大气压直流滑动弧等离子体工作特性研究

对大气压直流滑动弧等离子体的电参数和发射光谱进行了测量,比较研究了不同气体种类下滑动弧等离子体电压的特性.以氮气滑动弧为例,分析了其在一个周期内电弧电压、电流、电阻和功率的变化特性.通过对电弧电压信号进行快速傅里叶变换频谱分析,研究了气体种类、气体流量和外部电阻值对滑动弧等离子体脉动特性的影响.结果表明随着气流量或外部电阻值的增加,其主要脉动频率变高,电弧周期变小.利用光谱法检测了氮气、氧气和空气滑动弧等离子体的主要自由基种类,并研究了外部电阻值对发射光谱强度的影响和沿电极中轴线在337.1 nm(N关键词： 滑动弧等离子体 非平衡等离子体 脉动特性 发射光谱     

直流电弧炉偏弧和控弧的计算机仿真

根据电弧弧柱在微元电流相互作用下的受力以及空间载流导线在电弧区所造成电磁力动态平衡的原理，建立了研究直流电弧电磁偏弧，多底电极分电流控弧和顶电极倾动控弧的数学模型，并通过计算机仿真实验，对载流导线的电磁影响和一些纠正和控制偏弧的方法进行了考察和研究。     

磁驱动滑移弧的放电特性研究

讨论了被外磁场驱动的滑移弧。磁驱动滑移弧的放电频率随磁感应强度增大而增大,测得的放电频率约在46～517Hz之间;当外加磁感应强度为0.4829T时,用光电倍增管测得滑移弧运动的平均速度为26.4m·s-1;从磁驱动滑移弧的放电电压曲线可以看出,电弧运行在电极平行段时,电压增加缓慢,当电弧运动到电极顶部时,电压上升较快,从1778V迅速增加到约4000V。     

高气压下交流旋转滑动弧放电特性实验研究

本文针对恶劣条件下滑动弧等离子体放电稳定性问题,搭建了高气压交流旋转滑动弧放电实验系统,开展了高气压下交流旋转滑动弧放电特性实验,并对其放电特性、电弧运动特性、光谱特性进行了分析.研究结果表明:随着介质气体压力的升高,滑动弧放电的电压、电流、能量均呈现增大趋势,当介质气体压力升高到0.52 MPa时,滑动弧放电的能量从常压下的84.74 J增大到147.13 J;且随着介质气体压力的升高,电弧的击穿频率并不是单调变化,而是在0.2 MPa时达到最大为26.55 kHz;高气压下电弧运动过程中会出现“弧道骤变”现象;随着介质气体压力的升高,滑动弧放电的整体光谱发射强度呈现变强趋势;通过两谱线法对滑动弧放电的电子激发温度进行了计算,常压下滑动弧放电的电子激发温度为0.8153 eV,随着介质气体压力的升高,电子激发温度呈现升高趋势,当介质气体压力达到0.4 MPa时,滑动弧放电的电子激发温度升高至5.3165 eV.     

旋转滑动弧放电等离子体滑动放电模式的实验研究

交流旋转滑动弧放电能够在大气压下产生大面积、高活性的非平衡等离子体.为了研究交流旋转滑动弧的滑动放电模式、放电特性及光谱特性,本文采用高速相机与示波器同步采集旋转滑动弧的放电图像和电信号,采用光谱仪采集光谱信号,分析旋转滑动弧运动过程中电弧的动态行为、电信号及光谱信号特征.实验结果表明,旋转滑动弧放电过程中存在两种不同的滑动放电模式,即伴随击穿滑动放电模式(B-G模式)与稳定滑动放电模式(A-G模式).其中B-G模式以电弧旋转滑动过程中伴随击穿-熄灭-击穿的高频击穿现象为主要特征,而A-G模式以持续稳定的连续电弧滑动为主要特征.本文讨论了工作参数影响滑动弧放电模式、放电特性及光谱特性的工作机制.研究发现,电弧的放电模式和放电特性是激励电压与气体流量共同作用的结果.当气体流量较大、激励电压较小时,滑动弧为B-G模式主导的高频击穿不稳定放电;而当激励电压较大、气体流量较小时,滑动弧则为A-G模式为主导的稳定滑动放电.     

滑动弧低温等离子体放电特性的数值模拟研究

滑动弧等离子体的电弧温度场、电场和导电区域尺寸是确定电子温度、电子密度、化学反应速率以及能量效率的重要参数.对气流量为1.43 L/min和6.42 L/min时50 Hz交流滑动弧放电的电参数进行了测量;用瞬态的电弧模型描述滑动弧的能量传递,并用近似的介质电导率和热扩散系数对模型进行简化,解决了由于电弧结构变化所导致的移动边界问题;模拟求得等离子体的电弧结构、电场强度和动态温度场等参数的演化.其中,电弧电场的模拟值与实验值基本符合,计算得到电弧轴心温度可以达到5700—6700 K.研究结果表明,气流直 关键词： 滑动弧等离子体 温度场 电场强度 导电半径     

不同水深下水下湿法焊接电弧引弧温度计算

水下湿法焊接技术近年来得到了广泛应用,但目前对水下湿法焊接引弧过程的物理本质的研究很少。首先搭建了水下湿法焊接电弧光谱诊断平台,同步采集不同水深条件下焊接过程中的电流、电压及光谱信号,对不同水深条件下水下湿法焊接引弧阶段进行界定,高速摄像机拍摄水下湿法焊接引弧过程以更直观观察引弧过程中电弧、气泡等水下动态变化。在此基础上,设置光谱仪延时,分别采集了引弧5,10,15,20及25 ms的光谱信号;改变水深条件,得到不同水深条件下引弧不同时刻的电弧光谱图。根据谱线选取原则综合分析,选取Fe元素作为计算水下湿法焊接引弧电弧温度的特征元素。引弧不同时刻均选取了五组数据,运用统计分析的方法对五组数据做平均化处理,以保证计算结果的准确性和可靠性。从Fe元素谱线中选取了五条合适的谱线作为计算水下湿法焊接引弧过程电弧温度的目标谱线,再利用玻尔兹曼图示法分别计算了不同水深条件下引弧不同时刻的水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体温度。结果表明：在相同水深条件下,引弧过程中电弧等离子体温度是随着引弧时间的不断增加而不断变化的,但其变化趋势并不是简单的线性增加,而是分别在引弧的不同时刻出现峰值;随着水深的增加,水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体的温度也随着上升,但其电弧温度的上升趋势开始变缓慢,40 m水深相对于20 m水深的电弧温度上升量要低于20 m水深条件下相对0.3 m水深条件下的电弧温度上升量。伴随着水深的增加,水下环境压力增大造成电弧进一步压缩,但压缩量有限。由于电弧被压缩,弧光的强度也增大。通过光谱分析的方法,从电弧物理的角度获悉水下湿法焊接引弧过程的物理本质,对认识电弧建立过程中微观击穿机理及实际生产中进一步提升引弧过程的稳定性提供了重要参考。     

水下湿法焊接引弧过程等离子体温度及电子数密度研究

水下湿法焊接技术近年来得到了广泛应用,但缺乏对其机理方面的研究,利用光谱分析的方法对水下湿法焊接引弧过程的电弧等离子体温度和电子数密度进行了研究。首先搭建了水下湿法焊接电弧光谱诊断平台,对焊接过程中的电流电压及光谱信号进行了同步采集,根据电流电压信号的数据对水下湿法焊接引弧过程进行了界定。在此基础上,通过光谱仪的延时功能分别采集了引弧5, 10, 15, 20及25 ms的光谱信号,对采集的光谱信号进行分析,标定了计算等离子体温度及电子数密度所需要的Fe元素谱线和H元素谱线,为了保证计算结果的准确性和可靠性,引弧不同时刻均选取了五组数据,运用统计分析的方法对五组数据作平均化处理,在标定的Fe元素谱线中选取了五条合适的谱线,利用玻尔兹曼图示法分别计算了引弧不同时刻的水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体温度,同时,根据光谱仪检测到的氢元素的α谱线,结合等离子体发射光谱的斯塔克谱线展宽理论,计算了水下湿法焊接引弧不同时刻的电子数密度。计算结果表明:在引弧的不同时刻,水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体温度变化呈现不同的特点,在引弧5和20 ms温度值分别出现峰值,到最后稳弧时刻温度值达到4 414 K;电子数密度在引弧不同时刻也不同,同样在引弧5和20 ms出现峰值,在出现峰值点的时刻,电流同样出现峰值。电弧等离子体温度和电子数密度在引弧不同时刻的变化趋势,验证了电弧的形成伴随着空间间隙被击穿的过程,其计算结果可以为进一步从电弧物理的角度探寻水下湿法焊接引弧过程的物理本质,引导并寻求更有效的引弧方法提供重要参考。     

燃烧反应性电弧理论及实验研究

以燃料和空气混合物为工质的燃烧反应性电弧等离子体在燃烧技术和等离子体技术中都有广泛的应用前景.本文通过实验研究了流量、混气比和电流对这一类固定弧长纵吹弧电压的影响.实验表明:其弧电压约比纯空气高1/3;弧电压随混气成份变化近于s形规律;一定条件下可形成电极的石墨保护层,使阴极长寿.理论分析中给出了二维轴对称反应性电弧的磁流体力学基本方程及分区简化模型的解.由混合气电弧的计算及对反应效果的定性分析可以认为,燃烧产物分解吸热是造成高焓值的原因,而混合气输运性质及反应因素二者的综合作用,可能是形成s形曲线的基本原因.     

基于光谱诊断的氩-氮P-TIG焊引弧的动态电弧物理特性研究

焊接电弧等离子体的物理特性直接决定了焊接接头的成形形貌,分析双组分保护气体的脉冲钨极惰性气体保护焊（P-TIG）动态电弧物理特性,为深入开展混合气体保护焊的焊缝成形物理过程研究提供理论基础。氩-氮混合气体保护焊电弧具有高热特性可以增加熔深,但在焊接前混合均匀的保护气体,引弧后气体浓度会重新分布,使电弧等离子体物理特性的实时动态变化特点变得复杂。光谱诊断是电弧等离子体物理特性测量的最重要手段,但对双组分气体保护的P-TIG焊电弧特性的研究仍需深入进行,特别是对于易引起缺陷的起弧过程,其动态物理特性亟需深入分析。针对氩-氮混合气体P-TIG焊的引弧过程,以P-TIG焊产生的氩-氮双组分电弧等离子体为研究对象,提出利用窄带滤光片与CCD相结合的高速摄影实验系统采集双组分电弧等离子的动态光谱信息,获取特征谱Ar Ⅰ 794.8 nm和N Ⅰ 904.6 nm的P-TIG焊电弧光谱强度动态分布;提出利用双元素双组分标准温度法计算P-TIG焊引弧过程中距离钨极下方1,2,3和4 mm位置处电弧等离子体的动态温度及浓度,定量分析80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊从引弧至电弧稳定过程的电弧等离子体物理特性实时分布。实验结果表明,80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊电弧强度、电弧温度及浓度的变化均与脉冲电流的变化同步,焊接电流在3 ms内达到稳定状态,而电弧等离子体的强度、温度及浓度需要更长时间达到平衡状态。从起弧到电弧等离子稳定燃烧的过程中,基值期间和峰值期间的电弧等离子体强度均呈现先升高再降低的趋势;由于阴极的热传导及电流密度的变化,使得电弧等离子体轴向位置的峰值温度及基值温度均出现迅速升高再缓慢降低的现象;由于粒子间碰撞及摩擦力的影响,使得电弧等离子体的峰值及基值期间氩的浓度均呈迅速减小再缓慢增加的趋势,且氩的浓度均低于焊前浓度。     

Fluctuation of arc plasma in arc plasma torch with multiple cathodes

Fluctuation phenomena commonly exist in arc plasmas, limiting the application of this technology.In this paper,we report an investigation of fluctuations of arc plasmas in an arc plasma torch with multiple cathodes.Time-resolved images of the plasma column and anode arc roots are captured.Variations of the arc voltage, plasma column diameter, and pressure are also revealed.The results indicate that two well-separated fluctuations exist in the arc plasma torch.One is the high-frequency fluctuation(of several thousand Hz), which arises from transferring of the anode arc root.The other is the low-frequency fluctuation(of several hundred Hz), which may come from the pressure variation in the arc plasma torch.Initial analysis reveals that as the gas flow rate changes, the low-frequency fluctuation shows a similar variation trend with the Helmholtz oscillation.This oscillation leads to the shrinking and expanding of the plasma column.As a result, the arc voltage shows a sinusoidal fluctuation.     

Research on the influence of conductivity to pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge in water

Pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge (PAED) is a kind of thermal plasma arc discharge phenomenon which can generate strong pressure wave, ultraviolet ray and active groups. Therefore, PAED can act as a significant role applying on the technology of water treatment and it has broad application prospects. Compared with the existing water treatment mechanism, the technology of PAED possesses the most sterilization efficient and no secondary pollution. There are a huge number of plasma, active groups and gas liquid mixtures generated between the two arc electrodes in the water medium when the streamer discharge voltage is 3∼5 kV. In addition, water conductivity is also changed with the development of pulse arc electrohydraulic discharge which should be the prime importance in the process of PAED. In this article, firstly we analyzed the discharge mechanism on the process of pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge. After that how the conductivity had played a major role in the process of pre-breakdown discharge and the main discharge processes will be discussed in detail. Experiments were conducted to research the relation among the conductivity, the pressure wave, active groups, ultraviolet light, discharge current and voltage generated from PAED. In finally the result can become a basis for using the water treatment tech of pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge on different conductivity.     

Dynamic behaviour of alternating current arc discharge in a multi‐arc generator at atmospheric pressure

In this letter, a multi‐arc generator with three high‐voltage electrodes and a common grounded one was developed for the purpose of obtaining large area and steady arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. Three typical discharge states were found in the multi‐arc generator: independent movement of three arc columns, confluence of two arc columns, and confluence of three arc columns. The three discharge states cyclically occur on the evolution of the arc discharge and their duration is influenced by the power dissipation and plasma working gas flow rate. With an increase of discharge power and a decrease of the gas flow rate, the duration of multiple arc confluence increases, which contributes to the suppression of the fluctuation amplitude of each arc. Frequency domain analysis of the arc voltage envelope shows that the frequency of arc fluctuation increases in the multi‐arc mode in the multi‐arc generator compared to that in the single arc mode.     

Enhancement and stabilization of cathodic arc using mesh anode

The performance and characteristics of a cathodic arc deposition apparatus consisting of a titanium cathode, an anode with and without a tungsten mesh, and a coil producing a focusing magnetic field between the anode and cathode arc investigated. The arc voltage V_a is measured with a fixed arc current for an anode diameter of 40 mm. The relationship between V_a and the magnetic field B with and without a mesh is obtained. In addition, the relationship between the arc current I_a and V_c, the voltage to which the artificial transmission line was charged, is measured with and without the mesh to determine the minimum ignition voltage for the arc when the anode hole diameter is 40 mm. The arc resistance increases with the focusing magnetic strength B and decreases when using the mesh. Our results indicate that the high transparency and large area of the mesh allows a high plasma flux to penetrate the anode from the cathodic arc. The mesh also stabilizes the cathodic arc and gives better performance when used in concert with a focusing magnetic field     

Magnetoelectric effect in layered composites with arc shape

Magnetoelectric (ME) layered Ni/PZT/Ni composites with arc shape have been prepared by using electroless deposition. The ME effect is measured by applying both constant and alternating magnetic fields in longitudinal and transverse directions. The longitudinal ME voltage coefficient is much larger than the transverse one. With the increase of arc length or decrease of curvature, the resonance frequency of layered arc Ni/PZT/Ni composites gradually decreases, while the maximum of the ME voltage coefficient of the composites increases monotonously. The influence of the arc length and the curvature on ME coupling is discussed. The flat interface between the ferromagnetic and the piezoelectric phases in layered ME composites is believed to provide large ME voltage coefficient.     

Space-charge-limited current of vacuum arc thruster

To optimize thrust performance, the expression of space-charge-limited current for vacuum arc thruster is derived from Poisson's equation. The commonly used ring-type and coaxial-type vacuum arc thrusters are simplified to the equivalent current sheet in planar geometry and cylindrical capacitor, respectively, for this calculation. Both the spatial distribution and peak magnitude of space-charge-limited current are given explicitly, together with their dependences on gap distance, applied voltage, charge number, and ion mass. For typical experimental parameters of the vacuum arc thruster, it is shown that the maximum current density drops significantly when the gap distance becomes large and grows when the applied voltage increases; moreover, a cathode material of lower atomic weight yields a higher current density. The expressions of total current for these two types of vacuum arc thruster are also presented. This work, to our best knowledge, is the first application of space-charge-limited current to the vacuum arc thruster and practically very interesting for engineering design.     

Investigation of the high-current arc in helium

The secondary and erosion characteristics of the electric-arc plasmatorch were studied experimentally. Formulas for arc voltage calculation depending on helium flow rate, diameter of the inner cavity of cylindrical copper anode, arc current, and distance from the nozzle to metal melt were derived.     

Control of a pulsed arc discharge for effective heating of a gas

The need to control a high-current pulsed arc with the aim of raising the efficiency of current-induced heating of a gas is theoretically substantiated. A computational formula for the length of the discharge gap in devices where a pulsed arc is initiated in a gas is derived. The effect of arc voltage control on the current dynamics and variation of the voltage across the gap is studied experimentally. It is shown how pulsed arc control influences the propagation rate of the leading edge of a discharge jet generated in a pulsed plasma jet former.     

Experimental investigations into the arc properties of vacuuminterrupters with horseshoe electrode, four pole electrode, and theirapplications

By using ferromagnetic material around electrodes to generate strong nonuniform magnetic fields, vacuum arcs can be kept in well-defined diffuse mode or multiple arc mode. As a result, the arc voltage is low and stable, the current is confined in certain areas, and high interrupting ability and small size are achieved. The different arc modes for different electrodes, the arc voltage versus arc current for flat electrodes, horseshoe, and four-pole electrode, and the vacuum arc distribution are measured. The criteria of choice of electrode diameter and electrode distance are given     

The behavior of vacuum arc discharges on hydrogen impregnatedelectrodes

This paper reports on experimental studies of the behavior of vacuum arcs at hydrogen impregnated electrodes. The arc discharges were analyzed by high speed photography, open shutter photography, measurement of arc voltage and current, and measurements of the erosion in dependence on the level of impregnation for a wide range of arc currents. The results show that impregnation of electrodes with hydrogen reduces the erosion rate, causes smaller crater dimensions, changes the macroparticle size, and decreases the current per spot. For a given current the arc voltage depends on the degree of impregnation. At low current it decreases with increasing impregnation. Furthermore, the arc discharge burns more stable on impregnated electrodes. The total erosion rate decreases significantly due to the reduction of the droplet fraction. The spot movement is faster than on nonimpregnated electrodes