Relationship between sliding acceleration of water droplets and dynamic contact angles on hydrophobic surfaces

This study measured sliding acceleration of water droplets on hydrophobic solid surfaces and used expanding and contracting method to compare that value with dynamic contact angles. Sliding action of the droplet was classified into three motion categories: constant accelerated motion, constant velocity and stasis. Differences exist in the dependencies of contact radius and the injection-suction rate in dynamic contact angle hysteresis according to these categories. This method is an effective indicator of water droplets’ sliding acceleration.     

Peculiarities of aluminum particle combustion in steam

This work experimentally addresses aluminum combustion in steam, pure or mixed with diluents, for aluminum particles in size range 40∼80 µm, using an electrodynamic levitator. High-speed videos unveil an unreported and complex mechanism in steam, not observed in other oxidizers. The detached flame is quite faint and very close to the surface. Alumina smoke around the droplet rapidly condenses and coalesces into a large, single orbiting alumina satellite. It eventually collides the main aluminum droplet while generating secondary alumina droplets. A unique feature is the presence of several distinct oxide lobes on the droplet, which merge only at the end of burning and encapsulate the remaining aluminum, possibly promoting an incomplete combustion. The measured burning times in pure water vapor are longer than expected and the efficiency of steam is found to be 30% that of oxygen, lower than the usually accepted value of 60%. A general correlation on burning time, including the major oxidizers, is proposed. Direct numerical simulations are conducted and are in line with experiments, in terms of burning rate or flame stand off ratio. Combustion in steam seems mostly supported by surface reactions, giving a faint flame with low gas temperatures and high hydrogen content. It is speculated that those two specific features could help explain the peculiarity of steam.     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了不同水蒸气压力条件下的滴状冷凝传热特性。10 kPa、40 kPa和70 kPa时的传热系数分别是常压下的56%,68%和81%。随着水蒸气压力的下降,液滴脱落直径变大,液滴生长周期延长,冷凝传热系数下降。通过液滴的动力学特性分析和基于界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了低压对水蒸气冷凝传热的主要影响因素,压力变化主要影响了分子扩散率和气-液相际传热热阻,导致总冷凝传热系数随压力下降。     

LDV进行湿蒸汽两相流流速测量的试验研究

ＬＤＶ进行湿蒸汽两相流流速测量的试验研究李秀云，张华，隋剑平，薛祖绳（吉林电力职工大学动力系长春１３００２２）（东北电力学院吉林１３２０１２）关键词：激光，湿蒸汽，测量一、前言在湿蒸汽两相流的研究中，两相流流场的测量是最为复杂的问题之一，常规测试方法...     

湿蒸汽非平衡态凝结流动的数值方法研究

在欧拉-欧拉、非结构有限体积框架下发展了湿蒸汽非平衡态凝结流动的数值方法。推导了基于真实物性,密度、内能和湿度全耦合的Roe通量。提出了适用于欧拉-欧拉法的三自由度TTSE水蒸气表。使用矩方法(MOM)和积分矩方法(QMOM)模拟水珠半径分布,并就时间推进时QMOM方法的不稳定现象给出了修正方法。通过两个无黏喷管和一个湍流平面叶栅算例进行了验证,表明本文的数值方法能比较准确地捕捉非平衡态凝结现象。     

滴状冷凝过程液滴自由表面温度场分析

对于滴状冷凝过程及其传热强化机理, 一般通过分析冷凝壁面上液滴分布和运动规律进行研究, 并且将单个液滴视为稳定的个体, 很少涉及液滴内部运动特征. 本文通过红外热像仪观测了纯蒸气滴状冷凝过程中, 液滴运动时自由表面温度场的演化过程. 发现在疏水壁面上, 液滴由于合并或脱落而发生移动过程中, 其自由表面温度先降低, 而后升高并高于移动前温度. 通过分析疏水表面上液滴移动过程的物理模型, 认为液滴移动时表面液膜发生履带式滚动现象, 或者发生液滴内部与自由表面附近的液体间形成对流和掺混现象. 对液滴运动时表面温度演变规律的分析表明: 触发液滴表面发生持续冷凝可能需要克服一个临界过冷度, 当气液间温差超过该临界值时才诱发冷凝; 液滴合并或脱落等整体运动过程, 导致了液滴内部的运动特征, 并促进了较大尺寸液滴表面发生直接冷凝, 这为强化冷凝传热的研究提供新的思路.     

声波作用下液滴碰并沉降及其氢氧同位素特征

液滴沉降过程中会与环境水汽发生物质交换.论文通过小尺度室内实验,研究了低频声波作用下液滴碰并沉降及其与气室环境水汽氢氧同位素交换特征.研究结果证实液滴沉降过程中存在同位素交换,该过程受声波显著影响.声波作用后液滴粒径增大,液滴沉降后汇集水中重同位素出现富集.液滴与环境水汽氢氧同位素交换强度与液滴初始粒径呈正相关,声波对...     

液体火箭有机凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发模型及仿真研究

凝胶推进剂虽然兼具有液体推进剂流量可控和固体推进剂长期可储存等优点, 但凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发燃烧问题却一直困扰着凝胶推进剂研制及燃烧室设计工作, 阻碍了凝胶推进剂实际工程应用.设计实现了凝胶单液滴蒸发燃烧实验系统, 通过某型有机凝胶偏二甲肼(UDMH)单液滴在四氧化二氮蒸气中的蒸发燃烧实验现象, 进一步深入分析了凝胶液滴蒸发燃烧机理.根据实验中凝胶单液滴在不同阶段的蒸发特性, 建立了有机凝胶喷雾液滴在胶凝剂膜形成、膨胀、破裂三个不同蒸发阶段的多组分蒸发模型, 采用初步选定的模型参数及物性参数对凝胶单液滴在高温气体环境中的蒸发全过程进行了仿真计算, 并与常规液体液滴的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,凝胶喷雾液滴表面胶凝剂含量在蒸发初期增加比较缓慢, 但在某临界时刻后的极短时间内迅速升高至形成胶凝剂膜的质量分数95%, 导致表面质量流率迅速下降至0,表面温度则快速上升至UDMH推进剂沸点.胶凝剂膜形成后, 液滴半径及表面UDMH蒸气质量分数出现了实验现象中凝胶液滴反复膨胀-破裂的震荡现象, 液滴表面温度维持在略高于沸点的某温度范围内,凝胶液滴内部的沸腾蒸发明显强于液体液滴表面稳态蒸发流率, 使得凝胶喷雾液滴生存时间小于常规液体液滴.     

Breakup of Universality in the Generalized Spinodal Nucleation Theory

The problem of nucleation near spinodal is revisited. It is shown that the standard scaling argument due to Unger and Klein [Phys. Rev. B 29:2698–2708 (1984)] based on neglecting all but the first two terms of the Taylor expansion of the potential in the free energy functional is only valid below critical dimension. At critical dimension, the nucleating droplet has a bigger amplitude and a smaller spatial extent than predicted by the standard scaling argument. In this case the structure of the droplet is determined in a nontrivial fashion by the next order term in the expansion of the potential. Above critical dimension, the amplitude of the nucleating droplet turns out to be too big to justify expanding the potential in Taylor series, and no universality is to be expected in the shape and size of the droplet. Both at and above critical dimension, however, the free energy barrier remains finite, which indicates that the nucleation rate does not vanish at spinodal as predicted by the standard scaling argument.     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝过程中液滴生长特性

研究了低压条件对滴状冷凝过程液滴生长特性的影响。首先,研究了超疏水表面上空气环境和蒸汽环境中附着液滴的接触角,发现蒸汽环境中的接触角比空气环境中的小,而蒸汽压力对接触角没有显著影响。第二,实验研究了冷凝过程中的液滴的生长周期和脱落尺寸,液滴的脱落半径随压力的降低而增大,生长周期也随之延长。第三,实验研究了液滴合并生长速率,并结合理论分析直接冷凝长大的生长速率,直接冷凝生长速率随压力的减小而减小,并随过冷度的减小而下降,而实验范围内合并生长速率不受压力影响。第四,根据滴状冷凝液滴分布的时间序列模型,分析了不同压力下液滴生长的临界尺寸,随着压力的降低,液滴生长方式的临界尺寸增大。     

A thermodynamic model for the analysis of screw expander performance

In this paper, a thermodynamic model for the analysis of screw expander performance is presented. The model estimates the work output of the expander by considering the work availability of the expanding fluid in a typical cycle. The validity of the proposed model is checked by using some of the experimental data that are available in the literature. Further parametric studies are also conducted to improve the understanding of the blowdown and blowback effects, the blowdown mass and pressure ratio, and the overall isentropic efficiency of the expander. The types of working fluid used by the expanders are dry saturated steam and high quality steam.     

汽水分离器中液滴的行为分析

本文对波形板汽水分离器进行了数值模拟和试验研究.通过建立一个考虑二次携带现象的两相三流场数学模型,对波形板的液滴行为进行了数值模拟.通过进行波形板汽水分离器的冷态试验,验证了数值模拟的结果,获得了计算波形板分离效率的经验公式以及波形板汽水分离时产生二次携带的临界判据,为波形板分离器的优化设计莫定了基础.     

Design of multi-screen flow expanders for noise reduction

In practice it is frequently necessary to exhaust a compressed gas such as air or steam into the atmosphere. In this situation noise arises due to the gas flowing at a supersonic velocity. In order to prevent this, one may use a multi-stage flow expander. Application of a multi-stage flow expander makes it possible to control the process of expanding the gas or steam into the atmosphere in such a way as to decrease the noise resulting from this process. The level of noise depends on the velocity of the gas at the outlet in each stage of the expander. A method is presented of designing an expander and selecting its flow characteristics, for an expander in which low velocities in individual stages can be arbitrarily chosen.     

滴状冷凝过程壁面反射光谱的分子团聚模型分析

根据反射光谱可用于分析固体表面介质凝聚状态的原理,理论分析了不锈钢表面上不同厚度薄液膜对表面反射率的影响,确定了在冷凝过程中该表面上冷凝液形成和更新过程导致相应反射率变化的范围. 通过分析滴状冷凝实验过程反射光谱的文献数据,研究了滴状冷凝过程壁面上蒸气分子凝聚特征,发现在实际的滴状冷凝传热过程中,液滴脱落后形成的裸露表面上存在反射特征介于液膜与体相蒸气分子之间的介质. 结合蒸气冷凝过程的分子团聚模型,得到了在滴状冷凝过程中近壁面附近的蒸气分子形成分子团聚分布的合理性. 此外,分析发现表面微观结构将改变团聚体分布密度,从而影响冷凝核化过程的现象. 这为冷凝传热强化方法的研究提出了新的思路. 关键词： 分子团聚 反射光谱 滴状冷凝     

含湿天然气超音速凝结研究

在气液无滑移假设下建立了天然气超音速凝结数理模型,研究了天然气中水蒸气的超音速凝结过程,并分析了Laval喷管扩张段半扩张角对凝结的影响.结果表明凝结模型是合理的,液滴成核只发生在喷管喉部后非常狭窄的区域,此后水滴的生长变得非常缓慢,直至喷管出口不再发生显著的增加;喷管半扩张角的大小对液滴的成核、生长有显著影响,成核位置随半扩张角的增加略向上游移动;喷管扩张段0.16°半扩张角在总压损失、出口马赫数、出口液滴尺寸等方面具有最佳的综合效果.     

倾斜粗糙壁面上含不溶性活性剂溶液的动力学特性

针对倾斜随机粗糙壁面上含不溶性活性剂溶液的流动过程, 采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度和浓度的时空演化模型, 通过PDECOL程序数值求解得到了液膜流/液滴铺展的动力学特性及壁面结构参数的影响. 研究表明: 在重力分量和Marangoni效应共同作用下, 液膜流/液滴铺展速度加快, 液膜边缘和液滴中心出现毛细隆起, 液膜/液滴底部出现凹陷, 同时受粗糙壁面影响, 液膜表面变形更显著. 增加壁面倾角θ具有使重力分量和Marangoni效应增强, 导致隆起和凹陷程度均有所增加的作用. 增大壁面高度D可使液膜流/液滴铺展速度加快, 表面变形放大. 而壁面波数k₀则使液膜流/液滴铺展过程减缓, 抑制隆起和凹陷产生. 与液膜流相比, D和k₀对液滴铺展速度的影响相对较小. 关键词： 随机粗糙壁面 液膜 Marangoni效应 倾斜流动     

Stability and instability of a hot and dilute nuclear droplet

The diabatic approach to dissipative collective nuclear motion is reformulated in the local-density approximation in order to treat the normal modes of a spherical nuclear droplet analytically. In a first application the adiabatic isoscalar modes are studied and results for the eigenvalues of compressional (bulk) and pure surface modes are presented as function of density and temperature inside the droplet, as well as for different mass numbers and for soft and stiff equations of state. We find that the region of bulk instabilities (spinodal regime) is substantially smaller for nuclear droplets than for infinite nuclear matter. For small densities below 30% of normal nuclear matter density and for temperatures below 5 MeV all relevant bulk modes become unstable with similar growth rates. The surface modes have a larger spinodal region, reaching out to densities and temperatures way beyond the spinodal line for bulk instabilities. Essential experimental features of multifragmentation, like fragmentation temperatures and fragment-mass distributions (in particular the power-law behavior) are consistent with the instability properties of an expanding nuclear droplet, and hence with a dynamical fragmentation process within the spinodal regime of bulk and surface modes (spinodal decomposition). Received: 4 September 2000 / Accepted: 14 November 2000     

合成双射流控制机翼水滴撞击特性

在低速来流条件下,针对前缘位置嵌有合成射流/合成双射流激励器的机翼的水滴撞击特性开展了数值模拟研究,基于Fluent软件,采用Euler气液两相模型和欧拉壁面液膜（Eulerian wall film,EWF）模型,得到的计算结果表明:在合成射流或合成双射流的主动控制下,阻挡了机翼前缘等积冰重点防护区域内的水滴撞击,从而大幅降低了该区域的结冰强度.其机理是:在高频合成射流的作用下,机翼前缘上游附近形成了一对稳定的闭合回流区,形成了水滴的"真空区域".由于回流区内部水滴速度和质量分数较低,改变了机翼前缘水滴运动轨迹和水滴收集率分布,能够减少机翼前缘结冰程度并改变冰形,起到了虚拟气动外形的作用.      

Molecular investigation of water adsorption on graphene and graphyne surfaces

In this paper the adsorption action of a water droplet on the graphene and graphyne externals has been examined. Conclusions received from the calculation of the water contact angle on the graphene and the graphynes surfaces have demonstrated that graphyne is more hydrophobic than graphene. Sketching the contour maps of the water interaction showed different behaviors of water droplet on these surfaces. The results show that water molecules, form a sub_layer of water on the graphyne substrate while this sub_layer does not exist on the graphene. Molecular investigations of the water on the surfaces show that the attendance of a sub_layer of water on the substrate can cause changes, such as the number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule in the water droplet, the order of molecules in different layers of water droplet, and parallel forces to the surface between surface water molecules and substrate, in the structural properties of water droplet. In this study the interaction between first layer and sub-layer of water was investigated. Water drops on surface can affect on the behavior of water sub-layer.     

Motion of a liquid droplet in a capillary under the action of static force and an acoustic field

We consider the motion of a liquid droplet inside a capillary of a porous medium under the action of a static force and an acoustic field. We derive the equation of motion of the droplet in the capillary and analyze numerically its solution. We show that the vibration attenuates the influence of the capillary force. Due to the effect of the acoustic field, the droplet motion in a capillary of constant cross-section starts at a lower value of the static force, and the reciprocal velocity of the droplet increases. Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 155–161, February 2000.