硅酸盐玻璃和熔体结构的拉曼光谱定量解析

采用核磁共振谱和拉曼光谱对不同Na_2O浓度的系列二元钠硅酸盐玻璃进行了测定。采用精细结构Q_i~(jklm)对所得的核磁共振谱进行分峰拟合,得到不同Q_i~(jklm)结构在核磁共振谱中的化学位移和相对含量以及初级结构Q_i的相对含量。此外,通过构建系列硅酸盐玻璃和熔体中存在的团簇结构模型,采用量子化学从头计算方法模拟团簇的振动波数和拉曼活性,获取拉曼光谱散射截面函数。结果表明,开发的拉曼光谱定量方法与核磁共振方法在硅酸盐玻璃结构的解析上吻合良好,实验也表明适合高温原位检测的拉曼光谱技术可以实现硅酸盐熔体结构的定量解析。     

二元碱金属硅酸盐精细结构和拉曼光谱的从头计算研究

应用量子化学从头计算方法研究了二元碱金属硅酸盐的精细结构,对典型的系列二元碱金属硅酸盐离子簇模型采用6-31G(d)基组和闭壳层Hartree-Fock(RHF)方法优化构型,并计算了二元碱金属硅酸盐的拉曼光谱,采用硅氧四面体应力指数这一精细结构参数分析和讨论了计算得到的非桥氧高频区对称伸缩振动频率和其拉曼光学活性,以及不同阳离子对该拉曼光学活性的影响。研究表明,二元碱金属硅酸盐非桥氧高频区对称伸缩振动频率与其精细结构密切相关,而且与Q₃相连的Q₄会对该Q₃的拉曼光学活性表现出增强作用。这说明二元碱金属硅酸盐的拉曼散射等性质主要依赖于其精细结构而非其初级结构单元-硅氧四面体。研究还表明,半径较大的阳离子有利于增强离子簇的拉曼光学活性,但对于小的离子簇,过多的电荷迁移反而会起到抑制作用。     

拉曼光谱和表面张力用于水质检测与分析

使用激光拉曼光谱仪测试了蒸馏水、瓶装饮用水和自来水的室温拉曼光谱,并用拉脱法测量了表面张力.实验结果表明:蒸馏水、瓶装饮用水和自来水的拉曼光谱基本相似,蒸馏水的拉曼光谱相对光滑,峰强度较大;自来水和瓶装饮用水的拉曼光谱出现杂峰与毛刺,峰强度降低,峰形宽化.蒸馏水、瓶装饮用水和自来水的表面张力随温度升高而减小.水中杂质物和溶解物对水中氢键的影响,使水分子团簇结构强化,极化率降低,振动能量减弱,拉曼光谱峰强度降低,表面张力增大.     

温度扰动下CuCl2/DMF溶液的二维相关拉曼光谱分析

溶液的光谱研究一直受到化学工作者的关注,但大多研究是以一维光谱技术为主,存在分辨率低,误差较大,重叠峰难以分辨等诸多弊端,无法清晰地给出需要的信息。二维光谱通过对外部扰动下的动态光谱进行相关分析计算,从而得到光谱强度的整体变化信息,显著提高一维光谱的分辨率以及重叠峰的分离度。在判断特定外扰下不同官能团的响应次序以及研究分子间、分子内的弱相互作用上具有独特优势。采用二维相关拉曼光谱和理论计算相结合,对溶液内微观团簇及其变化进行了研究。利用显微共焦激光拉曼光谱仪对目标溶液(纯DMF与0.84 mol·L-1的CuCl₂/DMF溶液)进行了升温实验。结果发现在C-N键伸缩振动谱带范围内,由于CuCl₂的加入,特征峰强度整体大幅下降,峰宽变大,在1 115 cm-1有新峰产生,随温度升高,伸缩振动峰强度逐渐下降,峰形变缓。为了获得C-N键振动内各特征峰随温度的变化情况,采用移动窗口二维拉曼(MW2D Raman)光谱技术,对光谱数据进行分析。结果表明溶液内不同类别的微观团簇对温度的敏锐程度不同,随温度升高,它们之间存在相互转化,且变化速度不同。为了获取溶液内各微观团簇运动的实质,以温度为外扰,采用二维拉曼(2D Raman)光谱对目标溶液进行分析,通过对二维光谱中特征峰进行归属和变化次序判断,发现金属Cu2+的加入,使得溶液体系变得更加复杂,除存在原溶剂内所含的团簇构型,还存在与Cu2+发生溶剂化的团簇构型,它们之间存在着一定的相互转化。利用密度泛函理论对溶液中可能存在的团簇构型进行结构优化和热力学计算,结果证实了Cu2+与DMF存在相互作用,且由此产生的团簇构型[Cu(DMF)_n]2+(n=1~6)的稳定性随n的增大逐渐变差,进一步验证了二维相关光谱分析的可行性与正确性。     

二元钠硅酸盐玻璃及其熔体微结构的高温拉曼光谱及核磁共振研究

本文采用拉曼光谱研究不同配比的二元钠硅酸盐玻璃,结果显示碱金属阳离子的浓度影响结构中桥氧的含量,且不同初级结构Qi具有不同的特征峰。对Na2O·3SiO2玻璃进行高温拉曼和核磁共振研究,分别采用精细结构Qjklmi(m1h,m2q,m3t)和Qjklmi取代初级结构Qi进行解谱拟合和结构分析得到得到初级微结构单元的实际分布,结合量化分析结果计算其拉曼散射截面,定量分析Na2O·3SiO2玻璃及熔体在升温状态下结构随温度的变化。从室温到到熔态,Qi结构之间存在动态平衡,Na2O·3SiO2玻璃随着温度的升高从玻璃态到高弹态,最后经历粘流态到熔态。     

碱金属氟化物对掺Yb~(3+)氟磷酸盐玻璃析晶稳定性和光谱性质的影响

研究了碱金属氟化物对掺Yb3 氟磷玻璃的光谱性质和析晶稳定性能的影响.运用倒易法计算了Yb3 的发射截面.结果显示,LiF的引入对吸收和发射截面的提高作用较大并出现最佳引入量极值,其次为KF.碱金属氟化物的引入可提高二元体系的析晶稳定性能,使玻璃网络结构得到改善;拉曼光谱显示二元体系中引入YbF<,3>后玻璃网络结构得到增强,而在引入碱金属氟化物的三元体系中掺杂YbF<,3>后破坏了网络完整性,降低系统析晶稳定性能.     

CH4分子ν1模拉曼诱导克尔效应谱与受激拉曼光声光谱峰形的比较

以气相甲烷分子ν₁模Q支的拉曼光谱为例，采用拉曼诱导克尔效应谱(RIKES)进行峰形测量，并将其与同时测量的受激拉曼光声光谱(PARS)的峰形进行了比较.结果表明，在pump光和Stokes光均为线偏振的情况下，两者存在着差异；在拉曼共振峰的低频端，RIKES谱强度略高；而高频端则恰好相反.从信号产生机制出发，对此进行了合理解释. 关键词： 拉曼诱导克尔效应谱 受激拉曼光声光谱 峰形     

LaCl_3溶液中微团簇的光谱研究

对LaCl_3溶液拉曼和荧光光谱及其变化进行了理论计算和实验研究,得到了较为全面的光谱信息。基于密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d,p)+Def2-SV(p)基组水平上计算了氯化镧溶液中的微团簇结构,结果表明微团簇分子趋向于形成9配位结构,验证了计算方法的可行性。理论拉曼光谱与实验光谱相比基本一致,随着LaCl_3的加入溶液拉曼光谱在300~600cm~(-1)范围内峰的强度稍微增大,原因可能为La—O振动与水中O—H的面内、面外摇摆峰叠加形成的;在3 000~4 000cm~(-1)范围内,氯化镧溶液与水相比峰形变窄,可能是由于在溶液中原有的水团簇结构破坏后形成的镧水合物中O—H的伸缩振动导致。荧光发射光谱在350nm处出现明显的新峰,且与浓度呈良好的线性关系,从络合物角度实现了对氯化镧溶液的定量分析;同样的基组水平上计算了团簇的荧光发射中心,在误差允许范围内,理论计算与实验值基本吻合,实现了对实验光谱中新峰的指认与归属。     

温度对低共熔溶剂影响的二维拉曼光谱研究

低共熔溶剂（DES）作为一种新式的绿色溶剂，在多种化学过程中表现出色，因此在诸多热门范畴都展现出良好的发展潜力。对DES的光谱分析通常局限在一维光谱技术上，但其分辨率低、谱峰重叠严重等缺点，导致光谱数据存在误差。运用二维拉曼光谱（2D Raman），能够明显提高光谱分辨率，并发现重叠峰位置，获得在外扰条件下不同谱峰的变化顺序及其相互作用等重要信息，以实现对复杂体系的精确分析。以氯化胆碱（ChCl）和ZnCl₂合成的DES为例，利用显微共焦激光拉曼光谱仪分别对ChCl和DES进行拉曼实验，发现与ChCl相比，DES中各处峰的整体强度显著下降，原有的谱峰未消失，说明Zn2+的加入没有破坏ChCl的骨架结构。287 cm-1处出现一个新的特征峰，推测有Zn-Cl配位键的伸缩振动。对DES进行升温拉曼实验，发现随着温度的升高，NC₄的不对称伸缩振动峰强度逐渐减小，峰宽变大，峰形变缓，Zn-Cl配位键伸缩振动峰强度逐渐降低，峰位置基本不变，峰形有明显重叠。运用2D Raman技术对溶液内NC₄和Zn-Cl特征峰的变化进行研究，结果表明，随着温度的升高，溶液中发生ChCl向Ch+的解离过程，Zn2+与Cl-形成了多种配合物，ZnCl-₃，Zn₂Cl-₅，Zn₃Cl-₇之间存在相互转化。不同位置的特征峰随温度的变化顺序不同，将特征峰与团簇进行一一归属，得出了各个团簇对温度的敏感程度。基于量子化学中的密度泛函理论，对推测的物质结构进行构型优化和参数计算，证实了其存在的可能性，同时也验证了2D Raman的分析结果准确可行。这些结果将为DES的后续研究提供理论参考，拓展了二维光谱技术的应用范围。     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测鸡蛋蛋清内三聚氰胺的定量方法研究

三聚氰胺对人体有害,鸡蛋内三聚氰胺定量检测非常有必要。以鸡蛋蛋清为研究对象,应用表面增强拉曼光谱技术结合化学计量学方法对蛋清内三聚氰胺进行了定量检测。首先采用人工饲养蛋鸡的方法获取含有三聚氰胺的样品鸡蛋。然后使用便携式拉曼光谱检测仪(Opto Trace RamTracer-200)和拉曼增强试剂测定蛋清的表面增强拉曼光谱,同时利用气相色谱质谱技术测定相应蛋清中三聚氰胺的含量。利用Raman Analyzer对拉曼光谱基线进行校正。应用相关系数法从表面增强拉曼光谱中选取320个光谱变量作为输入变量,建立偏最小二乘定量校正模型;并应用谱峰分解法建立谱峰分解定量校正模型。两种模型建立过程中均选定90个样本做为模型校正集,44个样本做为模型验证集,两种模型都有较好的预测效果。偏最小二乘定量校正模型预测值与气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定值的决定系数R2为0.856,预测均方根误差RMSEP为1.547;谱峰分解定量校正模型R2为0.947,RMSEP为0.893。实验结果表明,该方法能有效定量检测鸡蛋内三聚氰胺,检测一个样本仅需15 min,为蛋品的三聚氰胺检测提供了一种新途径。     

阳离子对硅酸盐玻璃激光拉曼光谱影响的研究

运用拉曼光谱技术研究了Na2O(K2O)—CaO(MgO)—SiO2,Na2O(K2O)—Al2O3—SiO2,Na2O(K2O)—B2O3—SiO2,Na2O(K2O)—PbO—SiO2和PbO—BaO—SiO2五个系统的玻璃。结果表明,阳离子对玻璃近程结构的改造会引起拉曼特征的变化。部分样品是根据古玻璃平均成分在实验室烧制的,这项研究对于运用激光拉曼光谱区分不同系统的古代硅酸盐玻璃有重要意义。     

Approximate chemical analysis of volcanic glasses using Raman spectroscopy

The effect of chemical composition on the Raman spectra of a series of natural calcalkaline silicate glasses has been quantified by performing electron microprobe analyses and obtaining Raman spectra on glassy filaments (~450 µm) derived from a magma mingling experiment. The results provide a robust compositionally‐dependent database for the Raman spectra of natural silicate glasses along the calcalkaline series. An empirical model based on both the acquired Raman spectra and an ideal mixing equation between calcalkaline basaltic and rhyolitic end‐members is constructed enabling the estimation of the chemical composition and degree of polymerization of silicate glasses using Raman spectra. The model is relatively insensitive to acquisition conditions and has been validated using the MPI‐DING geochemical standard glasses 1 as well as further samples. The methods and model developed here offer several advantages compared with other analytical and spectroscopic methods such as infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, electron and ion microprobe analyses, inasmuch as Raman spectroscopy can be performed with a high spatial resolution (1 µm²) without the need for any sample preparation as a nondestructive technique. This study represents an advance in efforts to provide the first database of Raman spectra for natural silicate glasses and yields a new approach for the treatment of Raman spectra, which allows us to extract approximate information about the chemical composition of natural silicate glasses using Raman spectroscopy. We anticipate its application in handheld in situ terrestrial field studies of silicate glasses under extreme conditions (e.g. extraterrestrial and submarine environments). © 2015 The Authors Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

xCaSiO3·LiBO2固溶体中硅氧四面体微结构形态的拉曼光谱研究

本文测定了xCaSiO3*LiBO2(重量比,x=0, 0.25, 0.33, 0.50)系列的拉曼光谱,分析了硅氧四面体的微结构形态及其随SiO2 浓度的变化.结果表明,在所研究的浓度范围内,其微结构单元,即Qi ( i = 0～4) 均以孤立的硅氧四面体存在,且随SiO2 浓度的增加, Q2, Q4 的丰度有明显增加;此外,硅氧四面体的伸缩振动谱峰的积分强度总和与SiO2 浓度呈线性相关,为采用拉曼光谱直接分析矿物、炉渣、玻璃和土壤中的SiO2 提供了可能.     

Structure–property correlations in lead silicate glasses and crystalline phases

Lead silicate glasses containing 40–65?mol% of PbO were prepared at two melt-quenching rates and characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, density, microhardness, thermo-mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and Raman scattering studies. On increasing the PbO concentration, density increases, glass transition temperature decreases and the optical absorption edge shifts towards longer wavelength. An intense optical absorption band was observed just below the absorption edge in glasses with 55?mol% and higher concentration of PbO. Dilatometric measurements show an unusual property that glasses do not show any abrupt increase in volume near the glass transition temperature but transform directly into the liquid state. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the concentration of SiO₄ tetrahedra containing one or more NBOs increase with PbO mol%. Devitrification studies on lead silicate glasses found that samples with 40–45?mol% of PbO do not crystallize, whereas samples with higher PbO concentration produce multiple crystalline phases like PbSiO₃, Pb₃₃Si₂₄O₈₁, Pb₂SiO₄ and Pb₃Si₂O₇ on heat treatment.     

Glass formation and Raman spectra of CaO–SiO2 glasses towards the orthosilicate limit

A series of silicate glasses formed in the binary system (1-X)CaO-XSiO₂with silica mole fractions X ranging from 0.61to 0.38have been prepared using container-less aerodynamic levitation techniques and CO₂-laser heating. Glasses with X<0.45were prepared for the first time but, no glass formation was possible at compositions X<0.38. Ambient temperature polarized and depolarized Raman spectra were measured for all these glasses. Qⁱ-speciation analysis of the isotropic Raman spectra shows that near X∼0.38the predominant structures present are the SiO₄⁴⁻ tetrahedra and the single bridged Q¹species. Oxygen bridging was present at all compositions studied while at X<0.45 small amounts of free oxygen anions was present. The data are compared with the resent NMR measurements obtained with the same glass samples used in the present study. Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra were measured in low frequencies revealing the Boson peak (BP) at ∼50 and ∼70 cm⁻¹ for the corresponding polarized and depolarized configurations. On the Stokes side the BP frequencies exhibit a fictional shift due to contributions from the low frequency vibrational modes of the glass.     

Correlations between Raman parameters and elemental composition in lead and lead alkali silicate glasses

This article examines the influence of the composition on the Raman spectra of lead silicate glass. Modern and historic lead alkali glasses and high‐lead glazed ceramics were analysed complementarily by Raman spectrometry and elemental techniques, either electron microprobe, proton induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) or scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS). The results showed that lead alkali silicate and high‐lead silicate glasses can be easily distinguished from their Raman spectra profile. In lead alkali silicate glasses, continuous variations were observed in the spectra with the compositional change. In particular, the position of the intense peak around 1070 cm⁻¹ was linearly correlated to the lead content in the glass. A unique decomposition model was developed for the spectra of lead alkali silicate glasses. From the combination of the Raman and elemental analyses, correlations were established between the spectral components and the composition. These correlations permitted to interpret the spectra and access additional compositional information, such as the lead content from area ratio A₉₉₀/A_900–1150, the total alkali + alkaline‐earth content from the area ratio A₁₁₀₀/A_900–1150 or the silica content from the area ratio A₁₁₅₀/A_900–1150. In lead silicate glass containing over 25 mol% PbO, the compositional variation induced no variation in the SiO₄ network region of the Raman spectra [150–1350 cm⁻¹], therefore no correlations and compositional information could be gained from the glass spectra in this range of composition. This new development of Raman spectroscopy for the analyses of glass will be very valuable for museums to not only access compositional information non‐destructively but also to understand the structural changes involved with their alteration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GeO_2-PbO-ZnO红外玻璃的Raman光谱和结构

用Ｒａｍａｎ光谱研究了ＧｅＯ２ ＰｂＯ ＺｎＯ玻璃结构,结果表明,这种三元系统红外玻璃主要以［ＺｎＯ４］单元和含两个非桥氧的［ＧｅＯ４］四面体单元共同构成三维网络。网络中含两个非桥氧的［ＧｅＯ４］四面体数量随ＰｂＯ含量增加而增加,而低含量的ＺｎＯ则能提高网络中［ＧｅＯ４］四面体单元的聚合度。     

Structural investigations of GeS2-Ga2S3-CdS chalcogenide glasses using Raman spectroscopy

Raman investigations were carried out for various compositions of chalcogenide glasses in the GeS₂-Ga₂S₃-CdS system. Addition of Ga₂S₃ into GeS₂ results in the formation of metal-metal bonds and edge-shared GaS_4/2 tetrahedra. Ge²⁺ ions may surround [GaS_4/2]¹⁻ tetrahedra acting as charge compensators. Upon the addition of CdS into the GeS₂-Ga₂S₃ system, the number of the metal-metal bonds and edge-shared GaS_4/2 tetrahedra decreases, resulting in the formation of corner-shared tetrahedra with non-bridging sulfurs (NBS). Cd²⁺ ions can be dissolved into the glass network as charge compensators for these NBS and exited few [GaS_4/2]¹⁻ tetrahedra. The high solubility of CdS is ascribed to the dissociation of metal-metal bonds and edge-shared tetrahedra in these Ga-containing glasses.     

Spectroscopic investigations on glasses,glass-ceramics and ceramics developed for nuclear waste immobilization

Highly radioactive nuclear waste must be immobilized in very durable matrices such as glasses, glass-ceramics and ceramics in order to avoid their dispersion in the biosphere during their radioactivity decay. In this paper, we present various examples of spectroscopic investigations (optical absorption, Raman, NMR, EPR) performed to study the local structure of different kinds of such matrices used or envisaged to immobilize different kinds of radioactive wastes. A particular attention has been paid on the incorporation and the structural role of rare earths—both as fission products and actinide surrogates—in silicate glasses and glass-ceramics. An example of structural study by EPR of a ceramic (hollandite) irradiated by electrons (to simulate the effect of the β-irradiation of radioactive cesium) is also presented.