Structure and dynamics of ovalbumin gels

Solvent effects on dynamical and thermal behaviors of ovalbumin (OVA) gels induced by thermal denaturation at high temperature of 160°C were studied from dynamic shear modulus measurement, shear creep and creep recovery measurement, and DSC measurement. Two organic solvents, glycerin (G) and ethylene glycol (EG), and their mixtures with water (W)(G/W and EG/W) were used as solvent for preparation of gels. Stable gels formed in pure glycerin took a fractal structure at OVA concentration C range of 15–45wt% at a temperature specific to respective C, whereas a fractal structure was not observed for gels prepared in EG, G/W, and EG/W. The results were consistent with thermal denaturation behaviors of OVA in these solvents. Morphologies of two gels prepared in water and glycerin were explored using high resolution SEM, which showed that a basic unit responsible for formation of OVA gels was spheres with a diameter ranging from 20 to 40 nm, being much larger than 5.6 nm of the diameter of native OVA, and a fractal structure was related to network formation accompanied by melting of those spheres.Dedicated to Prof. John D. Ferry on the occasion of his 85th birthday.     

Experimental study on the heat transfer and flow properties of Ag–ethylene glycol nanofluid as a coolant

The heat transfer and flow characteristics of silver (Ag) Ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluids, flowing through a tubular heat exchanger were experimentally investigated. The spherically shaped Ag nanoparticles of an average size of 10–65 nm were dispersed in EG in a 0.1–2.0 vol%. The test results reveal that the convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the Ag–EG nanofluids increased from 39.5 to 49 and 1.42 to 23.7 % respectively, with increased nanoparticles concentration.     

7 km/s以上超高速发射技术研究进展

介绍了毫克至克量级弹丸7 km/s以上超高速发射技术的国内外研究进展,并对各发射装置的工作原理和技术要素进行了简要阐述.基于电磁驱动准等熵加载,美国ZR装置驱动25 mm×13mm×1.0mm铝飞片至46km/s速度,国内CQ系列磁驱动加载装置实现了 10mmx6mmx0.33mm铝飞片18 km/s的发射.借助于金属箔电爆炸产生高压气体驱动,美国利弗莫尔实验室100kV电炮装置驱动9.5mm×9.5 mm×0.3 mm的Kapton膜至18 km/s,国内流体物理研究所98 kJ和200 kJ电炮装置分别驱动?10 mmx0.2 mm Mylar飞片和?21 mm×0.5 mm Mylar飞片到10 km/s.基于阻抗梯度飞片技术,采用汇聚型和非汇聚型结构三级轻气炮,实现了厘米量级铝飞片和TC4钛飞片12～15 km/s速度发射.这些超高速驱动技术的发展,为空间碎片防护研究提供了坚实的技术支持.     

A method to study interactions between narrow-banded random waves and multi-chamber perforated structures

A time-domain method, based on linear velocity potential theory, is presented to study the interaction between narrow-banded random waves and perforated structures. A simple relation is derived to estimate the jet length of flows through the perforated wall. The reflection coefficient of narrow banded random waves from perforated structures is calculated by assuming a Rayleigh distribution of the heights of incident random waves. For reflection of narrow-banded waves from a single-chamber perforated breakwater, a comparison of the predicted and measured reflection coefficients shows that the method presented in this paper can provide a prediction better than that of regular waves. Numerical results are also reported on the reflection of narrow-banded waves from multi-chamber perforated breakwaters.The project partially supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (DAG03/04.EG39, DAG04/05.EG32).     

Synthesis of potassium sodium niobate powders using an EDTA/citrate complexing sol–gel method

Potassium sodium niobate (KNN) powders were synthesized by a modified sol–gel method, using as starting chemicals potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and niobium hydroxide, and, as esterification and chelating agents, respectively, ethylene glycol (EG) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)/citrate. The effects of citric acid (CA), EG, and EDTA on the stability of the precursor sol were systemically investigated. The powders and gels were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). The results indicated that a stable precursor sol was formed when n(CA):n(Mⁿ⁺) = 3:1, n(EDTA):n(NH₄OH) = 1:3.5, and n(CA):n(EG) = 1:2. The xerogel was calcined at 500–950 °C to prepare the KNN powder. Pure KNN perovskite phase with a cube-like structure was synthesized at 850 °C from the precursor sol for a K/Na molar ratio of 1.2. The formation mechanism of the KNN perovskite phase was also discussed.     

Experimental study of ethylene glycol-based Al2O3 nanofluid turbulent heat transfer enhancement in the corrugated tube with twisted tapes

In this study, fluid flow of the Al₂O₃/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluid in a corrugated tube fitted with twisted tapes were experimentally studied under turbulent flow conditions. The experiments with different twists ratio and different nanofluid concentration were performed under similar operation condition. The investigated ranges are (1) three different Al₂O₃ concentrations: 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % by volume (2) three different twist ratios of twisted tape: y/w = 2, 3.6 and 5 and (3) Reynolds number from 6000 to 30,000. Regarding the experimental data, utilization of twists together with nanofluids tends to increase heat transfer and friction factor as compared with the base fluid. In addition, heat transfer performances were weakened by using for high nanoparticle concentration. The thermal performances of the heat exchanger with nanofluid and twisted tapes were evaluated for the assessment of overall improvement in thermal behavior. Over the range studied, the maximum thermal performance factor 4.2 is found with the use of Al₂O₃/EG nanofluid at concentration of 0.5 % by volume in corrugated tube together with twisted tape at twist ratio of 2.     

On the strain jump in shape memory alloys—A crystallographic-based mechanics analysis

The strain jump across the Austenite-Martensite (A-M) interface in single crystal Cu-14wt%Al-4.12wt%Ni Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) under uniaxial tension was studied in this paper. A crystallographic-based mechanics analysis on the formation and microstructure of the interface was performed. By using the high sensitive Moiré interference technique, the full-field deformation patterns during the transformation process were successfully recorded. The orientation of the habit plane (A-M interface) and the magnitude of the shape strain were determined precisely from the Moiré fringe patterns. The theoretical predictions on the habit plane normal and the shape strain were compared with the measured results and good agreements were obtained. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19891180(3)) and Hong Kong Research Grant Committee (DAG 96/97. EG15)     

A model for the scattering of long waves by slotted breakwaters in the presence of currents

Slotted breakwaters have been used to provide economical protection from waves in harbors where surface waves and currents may co-exist. In this paper, the effects of currents on the wave scattering by slotted breakwaters are investigated by using a simple model. The model is based on a long wave approximation. The effects of wave height, barrier geometry and current strength on the reflection and transmission coefficients are examined by the model. The model results are compared with recent experimental data. It is found that both the wave-following and wave-opposing currents can increase the reflection coefficient and reduce the transmission coefficient. The model can be used to study the interaction between long waves and slotted breakwaters in coastal waters. The project partially supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council under Grant No. HKUST-DAG03/04.EG39 and HKUST6227/04E.     

Flow of colloidal suspension and irreversibility analysis with aggregation kinematics of nanoparticles in a microchannel

The current exploration focuses on the ethylene glycol (EG) based nanoliquid flow in a microchannel. The effectiveness of the internal heat source and linear radiation is reflected in the present investigation. The estimation of suitable thermal conductivity model has affirmative impact on the convective heat transfer phenomenon. The examination is conceded with the nanoparticle aggregation demonstrated by the MaxwellBruggeman and Krieger-Dougherty models which tackle the formation of nanolayer. These models effectively describe the thermal conductivity and viscosity correspondingly. The dimensionless mathematical expressions are solved numerically by the Runge Kutta Fehlberg approach. A higher thermal field is attained for the Bruggeman model due to the formation of thermal bridge. A second law analysis is carried out to predict the sources of irreversibility associated with the thermal system. It is remarked that lesser entropy generation is obtained for the aggregation model. The entropy generation rate declines with the slip flow and the thermal heat flux. A notable enhancement in the Bejan number is attained by increasing the Biot number. It is established that the nanoparticle aggragation model exhibits a higher Bejan number in comparision with the usual flow model.     

化学腐蚀后砂岩三轴压缩力学特性及其能量机制的试验研究

为研究不同化学溶液对砂岩力学性质及能量特征的影响,采用不同的水化学溶液对砂岩试样进行腐蚀,利用WDT-1500多功能材料试验机对化学腐蚀后饱和状态与自然状态的试样进行常规三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:化学腐蚀后砂岩试样的强度及其抗变形能力呈现不同程度的劣化;化学腐蚀后砂岩试样的峰值应变小于相同围压下自然状态试样的峰值应变,与单轴压缩条件下不同,这可能是由于围压和化学溶液共同作用的结果;砂岩试样的似软化系数与围压之间呈现负相关性,同时,其降低速率随着围压的增加而降低。砂岩试样峰值前吸收的能量绝大部分是以可释放弹性应变能Ue形式储存下来的,而化学腐蚀后砂岩试样以Ue形式储存下来的能量占其总吸收应变能的百分比却有所下降;同时,围压与试样的可释放应变能/应变能比值之间呈负相关性,而与耗散能/应变能比值存在正相关性;岩石脆性指标修正值呈现不同程度的增加,试样的脆性减弱延性增强,即塑性变形增加,塑性变形与耗散能之间具有很好的线性特征。溶液的pH值、浓度和化学成分对砂岩试样峰值处各部分应变能的影响显著。     

球形容器内甲烷-空气爆炸特性分析与理论计算

为研究甲烷-空气混合物在密闭球形容器内的爆炸特性,首先利用化学平衡计算软件确定合适的燃烧产物与化学平衡温度,估算甲烷-空气混合物的最大爆炸压力。然后基于火焰增长模型,用MATLAB编辑循环语句程序,计算了甲烷-空气混合气体爆炸的压力时程曲线,通过与实验数据对比,验证了化学平衡软件计算方法与火焰增长模型的可行性,并分析了误差的产生原因。进而利用火焰增长模型推出的经验公式计算爆燃指数,发现在当量比附近与实验结果拟合程度较好。     

Optically sliced measurement of velocity and pH distribution in microchannel

A simultaneous measurement technique for the velocity and pH distribution was developed by using a confocal microscope and a 3CCD color camera for investigations of a chemical reacting flow field in a microchannel. Micron-resolution particle image velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence were utilized for the velocity and pH measurement, respectively. The present study employed fluorescent particles with 1 μm diameter and Fluorescein sodium salt whose fluorescent intensity increases with an increase in pH value over the range of pH 5.0–9.0. The advantages of the present system are to separate the fluorescence of particles from that of dye by using the 3CCD color camera and to provide the depth resolution of 5.0 μm by the confocal microscope. The measurement uncertainties of the velocity and pH measurements were estimated to be 5.5 μm/s and pH 0.23, respectively. Two aqueous solutions at different pH values were introduced into a T-shaped microchannel. The mixing process in the junction area was investigated by the present technique, and the effect of the chemical reaction on the pH gradient was discussed by a comparison between the proton concentration profiles obtained from the experimental pH distribution and those calculated from the measured velocity data. For the chemical reacting flow with the buffering action, the profiles from the numerical simulation showed smaller gradients compared with those from the experiments, because the production or extinction of protons was yielded by the chemical reaction. Furthermore, the convection of protons was evaluated from the velocity and pH distribution and compared with the diffusion. It is found that the ratio between the diffusion and convection is an important factor to investigate the mixing process in the microfluidic device with chemical reactions.     

Simulation of gas absorption into string-of-beads liquid flow with chemical reaction

This study is an attempt to investigate the chemical absorption of CO₂ in aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solution in a wetted-wire column consisting of one wire. Computational fluid dynamics method along with volume of fluid model was employed for modeling of two-phase flow, mass transfer and chemical reaction inside the column. The modeling results were compared with available experimental data and very good agreement was achieved. The simulation results showed that the diameter and intervals of liquid beads increases by increasing the gas and liquid flow rates. The beads velocity increases by increasing the liquid flow rate and decreasing mass fraction of MEA in the liquid phase. Also, mass transfer resistance in the liquid phase reduces by formation of the beads. It was concluded that the developed model is capable to predict the effect of operating and physical parameters on the investigated chemical absorption process.     

反应金属冲击反应过程的理论分析

基于1维冲击波理论和粉末材料的冲击温度计算模型对反应金属的冲击响应行为、冲击温度及冲击反应过程进行了理论分析,分别考虑了材料密实度、冲击速度对冲击压力、冲击温度的影响;结合粉末材料冲击温度计算结果及冲击反应的化学动力学方法,提出了考虑反应效率的反应金属冲击反应理论模型。利用新模型得到的计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好。反应金属的冲击反应行为受密实度、冲击速度及材料种类影响明显。 更多还原     

Surrogate atmospheric dust particles generated from dune soils in laboratory: Comparison with field measurement

Desert dust strongly influences the climate and the environment by altering the radiation budget, participating in atmospheric chemical reactions, and engaging the biogeochemical cycle. Studying its impacts requires knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the original particles from the source origin. Unfortunately, the field collection of atmospheric samples in the desert is impractical. Fine surface soil is thus considered an alternative material from which to obtain the information applicable to dust particles from the desert soil. In this study, a laboratory system was set up to generate dust particles with simulated natural wind erosion processes from surface soils or directly from desert surfaces. Surface soils and field dust were simultaneously collected during a local blowing dust event. The comparison between the laboratory-generated dust and the field dust showed a consistent trend in particle size distribution and chemical composition. The chemical compositions were found to have explainable differences with the Certified Reference Materials for Asian dust (CJ-2). The laboratory-generated dust particles with the system could be applied as surrogates for soil-emitted dust in desert areas.     

车辆手动变速箱油的摩擦学性能研究

根据手动变速箱油(MTF)的物理化学特性和手动变速箱的工作特点,研制了手动变速箱油,通过SRV-IV往复摩擦试验机比较了市售的国外品牌手动变速箱油的摩擦性能,并利用三维非接触表面轮廓仪观察了磨斑表面的磨痕变化.结果表明:研制的手动变速箱油在保持物理化学特性的基础上,在不同温度条件下,摩擦学性能优于进口手动变速箱油;同时发现MTF比GL-4更适合用于手动变速箱的润滑.     

Macroscale Thermodynamics and the Chemical Potential for Swelling Porous Media

The thermodynamical relations for a two-phase, N-constituent, swelling porous medium are derived using a hybridization of averaging and the mixture-theoretic approach of Bowen. Examples of such media include 2-1 lattice clays and lyophilic polymers. A novel, scalar definition for the macroscale chemical potential for porous media is introduced, and it is shown how the properties of this chemical potential can be derived by slightly expanding the usual Coleman and Noll approach for exploiting the entropy inequality to obtain near-equilibrium results. The relationship between this novel scalar chemical potential and the tensorial chemical potential of Bowen is discussed. The tensorial chemical potential may be discontinuous between the solid and fluid phases at equilibrium; a result in clear contrast to Gibbsian theories. It is shown that the macroscopic scalar chemical potential is completely analogous with the Gibbsian chemical potential. The relation between the two potentials is illustrated in three examples.     

复杂化学流体在多孔介质中的传质

化学驱油技术已从单一化学剂驱油发展到了复杂化学流体复合体系驱油。化学驱油过程中存在扩散、弥散、吸附、滞留、化学反应等一系列物理化学作用，影响化学剂在多孔介质中的传质过程。碱水驱油实验证明了单一化学剂在多孔介质中存在运移滞后；文中分析了上述物理化学作用，研究了复合体系各种化学剂的运移滞后及滞后差，指出综合吸附作用引起化学剂运移滞后，不同化学剂的运移滞后差导致色谱分离现象。在上述研究的基础上，提出 了吸附对流扩散方程，得到了解析解。并用该解析解处理实验资料，求出了方程中化学剂运移滞后系数和综合扩散系数等相应的参数，可描述和预测复杂化学流体在多孔介质中的传质过程。     

Transport of Reacting Solutes Through the Unsaturated Zone

Unsaturated flows within subsurface regions control many large-scale hydrological and environmental processes. This contribution presents and discusses the results of numerical calculations dealing with the flow of water, the chemical reaction at the water-mineral interface and the transport of chemical species caused by such flows. The source of the water flow through the soil is solely the rainfall. The water motion is calculated for two different soil classes and for a typical annual precipitation. The codes which were used are based on the following model: The transport of chemical species is described by a set of partial differential equations, and the homogeneous chemical processes, under the assumption of equilibrium, are described by a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. The source terms of these partial differential equations are given by rate laws of the chemical weathering. Rainfall and chemical weathering are, therefore, the sources of the transport of reactive multispecies in this model.