Mechanism of the Low-Temperature Interaction of Hydrogen with α-Oxygen on FeZSM-5 Zeolite

The mechanism of a low-temperature reaction of hydrogen with the radical anion surface oxygen species (-oxygen, ) formed by decomposing N₂O over FeZSM-5 zeolite was studied using kinetic and isotope techniques. It was found that the reaction is of first order with respect to hydrogen and the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of . The activation energy of the reaction, which was measured for ₂ or D₂ over a temperature range from +20 to –;;100°, is equal to 3.2 or 5.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The reaction occurs with a considerable kinetic isotope effect (k /k _D), which varies over the range of 3.4–;;41 depending on the temperature. This fact indicates that the rate-limiting step of the reaction includes the dissociation of the hydrogen molecule. The temperature dependence of the isotope effect gave a value of 2.1 kcal/mol, which is close to the difference between the zero bond energies in the molecules of ₂ and D₂; this fact suggests that a tunnel effect does not significantly contribute to the reaction. The dissociative mechanism is consistent with data obtained by in situ IR spectroscopy. The interaction of hydrogen with -oxygen is accompanied by the formation of new hydroxyl groups (absorption bands at 3635 and 3674 cm^–;;1) at the surface of the zeolite. The identification of these groups was supported by an isotope shift either on the replacement of ₂ by D₂ or on the replacement of ¹⁶ by ¹⁸. The stoichiometric ratio ₂ : is consistent with the previously drawn conclusion on the paired arrangement of -sites.     

Catalytic phosphorylation of polyfluoroalkanols. 14. Synthesis and diastereomeric conversion of aryl(α-polyfluoroalkylbenzyl) chlorophosphates

Aryl(-polyfluoroalkylbenzyl) chlorophosphates are formed upon catalytic phosphorylation of -polyfluoroalkylbenzyl alcohols with excess aryl dichlorophosphates. Reaction stereochemistry is under thermodynamic control; the product aryl(-polyfluoroalkylbenzyl) chlorophosphates consist of equilibrium mixtures of diastereomers with a statistical (11) ratio of components. Diastereomeric interconversions of aryl(-polyfluoroalkylbenzyl) chlorophosphates occur both in the melt (or in solution) as well as in the crystalline state, but in opposite direction.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 433–441, February, 1990.     

Effect of traces of water vapor on the rate of ammonia decomposition on polycrystalline platinum

The influence of small (lower than 0.02) molar fractions of water on the rate of ammonia decomposition on platinum wires was studied for ammonia pressures varying between 6.7 and 93.3 kPa and temperatures between 800 and 1700 K. The presence of water strongly inhibited the rate of reaction in all experiments.

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( 0,02) , 6,7 93,3 , 800 1700 K. .

     

Monolayer vanadia on titania systems from alkoxide precursors. Part I. Physicochemical properties

The physicochemical properties of V⁵⁺ ion monolayers supported on anatase, rutile, and anatase-rutile mixed carrier, using vanadyl triisobutoxide as the precursor have been investigated. The coordination and reducibility of surface vanadyl species were found to depend strongly on carrier material and its calcination temperature. The supported monolayers exhibited completely different reduction behavior than bulk V₂O₅. The rutile supported catalyst was the most resistant for reduction.

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- V⁵⁺, , -, - . . , V₂O₅. , .

     

Catalytic and acidic properties of different metal-zeolite catalysts

Catalytic and acidic properties of bifunctional catalysts containing faujasite, superhigh-silica zeolite and mordenite have been studied in isomerization of C₈-alkylaromatic hydrocarbons.

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C₈ , , - .

     

Unterschiedliches Verhalten von 5α-H- und 5β-H-Δ1-3-Ketosteroiden bei Elektronenstoßfragmentierung

Zusammenfassung Die Massenspektren von 5-H-¹-3-Ketosteroiden unterscheiden sich von denen der 5-H-Isomeren sehr charakteristisch: Bei den 5-H-Isomeren (= Ringe A/Bcis) fehlt die sonst sehr allgemeine Abspaltung von C₂H₂O aus dem Molekülion (entsprechend einem Peak beiM-42) und ebenso von 84 Masseneinheiten fast völlig.

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The mass spectra of 5-H-¹-3-ketosteroids differ very characteristically from those of the 5 -H isomers: Formation of theM-42 peak by splitting off C₂H₂O from the molecule ion, otherwise a very general fragmentation, does not take place with the 5-H isomers (rings A/Bcis). Fragment formation by splitting off 84 mass units likewise does not occur.

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Mit 1 Abbildung

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Als 2. und 3. Mitt. gelten:H. Egger undG. Spiteller, Mh. Chem.97, 579 (1966) bzw.H. Egger, Mh. Chem.97, 602 (1966).     

Polyhydroxysteroids from the Far-Eastern starfishCtenodiscus crispatus

Four new polyhydroxysteroids, 5-cholesta-3,5,6,15,16,25,26-heptaol, 24-ethyl-5-cholesta-3,5,6,15,28,29-heptaol-29-sulfate, (22E)-24-methyl-5-cholest-22-ene-3,5,6,15,25,26-hexaol-26-sulfate, 24-propyl-5-cholesta-3,5,6,8,15,28,29-heptaol, and the known 5-cholesta-3,5,6,15,16,26-hexaol, have been isolated from the starfishCtenodiscus crispatus.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1821–1825, October, 1994.     

Halogenation of phenacylpyrimidines

The action of bromine and chlorine of phenacylpyrimidines yields a series of -mono- and ,-dihalophenacylpyrimidines. IR, UV and PMR spectroscopy showed that, in contrast to the starting compounds, the monohalo derivatives exist in the keto form.Deceased.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 663–667, May, 1987.     

Transformed steroids Communication 152. Photocycloaddition of 1-pentyne to 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate

Conclusions The regio- and stereospecific [2 + 2]-photoaddition of 1-pentyne to 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate has been used to obtain 2-propyl-16,17-cyclobuteno- and cyclobutanoprogesterones.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No.5, pp. 1184–1187, May, 1986.     

Thermodynamics of protonation of amino acid carboxylate groups from 50 to 125°C

Flow calorimetry has been used to study the interaction of glycine, DL--alanine, DL-2-aminobutyric acid, -alanine, 4-aminobutyric acid, and 6-aminocaproic acid with protons in aqueous solutions from 323.15 K to 398.15 K and at 1.52 MPa. LogK, H°, S°, and C _p ^° for the protonation of the carboxylate groups of these amino acids have been obtained at each temperature studied. Equations are given expressing these values as functions of temperature. The protonation reactions are exothermic at lower temperatures and become endothermic as temperature increases. The logK, H°, and S° values are close together over the temperature range studied for the protonation of -amino acids, i.e., glycine, DL--alanine, and 2-aminobutyric acid. At each temperature, the magnitudes of these thermodynamic quantities increase as the number of methylene groups between the amino group and the carboxylate group increases. The C _p ^° value for the protonation of the carboxyl group is found to lie between those of an isocoulombic reaction and a charge reduction reaction. At 323.15 K, the protonation reactions of the carboxylate groups have larger C _p ^° values which approach those associated with charge reduction reactions. As the temperature increases, C _p ^° decreases and approaches those found for isocoulombic reactions. This result is explained by considering long-range and short-range solvent effects. The trend in H° and S° with temperature and with charge separation in the zwitterions is interpreted in terms of solvent-solute interactions and the electrostatic interaction of the two oppositely charged groups within the molecule.     

Beitrag zur aufeinanderfolgenden thermochemischen Bestimmung von SiO2 und Al2O3 Aus flusssaurer lösung

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eingangs einen Überblick von Publikationen, die sich mit der thermochemischen Bestimmung von SiO₂ und Al₂O₃ aus flußsaurer Lösung befassen. Davon ausgehend werden Versuche beschrieben und Ergebnisse diskutiert, die mit konstanten Einwaagen von 700 mg SiO₂ und etwa 100 mg Al₂O₃ aus flußsaurer Lösung und verschiedenen Kombinationen von Injektionsreagenzien erhalten wurden und die auf die Belange der Analyse von gefällten Natriumaluminiumsilicaten abgestimmt waren. Die vorgenommenen Untersuchungen führen zu den Schluß, daß Al₂O₃ und SiO₂ in Natriumaluminiumsilicaten aus flußsaurer Lösung mit der Injektionsreagenskombination SrCl₂KCl bestimmt werden sollten.

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The first part of the paper gives a review of the literature dealing with thermochemical determinations of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in hydrofluoric acid solution. The results of experiments with constant samples weights of 700 mg SiO₂ and about 100 mg Al₂O₃ in hydrofluoric acid solution with differently combined injection reagents are discussed. The determinations were based on the analysis of precipitated sodium aluminium silicates.The investigations revealed that combined SrCl₂/KCl solution should be used as injection reagent for determination of the Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ contents of sodium aluminium silicates in hydrofluoric acid.

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, . , (700 ) ( 100 ) , . . , SrCl₂-KCl .

     

<Superscript>1</Superscript>H and <Superscript>13</Superscript>C NMR spectra of some drimanic sesquiterpenoids

One- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear correlation proton, carbon, proton—proton, and proton—carbon NMR spectra of fifteen drimanic sesquiterpenoids: 11,12-dibromodrima-5,8-dien-7-one, drim-8-en-7-one, 11-hydroxydrim-8-en-7-one, 11,12-dihydroxydrim-8-en-7-one, 11-hydroxy-11,12-epoxydrim-8-en-7-one, 11-hydroxy-11,12-epoxydrim-8-en-7-one, 8,9-epoxydriman-7-one, 8,9-epoxydriman-7-ol, 11,12-diacetoxydrim-8-en-7-ol, drimane-7,8,11-triol, 7,8-isopropylidenedioxydriman-11-al, 9, 11-dihydroxydrim-7-en-6-one, drimane-7,8,9-triol, drimane-7,8,11-triol, and drim-8-ene-7,11,12-triol were studied. The proton and carbon chemical shifts were assigned.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2589–2594, December, 2004.     

Über die Darstellung von α-Brom-hydrozimtsäure- und α-Brom-γ-phenylbuttersäure-methylester und deren Umsetzung zu α-Oximino-estern

Zusammenfassung Die Bromierung von Hydrozimtsäure und -Phenylbutter-säure verläuft anomal. Hydrozimtsäure wird außer in -Stellung zur Carboxylgruppe auch in -Stellung bromiert, so daß nach der Veresterung ein Gemisch von - und -Brom-ester entsteht. Die Bromierung der -Phenylbuttersäure ergibt nur geringe Mengen an -Brom-ester und führt in der Hauptsache durch Ringschluß zu bromierten Naphthalinderivaten. Die -Brom-ester dieser Säuren können über die entsprechenden Malonsäuren in reiner Form gewonnen werden. Durch Umsetzung mit Natriumnitrit werden die beiden Brom-ester in -Oximino-ester übergeführt. Bei der Hydrozimtsäure entstehen dabei eineanti- und einesyn-Form mit unterschiedlichen chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften.

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The bromination of hydrocinnamic acid and -phenyl butyric acid proceeds anomalously. Hydrocinnamic acid is brominated both in -position and -position to the carboxyl group. Esterification gives a mixture of - and -brominated ester. The bromination of -phenyl-butyric acid only yields small amounts of -brominated ester. It mainly gives brominated derivatives of naphthaline by cyclization. The -brominated esters of both acids can be obtained in pure form via the corresponding malonic acids. By reaction with sodium nitrite the brominated esters are converted into -oximino esters. In the case of hydrocinnamic acid ananti-form and asyn-form are produced with different chemical and physical properties.

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Mit 1 Abbildung     

Über halogen- und stickstoffhaltige Derivate aliphatischer Carbonsäuren, 6. Mitt.: Über die Gewinnung von α-Oximino- und α-Nitrodicarbonsäureestern

Zusammenfassung Aus den entsprechenden -Bromestern werden durch Umsetzung mit Natriumnitrit die -Oximinodicarbonsäuredimethylester C₇ und C₉ und der , -Dioximinoazelainsäuredimethylester erhalten. -Methyladipinsäure wird zum Gemisch aus -Bromund -Bromester umgesetzt. Mit Natriumnitrit wird -Nitro-und -Oximino--methyladipinsäuredimethylester erhalten.

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The -oximino dicarboxylic dimethyl esters of C₇ and C₉ and the , -dioximino azelaic acid dimethyl ester are received from the corresponding -bromo esters by reaction with sodium nitrite. -Methyladipic acid is reacted with bromine to a mixture of the -bromo and -bromo ester. Reaction with sodium nitrite gives the -nitro ester and the -oximino ester of -methyl adipic acid.

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5. Mitt.:H. Reinheckel, Mh. Chem.98, 1217 (1967).     

Steroid compounds of marine sponges. VII. Preparation of derivatives of sokotrasterol and halistanol sulfates and structure-activity interrelationships among these compounds

Five new sulfated derivatives of sokotrasterol and halistanol have been obtained: 24-nor-5-cholane-2,3,6,23-tetraol 2,3,6-tri(sodium sulfate); 24-nor-5-cholane-2,3,6,23-tetraol 2,3,6-tri(sodium sulfate) 23-palmitate; 24,25-dimethyl-5-cholestane-2,3,6-triol 3-(sodium sulfate); 24,25-dimethyl-5-cholestane-2,3,6-triol 6-(sodium sulfate); and 24,25-dimethyl-5-cholestane-2,3,6-triol 2,6-di(sodium sulfate). The inhibiting and membranolytic properties of the polysulfated steroids from sponges and their derivatives have been studied. It has been shown that physiological activity in this series of compounds depends on biphilicity.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 441–445, July–August, 1986.     

Dynamics of nickel catalyst carbonization in heating-cooling cycles

Carbonization of a nickel catalyst for methane reforming in methane-carbon dioxide mixture has been studied in heating-cooling cycles at different heating temperatures. Thermogravimetric carbonization curves obtained with different quantities of carbon deposited on the catalyst practically coincide in a very wide range of carbon coverages. Temperature limits for the appearance and disapearance of carbon deposition centers have been determined.

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- . , , . .

     

Zur Kenntnis der gemeinsamen Einwirkung von elementarem Selen und gasförmigem Ammoniak bzw. Ethylenimin auf Ketone

Elemental sulfur reacts with ketones and gaseous ammonia at room temperature yielding thiazoline-3 in excellent yields. Under the same conditions elemental selenium does not react at all. Attempts using the known techniques which have been applied in improving the reactivity of slowly reacting ketones in thiazoline-3-synthesis have been unsuccessful (Exp. No. 1–17). The reaction of -halogenketones with sodiumhydrogenselenide to synthesize -hydroselenoketones gives only the original ketones and selenium in almost quantitative yields (No. 18–23). The same is observed with -haloketones and sodium ore magnesium-diselenides (No. 24–45). The explanation of these unexpected results is the strong reducing power of the hydrogenselenide (No. 46–52). Even -bromoketones with activated bromine (i.g. by phenyl groups) were reduced by sodiumhydrogensulfide giving red undefinite oils. However, -chloroketones give -mercaptoketones in excellent yields (No. 53–61). Hydrogenselenide reduces -mercaptoketones to sulfur and ketones in the presence of triethylamine (No. 62–67). Also the transformation of -selenocyanketones to ,-diketodisenides by alkali or the oxidative hydrolysis of selenium-BUNTE salts does not work and gives elementary selenium only. Studies about the concomitant reaction of elementary selenium and ethylenimine on ketones were continued (No. 68–82).

     

Pulchellin C and inuchinenolide C from Inula caspica

The pseudoguaianolide inuchinenolide C and the eudesmanolide pulchellin C have been isolated for the first time from the flower heads and leaves ofInula caspica Blume, and their spatial structures have been established by an x-ray structural experiment as 2,6-diacetoxy-6-hydroxy-1,7(H),8,10(H)-pseudoguai-11(13)-en-8,12-olide and 2,3-dihydroxy-5,7,8(H)-eudesma-4(15),11(13)-dien-8,12-olide, respectively.Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Karaganda. A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organometallic Compounds, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 748–757, November–December, 1990.     

Indole derivatives. I.β-(3-indolyl) ketones

A number of -skatyl--substituted acetoacetic esters (ethyl, tert. -butyl, and benzyl) are prepared by treating gramine with sodium derivatives of -substituted acetoacetic esters. When ethyl -alkyl--skatylacetoacetates are heated with dilute alkali, they are split into indole and a substituted acetoacetic ester, while saponification with concentrated alcoholic alkali gives -substituted-(3-indolyl)propionic acids. 3-Skatyl-heptan-2-one can be obtained by pyrolysis of 3-skatyl-3-carbo-tert. -butoxyheptan-2-one, or by hydrogenolysis of 3-skatyl-3-carbobenzoxyheptan-2-one over a palladium catalyst. Alkylation of cycloheptanone and cyclohexanone enamines by gramine gives cyclic-(3-indolyl)ketones, viz., 2-skatylcyclopentanone and 2-skatylcyclohexanone.     

Titrimetrische Mikrobestimmung von Steroid-16α,17α-Diolen mit Blei(IV)-acetat

Zusammenfassung Eine neue maßanalytische Methode zur Bestimmung von 16, 17-Dihydroxysteroiden wurde beschrieben. Die Titration wird mit Blei(IV)-acetat-Maßlösungen (0,01-n bzw. 0,001-n) in einer Lösung von Kaliumacetat in 0,25-n Essigsäure durchgeführt. Die Endpunktermittlung erfolgt potentiometrisch. Das Äquivalentverhältnis beträgt 12. Die beschriebene Methode ist zur Bestimmung von Zehntelprozenten 16,17-Dihydroxysteroid als Verunreinigung in deren Acetoniden geeignet.

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Micro-titration of 16,17-Dihydroxy-steroids with standard lead tetraacetate solution

Summary A new volumetric method is described for the determination of 16,17-dihydroxy steroids. The titration is carried out using standard lead tetraacetate solution as the titrant (0.01N and 0.001N, resp.), while the solvent for the titration is the solution of potassium acetate in acetic acid (0.25N). The end point i s determined potentiometrically. The equivalent ratio is 1 2. The described method enables the determination of 0.1% of 16,17-dihydroxy steroid impurities in their acetonide derivatives.