森林火行为计算机模拟的尝试

森林火灾是灾害性的复杂燃烧现象,通常分为地下火、地表火和树冠火。地下火在地下可燃物诸如泥煤、有机土壤中以焖烧极缓慢地蔓延;树冠火是火焰锋在树木顶部推进,特点是火强度大,蔓延迅速,它是大火灾环境中活跃的火行为;地表火则是在森林地表植被诸如荒草、灌木上蔓延,是最常见的林火现象。     

宽度与角度耦合作用下固体表面火蔓延加速特性

研究了杉木和樟木两种典型的可碳化固体表面在不同试样宽度和不同放置角度的火蔓延加速特性.试样宽度范围为2～12 cm,每间隔2 cm为一组工况;放置角度为-20°～30°,正角度每间隔10°为一组工况,负角度每间隔5°为一组工况。通过分析试样表面火焰蔓延速度、火焰特征参数(火焰形态、火焰面积、火焰温度)及试样质量损失速率等的变化规律,观察火蔓延特性。研究发现,火蔓延速度、质量损失速率及火焰面积均随着试样宽度和放置角度的增大而增大;试样宽度对火蔓延发生加速行为的临界角度有影响,并揭示了试样宽度对火蔓延加速行为的影响机制;得到了火蔓延过程在试样宽度和放置角度耦合作用下的稳态蔓延和加速蔓延之间的临界条件。     

低密度EPS不同角度及厚度情况下火蔓延特性研究

本文采用小尺寸实验的方法探究了低密度EPS火蔓延及其熄灭特性,分析了密度、厚度以及角度综合因素对EPS火蔓延及熄灭的影响。研究发现:密度为6 kg/m^3的EPS,由于密度很小,材料厚度以及放置角度受到密度影响的抑制,EPS均无法被火源点燃进而进行火蔓延;而当密度为10 kg/m^3的EPS,随着材料厚度以及放置角度的增加,试样经历了从不能点燃,到短距离不稳定火蔓延,正常蔓延,以及蔓延过程中收缩性熄灭等过程。研究发现,密度为10 kg/m^3,厚度为4 cm的EPS试样,当放置角度为0°、10°、20°和30°时,能够正常蔓延,而当角度增加至40°、50°时,EPS火蔓延过程中出现了收缩性熄灭的现象.通过分析火蔓延过程收缩性熄灭机理,发现火蔓延速度与预热区的长度之间的相互竞争机制,是导致熄灭现象产生的主要原因。实验结果表明,收缩性熄灭对火蔓延速度,池火区长度以及表面火焰区火焰形态等都产生了相应的影响。     

沟渠内杨木三合板架空燃烧的火灾行为的研究

建立了缩尺寸沟渠火灾试验模型,测量了沟渠以及平台入口附近的温度分布,研究了沟渠内杨木三合板架空燃烧的位置和沟渠的倾斜角度对火蔓延行为的影响,分析了火焰传播特征和火蔓延速率.试验结果表明:在沟渠效应和烟囱效应的综合作用下,火焰先从杨木三合板与沟渠底板之间的狭长空间传播到沟渠顶部,在入口处形成喷射状火焰;狭长空间内的温度先...     

不同宽度和角度下木材表面火蔓延特性的实验研究

选取宽2～11 cm、厚3 mm的樟木、杉木和白木试样进行了一系列实验,测量了火蔓延速度、火焰高度、火焰温度和试样表面温度。结果表明,火焰高度随试样宽度增加而增大,并在宽度增加至某个值后不再增大;同宽度下,密度大的试样火焰高度大。放置角度为负时,不同密度试样的火蔓延速度差较小,角度为正时,火蔓延速度随角度增加而增大,且不同密度试样的火蔓延速度差变大.     

木质材料火灾研究：前沿与展望

古建筑保护和现代木结构建筑发展受制于木质材料的火灾安全问题。本文综述了木材火灾动力学的燃烧现象与理论,总结其热解、点火、火蔓延和熄火的燃烧行为,并分析了材料特性、系统属性和火灾环境对燃烧行为的影响。同时,总结了近年木材火灾研究的常用实验方法及其燃烧数值模型的主控方程。最后,探讨了木材的火灾动力学与林火和生态学、材料学、结构力学的交叉研究,以期对未来木质材料火灾的多学科交叉研究提供必要的参考和指导。     

林火中的阴燃现象:研究前沿与展望

森林中的植物腐殖质和有机泥炭土的阴燃是地球上尺度最大的燃烧与火灾现象,造成了巨大的经济损失及跨国界的雾霾,并严重破坏了生态系统.本文综述了阴燃林火的基础燃烧理论和化学反应机理,总结了其点火、火蔓延和熄火的行为特性.同时,归纳了近年来泥炭阴燃火的研究动态,包括如何通过小尺度的阴燃实验理解大尺度的阴燃林火,如何构建阴燃的数...     

R22(CHF_2CL)焓图

不少作者对常用工质绘制过(火用)焓图。本文利用Oguchi等人提出的状态方程,算出并绘制了R 22(火用)焓图(SI制),并给出两种不同环境温度时使用本图的(火用)修正曲线。 一、R22(火用)焓图的编制 R 22(火用)焓图以稳定流动系统工质比焓(火用)e为纵坐标,以比焓h为横坐标。焓(火用)e的定义式为     

UNIX系统安全检测软件中数据库的设计及其实现

UNIX系统安全检测软件是针对保密网络中技术服务器系统较多采用UNIX操作系统的主机安全检测和审计软件。它通过对主机的运行安全策略配置和用户权限分配，可定时自动进行系统配置检测及在线用户行为检测，监控系统的安全性能，计算机用户是否存在违规、违法和滥用权限的行为等，从而保证计算机系统的安全运行。     

无人机视角下的林木爆燃火特性研究

森林火灾“爆燃”现象的特征是突然发生的高强度、高蔓延速度的燃烧。目前为止，关于“爆燃火”的原因还没有达成共识。以无人机视角下对林木爆燃火特性研究，以四川木里特大森林火灾为研究对象，通过分析凉山州某森林扑火部队3月31日木里森林火灾当天KWT（科卫泰）无人机航拍火场画面，结合无人机实时影像及实地调研数据，分析了峡谷地形林火蔓延时空特征，探讨了峡谷中风向风速变化时空分布规律，研究了地形变化条件下，不同海拔高度风速特征，建立了无人机倾角测量风速模型（其中为风速m·s-1，为无人机倾角°）。结果表明，高山峻岭特殊地形环境下每天4:00—12:00时间段为静风期，为峡谷林火扑救最佳时期；午后15:00—17:00和晚上20:00—22:00为山谷地形风速活跃期；仿真软件数据显示山顶、谷底与山腰不同海拔位置的风速风向不统一，谷底会产生乱流现象，且风速与海拔不存在正相关关系，小气候在复杂地形中占主导影响地位；在谷口至山谷深处的中间位置会出现气流速度的波峰状态，并易形成乱流，为爆燃火发生提供了客观必要条件。该研究可为复杂地形环境下，森林草原火灾扑救安全提供数据和技术支撑。     

Combustion dynamics of large-scale wildfires

A fact often overlooked is that large-scale wildfires, although occurring infrequently, are responsible for the overwhelming majority of fire-related suppression costs, economic losses, and natural resources damages. Fortunately, the increasingly severe problems of large-scale wildfires worldwide have been receiving ever-growing academic attention. The high-intensity burning behaviors in wildfires stem from the significant interaction of combustion with heat transfer and atmospheric flow under complicated fuel, meteorology, and topography conditions. Therefore, mitigating measures against large-scale wildfire disasters have grown into a challenging research focus for combustion scientists. Research over the past century has resulted in incrementally enhanced insights into the mechanisms of combustion dynamics underlying the various erratic behaviors in large-scale wildfires, with theories and models of fire accelerations developed and validated. These advances are expected to improve the efficacy of large-scale wildfire predictions significantly. Nevertheless, the physical interpretation of the acceleration of large-scale wildfires is far from adequate and complete. This paper intends not to make a comprehensive review of the entire wildfire research field, but to depict an overall pattern of the essential factors that lead an initial small-scale spreading flame to a large-scale wildfire beyond control. It is outlined that the complicated transformation of fuel preheating mechanisms determines the growth of surface fire spread, while varied large-size flame fronts and unique spread modes induced in specific fire environments play an essential role in fire spread acceleration. Additionally, multiple fires burning and merging often act as crucial steps for accelerating surface fire spread, generating large-size flames, and triggering unique spread modes. These major potential factors strike the energy balance of a low-intensity wildfire and push it to a high-intensity state. Several issues regarding intensely burning behaviors in large-scale wildfires are selected for in-depth discussions, for which an overview of the progress and challenges in research is presented. It is concluded that the fundamental exploration targeted at developing application tools capable of dealing with large-scale wildfires remains at its early stages. Opportunities for innovation are abundant, yet systematic and long-term research programs are required.     

Sub-pixel fire detection using Landsat-TM thermal data

Landsat-TM data has limitations in measuring high temperature fire zones. The thermal data saturate for temperatures above 68 °C and intense fires occupying less than a pixel requires modification of the methodology. The present paper describes the utility of Landsat-TM thermal data for estimation of surface temperature of sub-pixel fire. The method requires knowledge of the fire area. The temperature estimation from the method is found to be in good agreement with ground observations.     

关于核多体系统的基态关联效应

对于一个原子核模型系统在不同耦合强度、不同粒子数情况下的基态关联效应进行了研究,结果表明：当具有稳定的静态形变时,基态关联基本上可用基于静态上的零点振动来解释,因此,关于静态性质的自治场计算是至关重要的. 但在开始发生单极形变的临界点附近,它随控制参量的变化显得很复杂、很敏感. 看来,在滴线附近的轻核的进一步研究中,关联效应是需要注意考虑的.     

On Ground State Correlations in Nuclear Many-Body Systems

The ground state correlation in model systems with different interaction strength and pardcle numbers has been studied. Nunnerical results tell us that if the ground state shape is quite stable, the ground state correlation can be approximately explained by the zero-point vibration based on the stadc ground state. It is rather important to carry out first the static self consistent field calculation. But around the critical point where the monopole deformation begins to occur, behaviors of the ground state conflation become very complicate and sensitive to the variation of controlling parameters. lt seems to indicate that particular attentions should be paid to ground state compilations in further studies of light nuclei near the drip line.     

基于多源卫星多光谱遥感数据的过火面积估算研究

露天生物质燃烧是重要的大气污染物排放源,导致空气质量恶化并引起气候变化。卫星遥感数据能够提供大尺度、多时相的监测信息,然而燃烧火点监测和火烧迹地监测两种方式都存在着局限性。以美国东南部地区为研究区域,通过结合卫星遥感获取的高分辨率燃烧面积数据及多时相的燃烧火点数据,建立时空匹配模型估算露天生物质燃烧过火面积。通过分析植被燃烧前后的光谱变化特征,基于高分辨率的Landsat-5 TM4波段(0.84 μm)与7波段(2.22 μm)数据, 利用差分归一化燃烧比(dNBR: the differential normalized burn ratio)提取燃烧面积数据;而燃烧火点数据则通过分析燃烧植被的热红外光谱特征利用MODIS 4与11 μm波段数据提取。结果显示,该地区燃烧面积与燃烧火点数量之间相关系数达0.63,并且二者之间的比例关系随植被类型而发生变化,林地、草地、灌木、耕地和沼泽五种植被类型对应的像元燃烧面积分别为0.69,1.27,0.86,0.72和0.94 km2。通过与美国火灾中心(national interagency fire center, NIFC)地面调查数据比对,模型估算的美国东南部过火面积数据较为精确,而同期的MODIS燃烧面积产品(MCD45)及燃烧源清单产品(global fire emissions database, GFED)遗漏了该区域大量的小面积燃烧事件。因此,本研究建立的过火面积估算模型能够提供更为精确的排放源参数信息,有利于区域空气质量模式准确地模拟露天生物质燃烧排放状况。     

An experimental study on flame geometry and radiation flux of line-source fire over inclined surface

An experimental study was performed on line-source fire over an inclined surface (ground) to simulate downhill fire spread behavior. The flame geometry and the thermal radiation to both far-field surroundings and near-field inclined surface were investigated. As a basic configuration for wildland fire over a slope, the buoyancy induced natural convection flow along the inclined surface and the constraint of air entrainment by the inclined surface change the flame geometry as well as its radiation emission. Various surface (ground) inclination angles (from 0°-80°), fire source heat release rates and fuels were considered comprehensively with a total of 126 test conditions. Results showed that the flame perpendicular height decreased, while both the flame parallel length and base drag length along the inclined surface increased, with the increased inclination angle. A dimensional analysis was then performed based on the controlling mechanisms, with the dimensionless heat release rate, the density ratio of fuel vapor to air, along with sinα and cosα involved to represent the components in the parallel and perpendicular directions. The flame geometry parameters were well represented by the proposed dimensional analysis. Both the radiation fluxes to far-field surroundings and to near-field inclined surface decreased with the increased inclination angle. The far-field radiation was found to be well characterized by a model based on the soot volume fraction analysis according to single point source model. Concerning the near-field radiation to inclined surface, an inclined cuboid radiative modeling was developed. The predicting results by the proposed model and the experimental values showed good agreement. The present study has explained the controlling physics and proposed non-dimensional functions for flame geometry and modeling the downslope radiation of the line-source fire over the inclined surface, which facilitates the understanding of the wildland fire spread behavior over a slopping ground in the downhill direction.     

Estimation of forest evapotranspiration over Uttarakhand hills, India

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the Uttarakhand forests has been estimated using the Modified Prestly-Taylor Method [1]. The estimated PET has been used to determine the actual evapotranspiration (AET) based on the limitation in available water (soil moisture) on the ground. The required meteorological data used in the estimation of ET is obtained from field measurements at three forest sites which includes Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Pine (Pinus roxburghii) and Oak (Quercus spp.) forests located within an area of five km radius in the district Tehri Garhwal. The meteorological data including daily sun shine hours, humidity, air temperature and soil moisture for one year from July, 2005 to June, 2006 were recorded and used in the estimation of ET. The daily average ET was highly influenced by the sunshine hours and soil moisture. A significant seasonal variation in the ET is observed. The results of seasonal variation in ET can be used as an indicator of possible forest fire events and helpful in prevention and management of forest fire in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand state of India.     

Magnetic vortices in small ferromagnetic particles with the strong dipolar interaction

The ground state of cylindrical magnetic samples of different sizes at nonzero applied magnetic field is studied theoretically taking into account the exchange and dipole-dipole interactions at an arbitrary ratio of coupling constants. In addition to the weakly inhomogeneous and standard vortex states well known for the case of the weak dipole-dipole interaction, the vortex states with the complicated structure of the vortex core have been found. The state diagram for these particles has been constructed and analyzed in terms of scaling consideration.     

山区智能视觉火情高空图像搜集系统的设计与实现

介绍了一种针对山区多样性突发火情事件中基于智能视觉的高空图像搜集系统,采用以ST意法半导体公司的STM32F107VCT6为处理核心的开发平台,地面控制平台通过高空无人机的高速照相机对目标区域火情图像数据进行搜集,并将图像数据带回到地面控制平台的PC处理器上进行综合分析。地面控制平台根据智能视觉信息采集模块采集的山区遥感图像的均值作为初始背景,并对背景图像进行实时更新,利用光谱特征与距离算法获取差分图像,并进行图像处理,从而获取山区发生火情区域的图像分析数据,以实现对山区森林突发火情事件的及时监测,在火情发生初始阶段就能扑灭。本文对山区智能视觉火情高空搜集系统的实现原理、核心硬件设计、系统软件设计等分别进行了研究,并通过系统实验进行了验证,测试结果表明,该系统在对山区的高空图像搜集实验中,对不同颜色物体的分别识别率为100%,对火灾与地形地貌的识别率为95.55%和81.12%,非常适用于各种山区环境下的智能视觉监控系统。     

GaN和GaN2分子基态的结构和解析势能函数

本文利用密度泛函方法,优化了CaN2基态(X2B2)的几何平衡结构,其对称性属于C2v,它的键角、平衡核间距和离解能分别为26.428°,0.2526 nm和9.574 eV.基于量子化学计算得出GaN和GaN2基电子态及其离解极限之后,利用计算数据和最小二乘法得到了GaN的M-S解析势能函数,并计算出各态的谐振频率、力常数和光谱数据.利用多体项展式理论首次得到了GaN2基态的解析势能函数,它准确表达了GaN2的平衡几何结构,在此基础上讨论了Ga N2和N GaN反应系统的反应动力学.