强磁场对铝合金中溶质组元分布状态的影响效果

合金中溶质组元的组织形态和分布对于改善合金的组织和性能具有重要意义.本文研究了铝合金在强磁场作用下的凝固行为,考察了Al-Cu，Al-Mg合金中溶质组元的相形态、分布状况随高强度均恒磁场和梯度磁场的强度和方向变化的规律.研究发现，由于Cu元素和Mg元素的物性不同导致其在基体中受到的电磁力不同，在均恒磁场作用下，铝合金中Cu元素和Mg元素在α-Al基体晶粒内和晶界上的分布变化规律相反；在梯度磁场作用下，Cu元素和Mg元素在铝基体中含量和分布状态也有显著的差异.本研究为利用强磁场有效控制不同物性的溶质元素在合金基体中组织状态和分布提供了实验依据. 关键词： 强磁场 铝合金 溶质元素分布 凝固组织 凝固过程     

强磁场对Al-Si合金凝固组织中硅分布的影响

为了揭示强磁场对金属凝固组织的影响规律，本文研究了Al-14.98%Si(质量分数)和Al-9.2%Si(质量分数)合金在强磁场作用下凝固组织的变化趋势，分析了强磁场对合金凝固组织中Si分布的影响.研究发现，均恒磁场和梯度磁场分别通过洛伦兹力和磁化力的作用对合金的凝固组织产生影响，强磁场可以显著改变初晶硅在合金中的分布状况.在均恒磁场作用条件下初晶硅在合金中均匀分布；在梯度磁场条件下，由于磁化力和浮力的共同作用，初晶硅在试样的上部或下部聚集.同时，磁化力也改变了共晶体在合金中的组织形态，使试样上部和下部共晶体的层片间距明显不同.理论和实验分析表明，Al-Si合金在强磁场中凝固时，磁场能作用于凝固过程，使共晶体中的Al含量增大，共晶点向左偏移. 关键词： 强磁场 凝固过程 共晶组织 Al-Si合金     

强磁场对Mn-Sb包晶合金相变及凝固组织的影响

以Mn-56.5 wt%Sb包晶合金为研究对象, 进行了不同磁场、不同冷速条件下的凝固实验. 通过对液相线温度、包晶温度的考察, 发现强磁场可以提高Mn-56.5 wt%Sb合金的液相线温度, 且该上升值随磁感应强度的增加而增加, 当所施加的磁感应强度为11.5 T时, 液相线温度升高大约3 ℃, 但施加磁场后包晶反应温度没有明显改变. 对该合金的凝固组织进行定量金相分析发现, 施加磁场后MnSb相明显减少, 该结果与磁场对相变温度的影响相一致. 另外通过X射线衍射分析发现, 强磁场诱发包晶反应生成相MnSb的c轴垂直于磁场方向取向, 而Mn₂Sb相的(311)面平行于磁场方向取向. 对不同冷速凝固的Mn-56.5 wt%Sb合金组织进行定量金相分析结果显示, 强磁场对合金凝固过程的作用效果受到冷却速度的影响. 随着冷却速度的增加, 强磁场对该合金凝固组织中MnSb相的相对含量变化影响效果减弱. 关键词： 强磁场 包晶合金 凝固 相变温度     

高压熔渗生长法制备金刚石聚晶中碳的转化机制研究

在6 GPa和1500 ℃的压力和温度范围内, 利用高压熔渗生长法制备了纯金刚石聚晶, 深入研究了高温高压下金刚石聚晶生长过程中碳的转化机制. 利用光学显微镜、X-射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜检测, 发现在熔渗过程中金刚石层出现了石墨化现象, 在烧结过程中金刚石颗粒表面形貌发生了变化. 根据实验现象分析, 在制备过程中存在三种碳的转化机制: 1)金属熔渗阶段金刚石颗粒表面石墨化产生石墨; 2)产生的石墨在烧结阶段很快转变为填充空隙的金刚石碳; 3)金刚石直接溶解在金属溶液中, 以金刚石形式在颗粒间析出, 填充空隙. 本文研究碳的转化机制为在高温高压金属溶剂法合成金刚石的条件下(6 GPa和1500 ℃的压力和温度范围内)工业批量化制备无添加剂、无空隙的纯金刚石聚晶提供了重要的理论指导.     

The influence of nonparaxiality on the spectral behavior in Young's experiment illuminated by partially coherent light

Starting from the Rayleigh--Sommerfeld diffraction integral, this paper studies the spectral behavior in Young's experiment illuminated by nonparaxial partially coherent light and compares with the paraxial case, where the influence of nonparaxiality of partially coherent light on the spectral shifts and spectral switches is stressed. It is shown that there is a spectral shift in the nonparaxial case relative to the paraxial one and the critical position changes, at which the spectral switch occurs. The ratio of the waist width to the central wavelength w₀/λ₀ and relative spatial correlation length \De affect the spectral difference. The smaller w₀/λ₀ is, the larger the difference between the nonparaxial and paraxial results appears. The effect of relative spatial correlation length Δ is relatively small.     

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in model suspensions and beetroot juice

The inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCFB 3191 using high hydrostatic pressure of 300 MPa at 20°C with a holding time of 0, 1, 5 and 10 min was investigated with model suspensions in phosphate-buffered saline and in beetroot juice. The reduction in S. cerevisiae NCFB 3191 in model suspensions was about 5 log after 10 min of pressurization, irrespective of the initial level of cell concentration in the samples (5.4–8.7 log cfu/mL). The baroprotective effect of beetroot juice on yeast cells during pressurization was observed; the reduction was lower and was only 3.5 log (the inoculum was 5.4 log cfu/mL). No sublethal injury among the surviving cells of the studied yeast strain was found.     

Solution of the unanimity rule on exponential, uniform and scalefree networks: A simple model for biodiversity collapse in foodwebs

We solve the Unanimity Rule on networks with exponential, uniform and scalefree degree distributions. In particular we arrive at equations relating the asymptotic number of nodes in one of two states to the initial fraction of nodes in this state. The solutions for exponential and uniform networks are exact, the analytical approximation for the scalefree case is in perfect agreement with simulation results. We use these solutions to provide a theoretical understanding for biodiversity loss in experimental data of foodwebs, which is available for the three network types discussed. The model allows in principle to estimate the critical value of species that have to be removed from the system to induce a complete diversity collapse.     

The effects of contact area and applied load on the morphology of in vitro worn ultra‐high molecular weight knee prostheses: a micro‐Raman and gravimetric study

Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene knee prostheses of two different sizes (i.e. characterised by different contact areas) were run on a knee wear simulator in two tests differing for the applied load. Gravimetric and micro‐Raman spectroscopic analyses were performed to investigate at macroscopic and molecular levels the effects of contact area and applied load on the morphology of the knee components. The larger prostheses showed a higher mass loss in both tests, while Raman spectroscopy showed a more significant polymer degradation in the smaller prostheses, suggesting that a lower contact area is responsible for a higher wear at the molecular wear, but for a lower gravimetric wear. Raman measurements showed that in the second test (using a higher applied load), the wear mechanism changed with respect to the first test: the less severe conditions used in the latter resulted in an increase in the orthorhombic content, while the more severe conditions used in the former determined an increase and rearrangement of the amorphous phase. The results here reported allow to gain more insights into the effects of contact area, applied load and contact stress on wear. Preliminary micro‐Raman analyses on in vivo worn knee prostheses confirmed the results obtained in vitro: the retrievals of smaller size were found more degraded at molecular level than those of larger size. These findings showed that the conditions used in the in vitro tests well simulate the knee kinematics of the knee joint and thus the in vivo wear. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of electric and magnetic fields on the current spin polarization and magnetoresistance in a ferromagnetic/organic semiconductor/ferromagnetic（FM/OSC/FM） system

From experimental results of spin polarized injection and transport in organic semiconductors(OSCs),we theoretically study the current spin polarization and magnetoresistance under an electric and a magnetic field in a ferromagnetic/organic semiconductor/ferromagnetic(FM/OSC/FM) sandwich structure according to the spin drift-diffusion theory and Ohm’s law.From the calculations,it is found that the interfacial current spin polarization is enhanced by several orders of magnitude through tuning the magnetic and electric fields by taking into account the specific characteristics of OSC.Furthermore,the effects of the electric and magnetic fields on the magnetoresistance are also discussed in the sandwich structure.