Rugorous analysis of planar waveguides with two-dimensionally periodic layer

Rigorous analysis of planar waveguides with two-dimensionally periodic (2DP) layer is presented. Characteristic solutions in periodic layer are exactly represented by a double Fourier series known as the Floquet solutions. The vector amplitudes of space harmonics are proved to be governed by five-term recurrence relation in the operator-vector form for sinusoidal modulation. A general transmission-line network representation of two-dimensionally periodic medium and multiport network representation of uniform-periodic-medium interface are introduced. Any layered structures cascading with periodic ones can be analyzed. Numerical results based on the established theory are also presented to illustrate characteristics of 2DP medium and structure.     

Interface response theory of electromagnetism in composite dielectric materials

It is shown how a recent interface theory can be used for solving the Maxwell equations in any composite dielectric material. General expressions for the corresponding response functions are given. These new results are illustrated by a general application to layered isotropic dielectrics and a simple derivation of the response function of two different isotropic dielectrics separated by a planar interface.     

Debye-Hückel theory for interfacial geometries

The Debye-Hückel theory for bulk electrolyte solutions is generalized to planar interfacial geometries, including screening effects due to mobile salt ions which are confined to the interface and solutions with in general different salt concentrations and dielectric constants on the two sides of the interface. We calculate the general Debye-Hückel interaction between fixed test charges, and analyze a number of relevant special cases as applicable to charged colloids and charged polymers. Salty interfaces, which are experimentally realized by monolayers or bilayers made of cationic and anionic surfactants or lipids, exert a strong attraction on charged particles of either sign at large separations from the interface; at short distances image-charge repulsion sets in. Likewise, the effective interactions between charged particles are strongly modified in the neighborhood of such a salty interface. On the other hand, charged particles which are immersed in a salt solution are repelled from the air (or a substrate) interface, and the interaction between two charges decays algebraically close to such an interface. These general results have experimentally measurable consequences for the adsorption of charged colloids or charged polymers at monolayers, solid substrates, and interfaces.     

Elestic constants in the interfacial layer at the nematic-liquid-crystal-vapour interface

Summary Close to the interface between a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) and another medium, the elastic constants become functions of distancez from the interface and of angle θ between the directorn and the unit vectork orthogonal to the interface. Furthermore, due to the breaking of the translation symmetry at the interface, a lot of new subsurface elastic contributions can appear. In a previous paper we investigated these subsurface anomalies by using a simple molecular model based on induced-dipole-induced-dipole interactions and by making numerical calculations in the special case of a planar director distortion. In this way, only the numerical values of some effective subsurface elastic constants that characterise planar director distortions could be obtained. In this paper we make a more complete analytical calculation of all the subsurface elastic constants by using a microscopic model and a more general theoretical procedure. The microscopic interaction energy is written in a general form that allows us to investigate different kinds of intermolecular interactions (induced diple-induced dipole, quadrupole-quadrupole and so on). Both thez-dependence and the θ-dependence of the subsurface elastic constants are obtained in a closed analytical form. In the special case of induced-dipole-induced-dipole interactions and for planar director distortions, our analytical results are shown to agree with the previous numerical results. The important macroscopic effect of these elastic subsurface anomalies is discussed.     

Thermodynamic properties of inhomogeneous fluids

A general method, the method of variation under extension, is presented for expressing the thermodynamic properties of an inhomogeneous fluid as functionals of the local number density, when given a density functional for the total thermodynamic grand potential of the fluid. The method is demonstrated in detail for the van der Waals square-gradient density functional and for the nonlocal density functional which arises in the theory of fluids with long-ranged pair potentials or in the mean-field theory of penetrable-sphere models. As specific examples, we consider the planar and spherical interface between two fluid phases, the line of contact of three fluid phases, the contact line between two surface phases and the planar interface between a solid and fluid.     

Second harmonic generation in planar optical waveguides

We study optical second harmonic generation (SHG) in planar waveguide structures composed of several layers with different dielectric constants. We develop a general formalism for the calculation of mode generation by a planar antenna embedded in the waveguide. As an application we consider a monolayer of high second-order susceptibility adsorbed at the interface between two layers of the waveguide structure. Periodic modulation of the nonlinear susceptibility allows phase matching leading to dramatically enhanced second harmonic intensities. We investigate the SHG-efficiency of various experimentally realizable geometries.     

The effect of interfacial energy anisotropy on planar interface instability in a succinonitrile alloy under a small temperature gradient

The morphological stability of a planar interface with different crystallographic orientations is studied under a small positive temperature gradient using a transparent model alloy of succinonitrile.Novel experimental apparatus is constructed to provide a temperature gradient of about 0.37 K/mm.Under this small temperature gradient,the planar interface instability depends largely on the crystallographic orientation.It is shown experimentally that the effect of interfacial energy anisotropy on planar interface stability cannot be neglected even in a small temperature gradient system.Higher interfacial energy anisotropy leads the planar interface to become more unstable,which is different from the stabilizing effect of the interfacial energy on the planar interface.The experimental results are in agreement with previous theoretical calculations and phase field simulations.     

Influence of isothermal approximation on the phase-field simulation of directional growth in undercooled melt

By using the phase-field approach,we have simulated the directional growth of alloys in undercooled moten states under the isothermal and nonisothermal conditions.The influences of the isothermal approximation on simulation results are discussed.We found that for undercooling greater than 25K,the isothermal approximation overestimates the interface growth velocity and reduces a critical velocity for an absolute stable planar interface,thus in this simulation,the uinterface morphology shows the plane-cell-plane transition with increasing initial undercooling of the mele,and the planar interface obtained under a large undercooling is absolutely stable.Whereas in the nonisothermal simulation,only plane-cell transition occures in the same range of the initial undercoolings of the melt,and the planar interface tends to be destabilized and evolve into cells.     

High Speed All-Optical Data Distribution Network

This article describes the performance and capabilities of an all-optical network featuring low latency, high speed file transfer between serially connected optical nodes. A basic component of the network is a network interface card (NIC) implemented through a unique planar lightwave circuit (PLC) that performs add/drop data and optical signal amplification. The network uses a linear bus topology with nodes in a “T” configuration, as described in the text. The signal is sent optically (hence, no latency) to all nodes via wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), with each node receiver tuned to wavelength of choice via an optical de-multiplexer. Each “T” node routes a portion of the signal to/from the bus through optical couplers, embedded in the network interface card (NIC), to each of the 1 through n computers.     

Periodically changing morphology of the growth interface in Si, Ge, and GaP nanowires

Nanowire growth in the standard <111> direction is assumed to occur at a planar catalyst-nanowire interface, but recent reports contradict this picture. Here we show that a nonplanar growth interface is, in fact, a general phenomenon. Both III-V and group IV nanowires show a distinct region at the trijunction with a different orientation whose size oscillates during growth, synchronized with step flow. We develop an explicit model for this structure that agrees well with experiment and shows that the oscillations provide a direct visualization of catalyst supersaturation. We discuss the implications for wire growth and structure.     

Rayleigh-Taylor instability of multi-fluid layers in cylindrical geometry

Rayleigh-Taylor instability of three fluid layers with two interfaces in cylindrical geometry is investigated analytically.The growth rates and the amplitudes of perturbation on the two interfaces are obtained. The feedback factor from outer to inner interface is larger than that from inner to outer interface under the same conditions. The growth rate on the initially unstable interface is larger than the corresponding result in planar geometry for low mode perturbation. The two interfaces are decoupled for a larger mode number perturbation. The dependencies of the amplitudes of perturbation on different initial conditions are analyzed. The negative feedback effect from initially stable interface to another unstable interface is observed. In the limit of infinity inner radius and finite shell thickness, the results in planar geometry are recovered.     

Comparative study of electrical characteristics for n-type 4H–SiC planar and trench MOS capacitors annealed in ambient NO

The interface properties and electrical characteristics of the n-type 4H-SiC planar and trench metal–oxide–semiconductor(MOS) capacitors are investigated by measuring the capacitance voltage and current voltage. The flat-band voltage and interface state density are evaluated by the quasi-static method. It is not effective on further improving the interface properties annealing at 1250℃ in NO ambient for above 1 h due to the increasing interface shallow and fast states.These shallow states reduce the effective positive fixed charge density in the oxide. For the vertical MOS capacitors on the(1120) and(1100) faces, the interface state density can be reduced by approximately one order of magnitude, in comparison to the result of the planar MOS capacitors on the(0001) face under the same NO annealing condition. In addition, it is found that Fowler–Nordheim tunneling current occurs at an oxide electric field of 7 MV/cm for the planar MOS device.However, Poole–Frenkel conduction current occurs at a lower electric field of 4 MV/cm for the trench MOS capacitor. This is due to the local field crowded at the trench corner severely causing the electrons to be early captured at or emitted from the SiO_2/Si C interface. These results provide a reference for an in-depth understanding of the mobility-limiting factors and long term reliability of the trench and planar SiO_2/Si C interfaces.     

LiNbO3晶体-熔体界面的失稳及向胞状界面演化的实验研究

利用周期旋转生长条纹作为时标(timemarker),研究了直拉法掺钇LiNbO₃的各向异性生长系统中晶体-熔体界面的失稳及向胞状界面的演化。测得平界面失稳的临界条件,观测到失稳初期的界面上存在的两种干扰,即正弦式干扰和正弦式行波干扰。实验结果表明,平界面失稳后,经历正弦干扰、干扰振幅的增长、干扰的小面化、干扰的合并,最后演化为稳态胞状界面。实验观测还表明,稳态胞状界面的波长甚大于界面初始干扰的波长,且为初始干扰波长的整数倍;以及同一系统中平界面向胞状界面转变的临界生长速度小于胞状界面向平界面转变的临界速度,这表明小面化的胞比非小面的平面更为稳定。 关键词：     

Dynamic response of electrons and dispersion force fields near bimetallic interfaces

The induced potential due to an oscillating charge source near the interface of two metals whose electron densities differ slightly, is calculated in the hydrodynamic approximation. Results are given for both planar and spherical interfaces. The potential is used to evaluate the dispersion force field on an atomic system near the interface. It is shown that the force field is divergence-free at very small separation from the planar interface if the electron density profile is diffuse.     

Boundary conditions for distribution functions at interfaces between crystalline grains

The paper concerns a derivation of boundary conditions at a planar interface between two crystalline grains for distribution functions of quasiparticles of a given kind. The derivation is performed under the assumption that the equi-energy surfaces (in thek-space) which, in general, need not be the same in both the grains, are convex. The boundary conditions take into account a jump of the (electro) chemical potential and temperature induced when a current of the quasiparticles passes through the interface. The Bezák-Krempaský boundary conditions that were originally formulated for longitudinal currents are thus generalized to the case when the currents may have a transversal component.The author thanks Dr. V.Bezák for many helpful comments.     

External reflection from dielectrics at microwave frequencies

3 cm microwave are being used to investigate the beam shifts which occur for external reflection from a planar dielectric interface. The adaptation of a planar wave theory to the microwave case has proved successful in predicting the magnitudes and direction of such shifts.     

晶体取向对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用类金属透明模型合金丁二腈-1.0 wt%乙醇(SCN-1.0 wt% Eth)合金, 考察了晶体取向对定向凝固过程中晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间、枝晶形态演化以及枝晶一次间距的影响. 结果表明, 随着枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角的增大, 晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间增加, 界面的稳定性增强; 对于不同晶体取向的枝晶形态演化, 枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角越大, 枝晶二次臂不对称生长越严重, 同时, 具有生长优势的枝晶二次臂对相邻枝晶的生长的抑制越强烈; 至于不同晶体取向的枝晶一次间距, 随着枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角的增大, 枝晶一次间距增大. 关键词： 定向凝固 平界面失稳 枝晶间距 晶体取向     

凝固界面形态演化的实验研究

本文采用典型的透明模型合金丁二腈-1.1wt%乙醇进行定向凝固实验,对从平界面失去稳定性到建立起新的稳定的界面形态之间时间相关的形态演化过程进行了详细的直接观察研究。发现:1)平界面失稳初始扰动波长在Mullins-Sekerka(缩写为MS)稳定性理论所预言的波长范围内,但与理论预言的振幅发展最快的波长不一致;2)平界面失稳初期,扰动振幅发展速率确实是振幅的线性函数,但在具体数值上实测值比理论值小得多;3)胞晶和枝晶形态演化过程具有不同的特征,导致这种差别的主要原因是稳态一次间距与初始扰动波长之间相对尺 关键词：     

Quasidislocation stoneley wave and Eshelby dislocation Scholte wave

A quasidislocation (a dislocationlike entity described here for the first time) moves at the speed of a Stoneley surface wave that travels at the interface between two different elastic solids. An Eshelby glide edge dislocation moves at the speed of a Scholte surface wave that travels at the interface between a solid and an ideal liquid. The quasidislocation and the glide edge dislocation (that moves at the Eshelby velocity) are the Green's functions of their waves. Scholte waves are planar distributions of transonic moving glide edge dislocations. They are not Stoneley waves, although often called by that name, because Stoneley waves are planar distributions of subsonic moving quasidislocations.     

单相合金凝固过程时间相关的界面稳定性(Ⅱ)实验对比

采用典型的透明模型合金，即丁二腈-1．5at％水杨酸苯酯(SCN-1．5at％Salol)合金，对界面前沿溶质扩散边界层和界面稳定性进行了实时观测，并结合丁二腈-1．1wt％乙醇(SCN-1.1wt％Eth)、丁二腈0.43wt％氧杂萘邻酮152(SCN-0.43wt％C152)的实验结果，对纯扩散和存在对流情况下的定向凝固界面形态稳定性进行了系统的分析.发现以往所进行的界面稳定性分析能够准确描述实验中所观测到的界面失稳的时间相关特性，并发现界面失稳演化存在两个时间结点，即界面失稳孕育时间和平胞转变孕育时间，所获得的时间相关解能够准确预测实验中观测到的平胞转变孕育时间，而对流效应则明显缩短了界面失稳和平胞转变的孕育时间.实验中获得的单位扰动振幅发展速率比稳态理论预言值小了将近一个数量级，而与时间相关解较为接近. 关键词： 界面稳定性 凝固 扩散 对流