Sensitive Method for Trace Determination of Mercury in Wines Using Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

An accurate, simple and precise method for total mercury determination in wines is described. Liquid/liquid extraction of inorganic and organic mercury species directly from untreated wine samples is recommended as a preconcentration procedure prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate was used as complexation agent. The optimal instrumental parameters for ETAAS measurement of mercury species extracted are proposed. The detection limit for total mercury determination is 0.2µgL^–1. The relative standard deviation is 15–22% for mercury in wine in the range of 0.2–5µgL^–1. The proposed procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of mercury in bottled wines in Bulgaria and Macedonia.     

Evaluation of Different Modifiers for the Determination of Arsenic in Leachate Samples from Sanitary Landfills by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a rapid and accurate method of arsenic determination in leachate samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Leachate samples from sanitary landfills are considered difficult samples to analyze due to severe matrix interferences. A comparative study of various chemical modifiers was performed: Pd, Mg, Au, Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir, C₆H₈O₇ (citric acid), Pd + Mg, Ir + Mg, and the permanent modifier Zr – Ir.

Among the modifiers tested, the mixture 5 µg Ir + 40 µg Mg provided the best performance, followed by the permanent modifier Zr – Ir (a coating of 200 µg Zr + 20 µg Ir). The permanent modifier was finally chosen due to the decreased background signal and sufficient sensitivity.

In order to investigate the presence of matrix interference and exploit the possibility of performing calibrations by simple aqueous solutions, calibration with aqueous standards, matrix matched standards and with standard additions was performed. It was observed that, in the presence of the Zr – Ir permanent modifier, the slopes of the calibration curve and the matrix-matched/standard addition curves were statistically different (checked by t-test). The recoveries from matrix-matched calibrations for three concentration levels were ranged between 96.4% and 100%. Precision experiments were also performed and the relative standard deviation (%RSD) for four different concentrations was ≤10%. The method was applied to the determination of arsenic in leachate samples collected in the solid waste sanitary landfill of Ano Liossia, Attika, Greece.     

流动注射-导数火焰原子吸收光谱测定植物油中的镍、锰、铬和铅

提出了流动注射－导数火焰原子吸收光谱测定植物油中微量镍、锰、铬和铅的新方法，流动注射进样技术克服了常规火焰原子吸收法耗样量大和基体干扰严重的缺点，导数技术应用于火焰原子吸收可提高方法的灵敏度和信号的选择性，流动注射与导数技术相结合应用于火焰原子吸收成功地测定了常规火焰原子吸收法和流动注射－火焰原子吸收法难以测定的植物油中微量镍、锰、铬和铅。镍、锰、铬和铅的特征浓度（μg/mL)，分别为0.0054、0.0034、0.0067、0.025，相对标准偏差在0.3%-2.8%的范围内。     

Determination of Chromium (VI) in Airborne Particulate Matter by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a well-established carcinogen associated with lung, nasal, and sinus cancer. Cr(VI) threshold limit values in workroom air have been recently lowered. Consequently, the currently available analytical methods are insufficiently sensitive or high cost. In this paper, a simple, cost-effective, sensitive, and reproducible method using solid-phase extraction with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of hexavalent chromium in airborne samples is reported. The method validation included selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Interferences from other ions likely to be present in airborne samples, including trivalent chromium, were tested and selectivity was demonstrated. The detection and quantification limits were, respectively, as low as 0.1 and 0.4?µg?L^?1. The linearity ranged from 0.5 to 50.0?µg?L^?1, with a regression coefficients exceeding 0.998. The extraction recovery exceeded 98%. The developed method was successfully compared with a reference spectrophotometric method. The performances achieved were similar to ion chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography approaches. The novel method was tested on airborne samples collected from the workplace. The method’s performance suggests that it may be an alternative to high-cost techniques for monitoring occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium.     

石墨炉原子吸收测定生物样品中的Pb

本文研究了用平台加镧基体改进剂和塞曼扣除背景测定NBS1572(果叶),NBS1577a(牛肝),啤酒中的Pb,并对生物材料中几种主要成分的干扰及降低方法作了研究。结果表明:大部分基体在灰化阶段除去。基体改进剂使AA信号提前(果叶、牛肝)或推后(啤酒)。原子化温度稳定在2000℃,测定结果在证书值范围内。     

Direct Analysis of Coffee and Tea for Aluminium Determinationby Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

 A method for direct analysis of tea and coffee samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry is described. Coffee and tea from different sources were analyzed without digestion step. For slurry analyses the samples were ground, sieved at 105 μm and then suspended in 0.2% v/v HNO₃ and 10% v/v Triton X-100 medium. For liquid phase aluminium determination the samples were prepared in the same way and only the liquid is introduced directly into the graphite furnace. Calibration was performed by aqueous standards for both cases and the determinations were carried out in the linear range between 50 and 250 μg L⁻¹. The characteristic mass of aluminium and the detection limit were 45 pg and 2 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Using a typical 0.1% m/v coffee slurry sample, the relative standard deviation of measurements (n=15) for repeatability was about 8.2%. Received December 27, 1998. Revision March 18, 1999.     

Application of Chitosan Functionalized with 8-Hydroxyquinoline: Determination of Lead by Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

This work describes the application of chitosan – chemically modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline – in a simple and efficient preconcentration system using flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-FAAS) for the determination of Pb²⁺ ions. The efficiency of the chelating resin and the accuracy of the proposed method were evaluated by the metal ion recovery technique in samples of mineral water, potable water and lake water. The recovery of Pb²⁺ ions from spiked solutions was less than 70% due to matrix effects, which were eliminated by addition of Ba²⁺ metal ions, resulting in recoveries of approximately 100% for all water samples. Ag⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ metal ions were studied with respect to their interference with Pb²⁺ metal ion determination, and the chelating resin exhibited high selectivity for Pb²⁺ at pH 7. The analytical properties of merit were obtained using the parameters previously optimized. The method shows high precision with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 1.1% (n=7) for a solution containing 50µgL^–1 of Pb²⁺ and a detection limit (L.O.D.) of 1.7µgL^–1.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定硫化物矿石中的铜铅锌

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法同时测定硫化物矿石中Cu、Pb、Zn三种元素的方法,取代了传统的四酸(HCl+HNO3+HClO4+HF)溶样法,采用简单的盐酸和硝酸溶解矿石,大大缩短了分析时间。选择干扰少且灵敏度高的谱线作为待测元素的分析谱线,采用左右两点扣背景的方法校正光谱干扰和基体匹配方法消除物理干扰,用GBW07162和GBW07163等不同种类的国家一级标准物质进行精密度和准确度实验,测定结果的相对标准偏差都在10%以内,测定结果都在标准值的误差范围内,符合地质矿产开发的要求。     

Direct Determination of Arsenic in Beet Sugar Molasses Using Nickel as Chemical Modifier by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrommetry

A simple electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric (ETAAS) method is described for direct determination of arsenic in sugar beet molasses samples. Pyrolytic graphite tubes were used as atomizers. The compression between modifiers such as nickel nitrate, palladium nitrate and the mixture of palladium and magnesium nitrate were performed and nickel nitrate selected as the best chemical modifier. The effects of pyrolysis and atomization temperature were also studied and the pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C and atomization temperature of 2300 °C have been chosen for temperature program. The detection limit of the method was 1 ng/mL As in sugar beet molasses samples. The relative standard deviation for ten determination of a spiked sample with concentration of 50 ng/mL As was 2.4%. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the analysis of spiked samples. The linear rang of calibration is in the range of 1‐100 ng/mL of arsenic.     

原子吸收光谱和原子发射光谱法测定工业废水中的总铬

为了探讨原子吸收光谱法和原子发射光谱法测定工业废水中的总铬分析方法的异同,分别采用两种方法对工业废水中的总铬进行了对比分析,对样品前处理方法,方法的标准曲线、检出限、准确度、精密度、干扰及消除等进行了比较,并对两种方法的测定结果进行t检验。结果表明,两种方法具有良好的一致性。相对来说,原子发射光谱法各方面指标要优于原子吸收光谱法。     

Statistical Evaluation of Cu,Mn and Zn Determinations in Biological Samples by Radiofrequency Capacitively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Using the Bland and Altman Test

This paper presents a statistical comparison of Cu, Mn and Zn determinations in biological samples by low power radiofrequency capacitively coupled Ar plasma (275W; 27.12MHz; 0.4Lmin^–1 flow rate) atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry using statistical analysis according to the Bland and Altman test and linear regression. For a content (µgg^–1 dry mass) of 5-43 Cu, 10-15800 Mn and 8-1100 Zn in fish fillet and freshwater molluscs, there was no significant bias in r.f.CCP-AES for a 95% confidence level. Certified reference materials were analysed by r.f.CCP-AES, and a good agreement between analysis results and certified values was obtained. Matrix effects of Ca and Na and their influence on the detection limits of Cu, Mn and Zn are presented for both methods. As compared to FAAS, r.f.CCP-AES is more prone to interferences and, consequently, the detection limits for Cu, Mn and Zn in biological samples (2; 2 and 3µgg^–1 dry mass) are higher than those in FAAS. In spite of these problems, r.f.CCP-AES is capable of accurate and precise analyses of biological samples.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铜原尾矿中的铅

铜原尾矿中硅含量较高,针对这一特性,提出了试样采用饱和氟化氢铵、盐酸、硝酸溶解,在硝酸(5%)介质中,于原子吸收光谱仪上,使用空气-乙炔火焰进行铅的测定,建立了铜原尾矿中铅的测定方法。研究结果表明铅的质量浓度在0.5~3μg/mL范围内与吸光度A有良好的线性关系,方法的相对标准偏差0.92%~2.4%,加标回收率96.0%~106.0%,方法以3倍的空白溶液11次测定值的标准偏差作为检出限,检出限为0.08μg/mL,方法准确、可靠。     

Determination of Rhodium in Biological Materials by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with a Tungsten Tube Atomizer

Abstract

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) of rhodium with a tungsten tube atomizer has been investigated under optimum conditions (atomization temperature; 2230 C, purge gas; Ar 480 ml min^?1 + H₂ 20 ml min^?1, and pyrolysis temperature; 590 C). The absolute characteristic mass (the mass of element giving 0.0044 abs.) of rhodium by the atomizer was 86.5 pg and the detection limit was 16.5 ng ml^?1 (3S/N). The interferences caused by large amounts of interferents were evaluated. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Pb and Zn severely interfered in the AA signal of rhodium. Ammonium phosphate, ascorbic acid, palladium nitrate, copper nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, thiocyanate and thiourea, well known as matrix modifiers were tested to eliminate the severe interferences. However, by the addition of these compounds, the rhodium signal was not recovered. The standard addition method was adapted for the determination of rhodium in biological materials. The recovery of spiked-rhodium in biological materials was in the range of 97.4 to 107%.     

便携式钨丝电热原子吸收光谱仪测定水样中铜、铬、铅和镉

以钨丝原子化器和小型化CCD检测器为主要部件,组装了便携式钨丝电热原子吸收光谱分析仪,优化了载气(Ar/H2) 流速、空心阴极灯位置、原子化器高度、灰化和原子化电流等主要仪器条件.最佳载气(Ar/H2)流速(mL/min)为600 /300(Cd),800/200(Cu, Pb, Cr);灰化电流为2.9～3.2 A;原子化电流为8.5 A;CCD的积分时间为50 ms.并在优化的仪器条件下准确测定了环境水样中的铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)和镉(Cd),进样10 μL时,其检出限分别为2、5、9和0.5 μg/L.此便携式原子吸收光谱仪在环境水样痕量元素分析中可望有良好的应用前景.     

原子吸收法测定碱性锌锰电池中铅的探讨

探讨了使用HCl-HF-HClO4分解体系，对碱性锌锰电池进行预处理，测定总铅含量的方法。     

流动注射在线液—液萃取原子吸收光谱法测定生物样品中的铅

本文利用所设计的一种新型流动注射液－液萃取重力分相器，建立了流动注射液溶剂萃取原子吸收光谱法测定铅的新方法，详细地研究了流动注射在线萃取的实验条件及流路系统，方法的精密度和检出限分别为２．５％（ｎ＝１１）和２．８μｇ／Ｌ（ｋ＝３）。用拟定的方法测定了峰蛹，粮食等生物样品中的铅，结果与参考值相吻合。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空气中铬含量的不确定度评定

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空气中铬含量,评定了测定过程的不确定度,把不确定度分解为标准溶液及配制引入的不确定度、标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度和样品重复测定引入的不确定度等七个因素,系统分析并计算各不确定度分量和扩展不确定度.结果表明,其中采集样品引入的不确定度是主要影响因素,空气中铬含量为3.88 μg/m3时,扩展不确定度为0.12 μg/m3.     

Atomization Characteristic of Chromium on a Molybdenum Tube Atomizer by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Determination of Chromium in Biological Materials

Atomization characteristics of chromium have been studied by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a molybdenum tube atomizer. The appearance temperature (T_app) of chromium nitrate was 1300°C. TheT_appwas independent of the heating rate of atomizer, but the temperature at the peak of the Cr AA signal increased with the heating rate. A sensitive absorption chromium signal was obtained in pure argon purge gas. The chromium signal decreased as the ratio of hydrogen in the purge gas increased. The optimal gas flow rate was Ar 480 ml min⁻¹+ H₂20 ml min⁻¹because of the avoidance of oxidation of the atomizer. The absolute characteristic mass (the mass of element giving 0.0044 abs.) of chromium by the atomizer was 0.35 pg and the detection limit was 23 pg ml⁻¹(3S/N). The interferences caused by large amounts of interferents were evaluated. The addition of thiourea served to eliminate the severe interferences. The accuracies of the recommended method were considered almost satisfactory for the determination of chromium in biological materials, compared with the certified values of NIST materials. The recovery of spiked chromium in biological materials was in the range from 93.5 to 102%.     

电热原子吸收法直接测定牛奶样中痕量的铅和镉

采用石墨炉原子吸收法，直接测定了牛奶与奶粉中痕量Pb与Cd．发现食品加工过程中荐在着重金属的污染．     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定粗锌中的铜

建立火焰原子吸收光谱法测定粗锌中的铜含量。采用硝酸–酒石酸溶解样品,并以其为测定溶液介质,检测波长为324.7 nm,以水为参比,采用空气–乙炔火焰以原子吸收光谱仪进行测定。在优化的实验条件下,铜的质量浓度在0.10~2.50μg/m L范围内与吸光度有良好线性关系,相关系数为0.999 7,方法检出限为0.01μg/m L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.0%~3.0%(n=11),样品加标回收率为97%~102%。该方法具有灵敏度高,干扰少,重现性好等优点,适用于铜含量在0.001%~0.50%之间的粗锌中铜的测定。