An isoperibol micro-bomb calorimeter for measurement of the enthalpy of combustion of organic compounds. Application to the study of succinic acid and acetanilide

A micro static-bomb combustion calorimeter, developed from a 1107 Parr semi-micro bomb, has been provided with a new micro-bomb and calorimetric bucket. In the best conditions of operation, the energy equivalent of this calorimetric arrangement is just ε(calor)=(731.82 ± 0.22) J · K⁻¹, which means an uncertainty of 0.03 per cent for the calibration with benzoic acid NIST 39j. This combustion calorimeter has been used in the measurement of the enthalpy of combustion of the succinic acid and acetanilide, giving −(1489.3 ± 1.6) kJ · mol⁻¹ and −(4222.5 ± 1.1) kJ · mol⁻¹, respectively, for these substances.     

氧弹燃烧-氢化物发生-原子吸收法测定硫磺中砷

研究了氧弹燃烧、NaOH溶液吸收预处理硫磺样品的方法,优化了HG-AAS法测定砷的最佳条件。     

Theoretical investigation of the sulphur K-LL auger energies and chemical shifts in a series of sulphur compounds

Two series of investigations are reported on LL double-hole states of molecules containing sulphur. First the results on the LL double ionization potentials and K-LL Auger energies of H₂S and SO₂ show that the use of a frozen-orbital approximation is preferable to SCF methods for calculation of chemical shifts in K-LL Auger energies and LL ionization potentials. Secondly chemical shifts of K-LL Auger energies of a series of model molecules H₂S, H₂SO₄, H₄SO₂ and H₂SO₂ are correlated with the formal oxidation state of sulphur. This correlation gives a shift of 12 eV in Auger energy per formal charge on sulphur.     

Calibration and test of an aneroid mini-bomb combustion calorimeter

A new mini-bomb combustion calorimeter designed at the University of Lund was improved, installed and calibrated at the University of Porto. This calorimeter is suitable for high precision combustion calorimetry with samples of mass about (10 to 40) mg. The energy equivalent of the calorimeter, ε_cal = (1946.45 ± 0.11) J · K⁻¹, was obtained from 15 independent calibration experiments with benzoic acid SRM 39i. Anthracene, succinic acid, acetanilide, and 1,2,4-triazole were used as test compounds, with excellent agreement with the literature values.      

5.

Determination of micro-amounts of sulphur in organic compounds by combustion and reduction     

Tsugio Takeuchi  Iwao Fujishima  Yuzo Wakayama 《Mikrochimica acta》1965,53(4):635-641

Summary A rapid sensitive method for the determination of microgram amounts of sulphur is described. Sulphur (free or combined) in organic substances is oxidised completely in an oxygen atmosphere over a platinum gauze catalyst after a preliminary incomplete combustion in air. The oxides of sulphur are collected on silver gauze at 550°. The oxygen is purged from the apparatus with a stream of nitrogen and then the silver sulphate is heated in a stream of hydrogen to yield hydrogen sulphide which is collected in an alkaline zinc acetate solution and subsequently determined spectrophotometrically by the methylene blue method.The recovery of sulphur in the range 5–40g was 100±5%. The method takes less than 25 minutes for a single determination and is reliable for the determination of as little as1 g of sulphur in all types of organic compounds. Solid, liquid, or gaseous samples may be used.

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Zusammenfassung Eine schnelle, empfindliche Methode zur Bestimmung von Mikrogrammmengen Schwefel wurde beschrieben. Freier oder gebundener Schwefel in organischem Material wird nach unvollständiger Verbrennung in Luft in Sauerstoffatmosphäre über einem Platindrahtnetz vollständig oxydiert. Die Schwefeloxide werden auf Silberdrahtnetz bei 550° gebunden. Der Sauerstoff wird mit Stickstoff aus der Apparatur gespült und dann das Silbersulfat im Wasserstoffstrom zu Schwefelwasserstoff reduziert, der in alkalischem Zinkacetat aufgefangen und dann nach der Methylenblaumethode spektrophotometrisch bestimmt wird.In der Größenordnung zwischen 5 und 10g wird der Schwefel zu 100±5% erfaßt. Eine Einzelbestimmung dauert weniger als 25 Minuten. Für alle Arten organischer Verbindungen, ob fest, flüssig oder gasförmig, eignet sich das Verfahren für die Bestimmung von 1g Schwefel und darüber.

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Résumé On décrit une méthode rapide et sensible pour le dosage de quantités de soufre de l'ordre du microgramme. Le soufre (libre ou combiné) dans les substances organiques est oxydé complètement en atmosphère d'oxygène sur une toile de platine, catalyseur, après une combustion préliminaire incomplète dans l'air. Les oxydes du soufre sont rassemblés sur une toile d'argent à 550°. On purge l'appareil de l'oxygène par un courant d'azote puis le sulfate d'argent est chauffé dans un courant d'hydrogène en donnant de l'hydrogène sulfuré qui est rassemblé dans une solution alcaline d'acétate de zinc et dosé ensuite par spectrophotométrie par la méthode au bleu de méthylène.La récupération du soufre entre 5 et 40g atteint 100±5%. La méthode demande moins de 25 minutes pour un dosage individuel et reste valable pour les teneurs descendant jusqu'à 1g de soufre dans les composés organiques de toutes natures. On peut utiliser des échantillons solides, liquides ou gazeux.

     

6.

Polarographic microdetermination of sulphur in organic compounds after oxygen flask combustion     

Y. A. Gawargious  Amir Besada  B. N. Faltaoos 《Mikrochimica acta》1976,65(1):75-81

Summary Three polarographic micro-methods are described for the determination of sulphur in organic compounds after oxygen-flask combustion. The products are converted into sulphuric acid by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, the excess of which is expelled through boiling. The methods are based upon allowing the sulphuric acid to react with an excess of barium iodate or bromate, then recording polarographically the cathodic reduction wave of the iodate or bromate ion. The bromate methods are superior to the iodate method being simpler and more rapid, and the results are correct to within ca. ±0.5%.

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Zusammenfassung Drei polarographische Mikromethoden zur Bestimmung von Schwefel in organischen Verbindungen nach deren Verbrennung im Sauerstoffkolben wurden beschrieben. Die Verbrennungsprodukte werden durch Oxydation mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Schwefelsäure umgesetzt. Der Überschuß des Oxydationsmittels wird durch Kochen zerstört. Die Schwefelsäure läßt man mit überschüssigem Bariumjodat oder -bromat reagieren und mißt dann polarographisch die kathodische Reduktionswelle des Jodats oder Bromats. Die Bromatmethode ist der Jodatmethode überlegen, da sie einfacher und rascher zu Resultaten führt, die innerhalb ±0,5% korrekt sind.

     

7.

Design and functionality of a high-sensitivity bomb calorimeter specialized for reactive metallic foils     

Kyle R. Overdeep  Timothy P. Weihs 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2015,122(2):787-794

     

8.

Titrimetric methods for the micro determination of sulphur and halogens in organic compounds by the rapid combustion procedure : The simultaneous determination of sulphur and the halogens     

R. Belcher  J.E. Fildes 《Analytica chimica acta》1962

The quantitative absorption of the gaseous products arising from the oxidative degradation of organic materials containing sulphur, halogens, (chlorine, bromine and iodine) oxygen and nitrogen, by the rapid empty tube combustion has been studied further. Satisfactory titrimetric methods for the simultaneous determination of sulphur and any one or two of the halogens in the presence or absence of nitrogen have been developed.     

9.

Problems in the measurement of the enthalpies of formation of organic and organometallic compounds: Does fluorine bomb calorimetry provide an answer?     

Joel F. Liebman 《Structural chemistry》1996,7(4):301-302

     

10.

A modification of the parr bomb method for the combustion of petroleum products     

Anne L. Conrad 《Mikrochimica acta》1951,38(4):514-520

Summary A method has been developed for the combustion in the oxygen bomb of petroleum products containing additives. The sample is enclosed in a gelatine capsule together with a limited amount of sodium peroxide-potassium nitrate accelerator mixture. The capsule is suspended in an oxygen bomb by means of an ignition wire which contacts the sample. A vial containing 5 ml of 5 per cent sodium hydroxide solution, which serves as absorbent, is placed into the bomb. Standard procedures were used for the determination of various elements in the washings.Samples of lubricating oil additives, asphaltenes, and engine deposits have been rapidly and completely oxidized.

---

Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Petroleumprodukten in der Sauerstoffbombe wurde für die Bestimmung von verschiedenen Elementen in der Waschflüssigkeit ausgebildet. Die Probe wird in einer Gelatinekapsel zusammen mit einer beschränkten Menge einer Natriumperoxyd-Kaliumnitrat-Beschleunigungsmischung eingeschlossen. Die Kapsel wird mit Hilfe des Heizdrahtes so in die Sauerstoffbombe eingehängt, daß der Draht die Probe unmittelbar berührt. Zur Absorption flüchtiger Verbrennungsprodukte wird eine Phiole, die 5 ml einer 5%igen Natriumhydroxydlösung enthält, in die Bombe eingebracht. Die üblichen Verfahren werden zur Bestimmung verschiedener Elemente in der Waschflüssigkeit benutzt.Proben von Schmierölzusätzen, asphaltartigen Kondensationsprodukten (asphaltenes) und in Maschinen gefundenen Sedimenten konnten rasch und vollständig oxydiert werden.

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Résumé On a élaboré un procédé de combustion pour les produits pétrolifères dans la bombe à oxygène pour le dosage de différents éléments dans le liquide de lavage. L'échantillon est enfermé dans une capsule de gélatine avec une très petite quantité d'un mélange de peroxyde de sodium-nitrate de potassium. La capsule est suspendue au moyen du fil de chauffage dans la bombe à oxygène, de façon que le fil soit en contact avec la substance à essayer. Pour l'absorption des produits de combustion ou volatils, on installe dans la bombe une fiole contenant 5 ml d'une solution de soude à 5%. Les procédés classiques furent utilisés pour le dosage d'éléments divers dans le liquide de lavage.Des échantillons de charge pour huile de graissage, des produits de condensation asphaltique (asphaltène) et des sédiments trouvés dans les machines ont pu être rapidement et complètement oxydés.

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With 2 Figures.     

11.

An indirect flame emission spectrometry method for the determination of sulphur and sulphur compounds. II     

Puacz  Wojciech  Puacz  Jolanta 《Mikrochimica acta》1983,81(3-4):271-276

Microchimica Acta - An accurate and simple indirect method of flame-emission spectrometric determination of small quantities of elemental sulphur and many sulphur compounds, without their prior...     

12.

Iodometric microdetermination of sulphur in organic compounds by an amplification reaction     

Gawargious YA  Farag AB 《Talanta》1972,19(5):641-645

A new method is described for the iodometric microdetermination of sulphur in organic compounds, using a 12-fold amplification reaction after oxygen-flask combustion. The method is based on reaction of the resulting sulphuric add with an excess of saturated barium bromate solution. The unreacted barium bromate is precipitated by addition of acetone, filtered off, redissolved in hot water and after addition of an excess of iodide and acid, the iodine liberated is titrated with thiosulphate. The method is simple, rapid, highly accurate, and of wide application in the microanalysis of organosulphur compounds containing other common acid-forming elements.     

13.

A new calorimeter for simultaneous measurement of isotherms and heats of adsorption     

W Zimmermann  J.U Keller 《Thermochimica Acta》2003,405(1):31-41

A new calorimeter designed for simultaneous measurements of heats and isotherms of gas adsorption and desorption systems is presented. It consists of a volumetric/manometric gas adsorption instrument, the adsorption vessel of which is placed within a second vessel filled with inert gas. This gas acts as a sensor, as not only its temperature but also its pressure is increased if heat is released from the adsorption vessel via the sensor gas to its thermostated surroundings. Indeed, the time integral of the sensor gas pressure signal turned out to be strongly related to the total heat released from the adsorption vessel.A basic theoretical equation of the measurement procedure is given. Results of numerous calibration measurements are presented. The question of what type and amount of sensor gas should be used to achieve high sensitivity of the instrument is discussed.Two examples of measurements of heats of adsorption and adsorption isotherms are given, namely adsorption of N₂ on alumina oxide (CRM-BAM-PM-104) at 77 K and CO₂ on zeolite Na13X and wessalite DAY both at 298 K.     

14.

Application of a flame photometric detector to the gas chromatographic measurement of sulphur compounds in hydrocarbon fractions     

A. R. Baig  C. J. Cowper  P. A. Gibbons 《Chromatographia》1982,16(1):297-300

Summary Analysis of individual sulphur compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix is complicated either by quenching or by simultaneous hydrocarbon response. In the latter case the hydrocarbon response can be subtracted by opposing the signals from two different detectors, leaving a simplified chromatogram of the sulphur compounds.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

15.

Oxygen bomb combustion of biological samples for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry     

Gilberto B. Souza  Elma Neide V. M. Carrilho  Camila V. Oliveira  Ana Rita A. Nogueira  Joaquim A. Nbrega 《Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy》2002,57(12):2195-2201

A rapid sample preparation method is proposed for decomposition of milk powder, corn bran, bovine and fish tissues, containing certified contents of the analytes. The procedure involves sample combustion in a commercial stainless steel oxygen bomb operating at 25 bar. Most of the samples were decomposed within 5 min. Diluted nitric acid or water-soluble tertiary amines 10% v/v were used as absorption solutions. Calcium, Cu, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Zn were recovered with the bomb washings and determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Ethanol mixed with paraffin was used as a combustion aid to allow complete combustion. A cooling step prior releasing of the bomb valve was employed to increase the efficiency of sample combustion. Iodine was also determined in milk samples spiked with potassium iodide to evaluate the volatilization and collection of iodine in amine CFA-C medium and the feasibility of its determination by ICP-OES with axial view configuration. Most of the element recoveries in the samples were between 91 and 105% and the certified and found contents exhibited a fair agreement at a 95% confidence level.     

16.

Mass spectrometry of sulphur compounds for crude oil analysis     

Dieter Severin  Otto Glinzer  Udo Puttins  Karl-Franz Torges  Wolfgang Schmidt  Claus-Detlef Czogalla  Clemens Bedürftig 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1983,315(6):510-514

     

17.

Determination of the energies of combustion and enthalpies of formation of nitrobenzenesulfonamides by rotating-bomb combustion calorimetry     

E. Adriana Camarillo  Henoc Flores 《The Journal of chemical thermodynamics》2010,42(3):425-428

The energies of combustion for 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), 3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr) were determined using a recently described rotating-bomb combustion calorimeter. The condensed phase molar energies of combustion obtained were ?(3479.2 ± 1.0) kJ · mol^?1 for 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), ?(3454.2 ± 1.1) kJ · mol^-1 for 3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), and ?(3450.1 ± 1.9) kJ · mol^-1 for 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr). From these combustion energy values, the standard molar enthalpies of formation in the condensed phase were obtained as: ?(341.3 ± 1.3) kJ · mol^?1, ?(366.3 ± 1.3) kJ · mol^?1, and ?(370.4 ± 2.1) kJ · mol^?1, respectively. Polyethene bags were used as an auxiliary material in the combustion experiments. The heat capacities and purities of the compounds were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter.     

18.

An adiabatic low-temperature calorimeter for heat capacity measurement of small samples   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Zhicheng Tan  Guanyu Sun  Yi Sun  Anxue Yin  Wenbin Wang  Jinchun Ye  Lixing Zhou 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1995,45(1-2):59-67

A small sample adiabatic calorimeter for measuring heat capacities in the temperature range 60–350 K using the Nernst method has been constructed. The sample cell of the calorimeter is 6 cm³ in the internal volume, equipped with a miniature platinum thermometer and surrounded by two adiabatic shields. Two sets of 6-junction chromel-copel thermocouples were mounted between the cell and the shields to indicate the temperature differences between them. The adiabatic conditions of the cell were automatically controlled by two sets of temperature controller. A mechanical pump was used to pump out the vapour of liquid nitrogen in the cryostat to solidify N₂ (1), and 60 K or even lower temperature was obtained. The performance of this apparatus was evaluated by heat capacity measurements on α-alumina. The deviations of experimental results from a smoothed curve lie within ±0.2%, while the inaccuracy is within ±0.5% compared with the recommended reference data in the wole temperature range.     

19.

Rearrangement energies for radicals of azido nitroaromatic compounds     

E. A. Miroshnichenko  Yu. N. Matyushin  T. S. Kon’kova  Yu. D. Orlov  A. A. Berlin 《Doklady Physical Chemistry》2017,477(2):212-215

Dissociation energies of C–N₃ bonds have been determined on the basis of data on the enthalpies of formation for a series of azido nitroaromatic compounds and the enthalpies of formation of radicals. Using fundamental relationships of chemical physics, a procedure has been suggested to calculate the energy of rearrangement of molecule fragments into radicals on the basis of special properties of rearrangement energy and the sums of average thermochemical energies for bonds comprising radical fragment in molecule. This calculation procedure provided a possibility to determine the energy of the N₃ moiety transformation into N₃ radical and the rearrangement energies of nitroaromatic radicals.     

20.

Development of polystyrene calorimeter for application at electron energies down to 1.5 MeV     

《Radiation Physics and Chemistry》2002,63(3-6):739-744

Polystyrene (PS) calorimeters developed at Riso National Laboratory for use below 4 MeV have been modified due to irradiation technology requirements concerning both design principles and dimensions. The temperature–time relationship after irradiation was measured, and two ways of dose measurement were tested: (1) real time temperature measurement during the irradiation and (2) pre- and post-irradiation temperature measurement. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods are discussed.Depth dose measurements have been carried out in the PS calorimeter to define the relationship between the average and the surface dose and to prove the applicability of the new low energy calorimeter for calibration purposes at 1.5 and 2 MeV electron energy. Alanine dosimeters of 2 mm thickness were used to calibrate the calorimeters and their use for nominal dose measurements was demonstrated in a series of intercomparisons. The use as routine dosimeters at electron accelerators operating in the energy range of 1.5–4 MeV was also demonstrated.     

Determination of micro-amounts of sulphur in organic compounds by combustion and reduction

Summary A rapid sensitive method for the determination of microgram amounts of sulphur is described. Sulphur (free or combined) in organic substances is oxidised completely in an oxygen atmosphere over a platinum gauze catalyst after a preliminary incomplete combustion in air. The oxides of sulphur are collected on silver gauze at 550°. The oxygen is purged from the apparatus with a stream of nitrogen and then the silver sulphate is heated in a stream of hydrogen to yield hydrogen sulphide which is collected in an alkaline zinc acetate solution and subsequently determined spectrophotometrically by the methylene blue method.The recovery of sulphur in the range 5–40g was 100±5%. The method takes less than 25 minutes for a single determination and is reliable for the determination of as little as1 g of sulphur in all types of organic compounds. Solid, liquid, or gaseous samples may be used.

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Zusammenfassung Eine schnelle, empfindliche Methode zur Bestimmung von Mikrogrammmengen Schwefel wurde beschrieben. Freier oder gebundener Schwefel in organischem Material wird nach unvollständiger Verbrennung in Luft in Sauerstoffatmosphäre über einem Platindrahtnetz vollständig oxydiert. Die Schwefeloxide werden auf Silberdrahtnetz bei 550° gebunden. Der Sauerstoff wird mit Stickstoff aus der Apparatur gespült und dann das Silbersulfat im Wasserstoffstrom zu Schwefelwasserstoff reduziert, der in alkalischem Zinkacetat aufgefangen und dann nach der Methylenblaumethode spektrophotometrisch bestimmt wird.In der Größenordnung zwischen 5 und 10g wird der Schwefel zu 100±5% erfaßt. Eine Einzelbestimmung dauert weniger als 25 Minuten. Für alle Arten organischer Verbindungen, ob fest, flüssig oder gasförmig, eignet sich das Verfahren für die Bestimmung von 1g Schwefel und darüber.

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Résumé On décrit une méthode rapide et sensible pour le dosage de quantités de soufre de l'ordre du microgramme. Le soufre (libre ou combiné) dans les substances organiques est oxydé complètement en atmosphère d'oxygène sur une toile de platine, catalyseur, après une combustion préliminaire incomplète dans l'air. Les oxydes du soufre sont rassemblés sur une toile d'argent à 550°. On purge l'appareil de l'oxygène par un courant d'azote puis le sulfate d'argent est chauffé dans un courant d'hydrogène en donnant de l'hydrogène sulfuré qui est rassemblé dans une solution alcaline d'acétate de zinc et dosé ensuite par spectrophotométrie par la méthode au bleu de méthylène.La récupération du soufre entre 5 et 40g atteint 100±5%. La méthode demande moins de 25 minutes pour un dosage individuel et reste valable pour les teneurs descendant jusqu'à 1g de soufre dans les composés organiques de toutes natures. On peut utiliser des échantillons solides, liquides ou gazeux.

     

Polarographic microdetermination of sulphur in organic compounds after oxygen flask combustion

Summary Three polarographic micro-methods are described for the determination of sulphur in organic compounds after oxygen-flask combustion. The products are converted into sulphuric acid by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, the excess of which is expelled through boiling. The methods are based upon allowing the sulphuric acid to react with an excess of barium iodate or bromate, then recording polarographically the cathodic reduction wave of the iodate or bromate ion. The bromate methods are superior to the iodate method being simpler and more rapid, and the results are correct to within ca. ±0.5%.

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Zusammenfassung Drei polarographische Mikromethoden zur Bestimmung von Schwefel in organischen Verbindungen nach deren Verbrennung im Sauerstoffkolben wurden beschrieben. Die Verbrennungsprodukte werden durch Oxydation mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Schwefelsäure umgesetzt. Der Überschuß des Oxydationsmittels wird durch Kochen zerstört. Die Schwefelsäure läßt man mit überschüssigem Bariumjodat oder -bromat reagieren und mißt dann polarographisch die kathodische Reduktionswelle des Jodats oder Bromats. Die Bromatmethode ist der Jodatmethode überlegen, da sie einfacher und rascher zu Resultaten führt, die innerhalb ±0,5% korrekt sind.

     

Titrimetric methods for the micro determination of sulphur and halogens in organic compounds by the rapid combustion procedure : The simultaneous determination of sulphur and the halogens

The quantitative absorption of the gaseous products arising from the oxidative degradation of organic materials containing sulphur, halogens, (chlorine, bromine and iodine) oxygen and nitrogen, by the rapid empty tube combustion has been studied further. Satisfactory titrimetric methods for the simultaneous determination of sulphur and any one or two of the halogens in the presence or absence of nitrogen have been developed.     

A modification of the parr bomb method for the combustion of petroleum products

Summary A method has been developed for the combustion in the oxygen bomb of petroleum products containing additives. The sample is enclosed in a gelatine capsule together with a limited amount of sodium peroxide-potassium nitrate accelerator mixture. The capsule is suspended in an oxygen bomb by means of an ignition wire which contacts the sample. A vial containing 5 ml of 5 per cent sodium hydroxide solution, which serves as absorbent, is placed into the bomb. Standard procedures were used for the determination of various elements in the washings.Samples of lubricating oil additives, asphaltenes, and engine deposits have been rapidly and completely oxidized.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Petroleumprodukten in der Sauerstoffbombe wurde für die Bestimmung von verschiedenen Elementen in der Waschflüssigkeit ausgebildet. Die Probe wird in einer Gelatinekapsel zusammen mit einer beschränkten Menge einer Natriumperoxyd-Kaliumnitrat-Beschleunigungsmischung eingeschlossen. Die Kapsel wird mit Hilfe des Heizdrahtes so in die Sauerstoffbombe eingehängt, daß der Draht die Probe unmittelbar berührt. Zur Absorption flüchtiger Verbrennungsprodukte wird eine Phiole, die 5 ml einer 5%igen Natriumhydroxydlösung enthält, in die Bombe eingebracht. Die üblichen Verfahren werden zur Bestimmung verschiedener Elemente in der Waschflüssigkeit benutzt.Proben von Schmierölzusätzen, asphaltartigen Kondensationsprodukten (asphaltenes) und in Maschinen gefundenen Sedimenten konnten rasch und vollständig oxydiert werden.

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Résumé On a élaboré un procédé de combustion pour les produits pétrolifères dans la bombe à oxygène pour le dosage de différents éléments dans le liquide de lavage. L'échantillon est enfermé dans une capsule de gélatine avec une très petite quantité d'un mélange de peroxyde de sodium-nitrate de potassium. La capsule est suspendue au moyen du fil de chauffage dans la bombe à oxygène, de façon que le fil soit en contact avec la substance à essayer. Pour l'absorption des produits de combustion ou volatils, on installe dans la bombe une fiole contenant 5 ml d'une solution de soude à 5%. Les procédés classiques furent utilisés pour le dosage d'éléments divers dans le liquide de lavage.Des échantillons de charge pour huile de graissage, des produits de condensation asphaltique (asphaltène) et des sédiments trouvés dans les machines ont pu être rapidement et complètement oxydés.

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With 2 Figures.     

An indirect flame emission spectrometry method for the determination of sulphur and sulphur compounds. II

Microchimica Acta - An accurate and simple indirect method of flame-emission spectrometric determination of small quantities of elemental sulphur and many sulphur compounds, without their prior...     

Iodometric microdetermination of sulphur in organic compounds by an amplification reaction

A new method is described for the iodometric microdetermination of sulphur in organic compounds, using a 12-fold amplification reaction after oxygen-flask combustion. The method is based on reaction of the resulting sulphuric add with an excess of saturated barium bromate solution. The unreacted barium bromate is precipitated by addition of acetone, filtered off, redissolved in hot water and after addition of an excess of iodide and acid, the iodine liberated is titrated with thiosulphate. The method is simple, rapid, highly accurate, and of wide application in the microanalysis of organosulphur compounds containing other common acid-forming elements.     

A new calorimeter for simultaneous measurement of isotherms and heats of adsorption

A new calorimeter designed for simultaneous measurements of heats and isotherms of gas adsorption and desorption systems is presented. It consists of a volumetric/manometric gas adsorption instrument, the adsorption vessel of which is placed within a second vessel filled with inert gas. This gas acts as a sensor, as not only its temperature but also its pressure is increased if heat is released from the adsorption vessel via the sensor gas to its thermostated surroundings. Indeed, the time integral of the sensor gas pressure signal turned out to be strongly related to the total heat released from the adsorption vessel.A basic theoretical equation of the measurement procedure is given. Results of numerous calibration measurements are presented. The question of what type and amount of sensor gas should be used to achieve high sensitivity of the instrument is discussed.Two examples of measurements of heats of adsorption and adsorption isotherms are given, namely adsorption of N₂ on alumina oxide (CRM-BAM-PM-104) at 77 K and CO₂ on zeolite Na13X and wessalite DAY both at 298 K.     

Application of a flame photometric detector to the gas chromatographic measurement of sulphur compounds in hydrocarbon fractions

Summary Analysis of individual sulphur compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix is complicated either by quenching or by simultaneous hydrocarbon response. In the latter case the hydrocarbon response can be subtracted by opposing the signals from two different detectors, leaving a simplified chromatogram of the sulphur compounds.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

Oxygen bomb combustion of biological samples for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A rapid sample preparation method is proposed for decomposition of milk powder, corn bran, bovine and fish tissues, containing certified contents of the analytes. The procedure involves sample combustion in a commercial stainless steel oxygen bomb operating at 25 bar. Most of the samples were decomposed within 5 min. Diluted nitric acid or water-soluble tertiary amines 10% v/v were used as absorption solutions. Calcium, Cu, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Zn were recovered with the bomb washings and determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Ethanol mixed with paraffin was used as a combustion aid to allow complete combustion. A cooling step prior releasing of the bomb valve was employed to increase the efficiency of sample combustion. Iodine was also determined in milk samples spiked with potassium iodide to evaluate the volatilization and collection of iodine in amine CFA-C medium and the feasibility of its determination by ICP-OES with axial view configuration. Most of the element recoveries in the samples were between 91 and 105% and the certified and found contents exhibited a fair agreement at a 95% confidence level.     

Determination of the energies of combustion and enthalpies of formation of nitrobenzenesulfonamides by rotating-bomb combustion calorimetry

The energies of combustion for 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), 3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr) were determined using a recently described rotating-bomb combustion calorimeter. The condensed phase molar energies of combustion obtained were ?(3479.2 ± 1.0) kJ · mol^?1 for 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), ?(3454.2 ± 1.1) kJ · mol^-1 for 3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr), and ?(3450.1 ± 1.9) kJ · mol^-1 for 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (cr). From these combustion energy values, the standard molar enthalpies of formation in the condensed phase were obtained as: ?(341.3 ± 1.3) kJ · mol^?1, ?(366.3 ± 1.3) kJ · mol^?1, and ?(370.4 ± 2.1) kJ · mol^?1, respectively. Polyethene bags were used as an auxiliary material in the combustion experiments. The heat capacities and purities of the compounds were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter.     

An adiabatic low-temperature calorimeter for heat capacity measurement of small samples

A small sample adiabatic calorimeter for measuring heat capacities in the temperature range 60–350 K using the Nernst method has been constructed. The sample cell of the calorimeter is 6 cm³ in the internal volume, equipped with a miniature platinum thermometer and surrounded by two adiabatic shields. Two sets of 6-junction chromel-copel thermocouples were mounted between the cell and the shields to indicate the temperature differences between them. The adiabatic conditions of the cell were automatically controlled by two sets of temperature controller. A mechanical pump was used to pump out the vapour of liquid nitrogen in the cryostat to solidify N₂ (1), and 60 K or even lower temperature was obtained. The performance of this apparatus was evaluated by heat capacity measurements on α-alumina. The deviations of experimental results from a smoothed curve lie within ±0.2%, while the inaccuracy is within ±0.5% compared with the recommended reference data in the wole temperature range.     

Rearrangement energies for radicals of azido nitroaromatic compounds

Dissociation energies of C–N₃ bonds have been determined on the basis of data on the enthalpies of formation for a series of azido nitroaromatic compounds and the enthalpies of formation of radicals. Using fundamental relationships of chemical physics, a procedure has been suggested to calculate the energy of rearrangement of molecule fragments into radicals on the basis of special properties of rearrangement energy and the sums of average thermochemical energies for bonds comprising radical fragment in molecule. This calculation procedure provided a possibility to determine the energy of the N₃ moiety transformation into N₃ radical and the rearrangement energies of nitroaromatic radicals.     

Development of polystyrene calorimeter for application at electron energies down to 1.5 MeV

Polystyrene (PS) calorimeters developed at Riso National Laboratory for use below 4 MeV have been modified due to irradiation technology requirements concerning both design principles and dimensions. The temperature–time relationship after irradiation was measured, and two ways of dose measurement were tested: (1) real time temperature measurement during the irradiation and (2) pre- and post-irradiation temperature measurement. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods are discussed.Depth dose measurements have been carried out in the PS calorimeter to define the relationship between the average and the surface dose and to prove the applicability of the new low energy calorimeter for calibration purposes at 1.5 and 2 MeV electron energy. Alanine dosimeters of 2 mm thickness were used to calibrate the calorimeters and their use for nominal dose measurements was demonstrated in a series of intercomparisons. The use as routine dosimeters at electron accelerators operating in the energy range of 1.5–4 MeV was also demonstrated.