-bromopropionic acid, the trans rotamer is more stable than the gauche rotamers, and the energy difference decreases with increasing dielectric constant of solvent. While in the case of 3-bromopropionitrile, the gauche rotamers were found to be more stable than the trans rotamer and the energy difference increases with increasing dielectric constant of solvent. In the remaining two compounds, 3-chloropropionic acid and 3-chloropropionitrile, both trans and gauche rotamers are equally stable in a solvent of low dielectric constant, however in a solvent of higher dielectric constant, the gauche rotamers become more stable than the trans rotamer and the energy difference becomes more pronounced with increasing dielectric constant of solvent.     

Evolution of the Atomic and Bond Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide During Internal Rotation

The evolution of the atomic and bond properties of hydrogen peroxide during H–O–O–H internal rotation was studied by means of Atoms in Molecules Theory. Wave functions obtained at several calculation levels were employed to test the reliability of the results. These levels included HF, MP2, QCISD, and B3LYP carried out with several basis sets. All the calculations show that the bondpath connecting the two oxygen atoms is a bent line, whose shape and orientation display a large variation along the internal rotation. The different calculation levels predict a very similar evolution for each property. We observed that the calculation level does not introduce important changes in the absolute values of the properties studied here, but comparisons between results provided by wave functions obtained after a geometry optimization carried out at an electron correlated level and results obtained after a HF geometry optimization. It was found that electron correlation provides lower electron populations and higher kinetic energies for the oxygen fragments in every conformation.     

Skeletal Torsion Tunneling and Methyl Internal Rotation: The Coupled Large Amplitude Motions in Phenyl Acetate

The rotational spectrum of phenyl acetate, CH₃COOC₆H₅, is measured using a free jet absorption millimeter-wave spectrometer in the range from 60 to 78 GHz and two pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometers covering a total frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz. The features of two large amplitude motions, the methyl group internal rotation and the skeletal torsion of the CH₃COO group with respect to the phenyl ring C₆H₅ (tilted at about 70°), characterize the spectrum. The vibrational ground state is split into four widely spaced sublevels, labeled as A0, E0, A1, and E1, each of them with its set of rotational transitions and with additional interstate transitions. A global fit of the line frequencies of the four sublevels leads to the determination of 51 spectroscopic parameters, including the ΔE_A0/A1 and ΔE_E0/E1 vibrational splittings of ~36.4 and ~33.5 GHz, respectively. The V₃ barrier to methyl internal rotation (~136 cm⁻¹) and the skeletal torsion B₂ barrier to the orthogonality of the two planes (~68 cm⁻¹) are deduced.     

Sensing the Molecular Structures of Hexan-2-one by Internal Rotation and Microwave Spectroscopy

Using two molecular jet Fourier transform spectrometers, the microwave spectrum of hexan-2-one, also called methyl n-butyl ketone, was recorded in the frequency range from 2 to 40 GHz. Three conformers were assigned and fine splittings caused by the internal rotations of the two terminal methyl groups were analyzed. For the acetyl methyl group CH₃ COC₃H₆CH₃, the torsional barrier is 186.9198(50) cm⁻¹, 233.5913(97) cm⁻¹, and 182.2481(25) cm⁻¹ for the three observed conformers, respectively. The value of this parameter could be linked to the structure of the individual conformer, which enabled us to create a rule for predicting the barrier height of the acetyl methyl torsion in ketones. The very small splittings arising from the internal rotation of the butyl methyl group CH₃COC₃H₆ CH₃ could be resolved as well, yielding the respective torsional barriers of 979.99(88) cm⁻¹, 1016.30(77) cm⁻¹, and 961.9(32) cm⁻¹.     

Methyl Internal Rotation in Fruit Esters: Chain-Length Effect Observed in the Microwave Spectrum of Methyl Hexanoate

The gas-phase structures of the fruit ester methyl hexanoate, CH₃-O-(C=O)-C₅H₁₁, have been determined using a combination of molecular jet Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The microwave spectrum was measured in the frequency range of 3 to 23 GHz. Two conformers were assigned, one with C_s symmetry and the other with C₁ symmetry where the γ-carbon atom of the hexyl chain is in a gauche orientation in relation to the carbonyl bond. Splittings of all rotational lines into doublets were observed due to internal rotation of the methoxy methyl group CH₃-O, from which torsional barriers of 417 cm⁻¹ and 415 cm⁻¹, respectively, could be deduced. Rotational constants obtained from geometry optimizations at various levels of theory were compared to the experimental values, confirming the soft degree of freedom of the (C=O)-C bond observed for the C₁ conformer of shorter methyl alkynoates like methyl butyrate and methyl valerate. Comparison of the barriers to methyl internal rotation of methyl hexanoate to those of other CH₃-O-(C=O)-R molecules leads to the conclusion that though the barrier height is relatively constant at about 420 cm⁻¹, it decreases in molecules with longer R.     

用13C的NMR T1研究苯环上甲基的内旋转

提出了通过对样品进行邻位取代和间位取代以从实验上测定自旋-内旋转弛豫速率的处理方法.在28-90℃的温度范围内测量了邻二甲苯和间二甲苯的甲基碳的T₁和NOE因子.分离得间二甲苯上甲基碳的自旋-内旋转弛豫速率和自旋-整体旋转弛豫速率,并计算得甲基的内旋转速率.     

乙烷内旋转势垒的从头计算以其能量分解

用ab initio方法以6-31G*为基组对乙烷分子内旋转势垒进行了计算; 用exp-6-1方法对势垒进行了分解。所得势垒与文献报导相符得很好。势垒由总排斥能及色散吸引能两大部分组成, 后者的贡献不重要,其绝对值仅约占3%(图2.4), 这与绝大多数文献报导一致。在总排斥能中,重叠交换、电荷转移、及静电三种相互作用的贡献依次各约占12%、36%及52%(图24)。可见静电排斥在内旋转势垒的形成中占主导作用, 这结论与唐敖庆的分析一致, 而与R.M.Pitzer及Morokuma-Umeyama等的结论不完全一致。结果还表明, 不仅总的势能函数, 而且与组成势垒的各成分相应的势能函数都与Kemp及K.S.Pitzer给出的势函数表达式相符得很好(图3)。     

Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy of Methylfuran Isomers: Local vs. Global Treatments of the Internal Rotation

Methylfurans are methylated aromatic heterocyclic volatile organic compounds and primary or secondary pollutants in the atmosphere due to their capability to form secondary organic aerosols in presence of atmospheric oxidants. There is therefore a significant interest to monitor these molecules in the gas phase. High resolution spectroscopic studies of methylated furan compounds are generally limited to pure rotational spectroscopy in the vibrational ground state. This lack of results might be explained by the difficulties arisen from the internal rotation of the methyl group inducing non-trivial patterns in the rotational spectra. In this study, we discuss the benefits to assign the mm-wave rotational-torsional spectra of methylfuran with the global approach of the BELGI-Cs code compared to local approaches such as XIAM and ERHAM. The global approach reproduces the observed rotational lines of 2-methylfuran and 3-methylfuran in the mm-wave region at the experimental accuracy for the ground vt=0 and the first torsional vt=1 states with a unique set of molecular parameters. In addition, the V3 and V6 parameters describing the internal rotation potential barrier may be determined with a high degree of accuracy with the global approach. Finally, a discussion with other heterocyclic compounds enables the study of the influence of the electronic environment on the hindered rotation of the methyl group.     

A Chiral Macrocyclic Oligothiophene with Broken Conjugation – Rapid Racemization through Internal Rotation

A macrocyclic oligothiophene with an integrated pseudo‐para substituted [2.2]paracyclophane has been achieved. The synthetic sequence relies on alternating steps of halogenation‐ and Suzuki‐coupling conditions. By employing a modified Eglinton reaction under high dilution conditions, the macrocycle is closed and the obtained diacetylene is efficiently transferred to the corresponding thiophene. The molecule is fully characterized and its dynamic racemization is analyzed by variable temperature NMR experiments. The racemization barrier hints with 38 kJ/mol at rapid enantiomerization at room temperature by Mislow’s ‘Euclidian rubber glove’ enantiomerization process. Macrocycle formation results in red‐shifted absorption and emission spectra, hinting at increased conjugation through the oligothiophene versus the trough space conjugation through the [2.2]paracyclophane.