A model to characterize the effect of cross phase modulation on polarization in an optical fiber transmission system

This paper presents a model that described the process of inter-influence between cross phase modulation (XPM) and polarization effects such as polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependant loss (PDL) in an optical fiber communication system. Previous papers have discussed PMD-PDL and PMD-XPM effects in separate models, but in this work we developed a model that is capable of characterizing and evaluating PMD, PDL and XPM simultaneously. From the model, we found that PMD and PDL can be affected by XPM. The presence of XPM changed the vector directions of PMD and PDL in Stokes space.     

Impact of polarization mode dispersion on the performance of optical CDMA transmission system

The impact of fiber polarization mode dispersion (PMD) on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a direct sequence optical code-division multiple-access system is analyzed by the split-step Fourier method based on the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the three-dimensional Poincare sphere theory and the Jones matrix method. When the incident pulse's width is bigness than the chip duration, which causes spreading and overlapping of chips and degrades system performance due to increased interchip interference and reduced received optical power conduce cannot decoding or error decoding. When the incident pulse's width is less than the chip duration, good encoding/decoding performance can be achieved.     

Many-body quantum dynamics of polarization squeezing in optical fibers

We report new experiments that test quantum dynamical predictions of polarization squeezing for ultrashort photonic pulses in a birefringent fiber, including all relevant dissipative effects. This exponentially complex many-body problem is solved by means of a stochastic phase-space method. The squeezing is calculated and compared to experimental data, resulting in excellent quantitative agreement. From the simulations, we identify the physical limits to quantum noise reduction in optical fibers. The research represents a significant experimental test of first-principles time-domain quantum dynamics in a one-dimensional interacting Bose gas coupled to dissipative reservoirs.     

Manifestation of polarization effects in dusty plasma

This paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of polarization effects in dusty plasma (DP). They are shown to lead to a nonmonotone decay of the self-consistent potential near the macroparticle, which may result in the formation of regular structures in the DP.     

Mathematical modeling of random coupling between polarization modes in single-mode optical fibers: Integrated statistical properties of polarization modes of single-mode optical fibers in the presence of random inhomogeneities

Using mathematical modeling, an explicit form is found for the Jones matrix of a segment of a single-mode optical fiber with random inhomogeneities, whose length is considerably greater than the correlation length of random inhomogeneities. It is shown that parameters of this matrix are of a statistical nature. A rational representation of the matrix is proposed. It is shown that, under certain conditions, one of the matrix parameters may be treated as constant, whereas the other parameter is assumed to be continuously distributed on the interval [0, 2π]. As the latter parameter is changed, which corresponds to a change from one random realization of inhomogeneities in a single-mode fiber to another, the ellipticity and the azimuth of the major axis of the polarization ellipse of natural polarization modes of a single-mode fiber simultaneously change.     

The PMD of sinusoidally spun fibers in the presence of random birefringence perturbations

Although fiber spinning is known to reduce polarization mode dispersion (PMD) effects in optical fibers, relatively few studies have been performed of the dependence of the reduction factor on the strength of random birefringence fluctuations. In this paper, we apply a general mathematical model of random fiber birefringence to sinusoidally spun fibers. We find that while even in the presence of random birefringence perturbations the maximum reduction of PMD is still obtained when the phase matching condition is satisfied, the degree of PMD reduction and the probability distribution function of the DGD both vary with the random birefringence profiles.     

Scattering polarization in the presence of magnetic and electric fields

The polarization of radiation by scattering on an atom embedded in combined external quadrupole electric and uniform magnetic fields is studied theoretically. Limiting cases of scattering under Zeeman effect, and Hanle effect in weak magnetic fields are discussed. The theory is general enough to handle scattering in intermediate magnetic fields (Hanle-Zeeman effect) and for arbitrary orientation of magnetic field. The quadrupolar electric field produces asymmetric line shifts, and causes interesting level-crossing phenomena either in the absence of an ambient magnetic field, or in its presence. It is shown that the quadrupolar electric field produces an additional depolarization in the Q/I profiles and rotation of the plane of polarization in the U/I profile over and above that arising from magnetic field itself. This characteristic may have a diagnostic potential to detect steady-state and time-varying electric fields that surround radiating atoms in solar atmospheric layers.     

直接检测光OFDM系统中的偏振相关损耗研究

对于高速光传输,直接检测的光正交频分复用系统（direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, DDO-OFDM）中的偏振相关损耗（polarization dependent loss, PDL）与偏振模色散相互作用,对系统传输带来较大影响。对DDO-OFDM系统中PDL与一阶PMD作用机理和数学模型进行了分析,并通过数字仿真加以验证。结果表明:在PDL与PMD联合作用下,对OFDM信号幅度及相位均产生影响,通过发送导频序列可有效实现信号均衡;由于输出偏振态随频率产生旋转,PMD效应一定程度上缓解PDL所致系统损伤,差分群时延为50 ps条件下,以10 Gb/s的速率在单模光纤传输480 km,DDO-OFDM系统Q值提高约0.8 dB。     

Control the polarization state of light with symmetry-broken metallic metastructures

Controlling the polarization state, the transmission direction, the amplitude and the phase of light in a very limited space is essential for the development of on-chip photonics. Over the past decades, numerous sub-wavelength metallic microstructures have been proposed and fabricated to fulfill these demands. In this article, we review our efforts in achieving negative refractive index, controlling the polarization state, and tuning the amplitude of light with two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. We designed an assembly of stacked metallic U-shaped resonators that allow achieving negative refraction for pure magnetic and electric responses respectively at the same frequency by selecting the polarization of incident light. Based on this, we tune the permittivity and permeability of the structure, and achieve negative refractive index. Further, by control the excitation and radiation of surface electric current on a number of 2D and 3D asymmetric metallic metastructures, we are able to control the polarization state of light. It is also demonstrated that with a stereostructured metal film, the whole metal surfaces can be used to construct either polarization-sensitive or polarization-insensitive prefect absorbers, with the advantage of efficient heat dissipation and electric conductivity. Our practice shows that metamaterials, including metasurface, indeed help to master light in nanoscale, and are promising in the development of new generation of photonics.     

High carrier suppression double sideband modulation using polarization state rotation filter and optical external modulator

We propose a high carrier suppression double sideband modulation technique using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and an integrated polarization state rotation filter (PSRF), which is designed to improve the carrier suppression ratio. With the functions of MZM and PSRF, about 30 dB carrier suppression ratio relative to first-order sidebands is demonstrated. Moreover, we demonstrate the optical generation of microwave/millimeter-wave signals by beating the carrier suppressed double sideband (DSB-SC) lightwave signals. The experimental results show that the improvement of carrier suppression ratio with PSRF can effectively cancel the modulating RF frequency component. A tunable and high purity microwave signal, which is limited by the bandwidth of MZM and photodetector (PD), is obtained, and it does not suffer from obvious phase noise degradation with 25 km transmission.     

Imaging quality analysis and evaluation of optical polarization imaging system with optical transfer matrix

An optical transfer matrix (OTM) is introduced and proposed to analyze the performance of optical polarization imaging systems. This 4 × 4 OTM describes the frequency transfer characteristics of the optical system for each Stokes parameter. It includes the transfer functions and the crosstalk functions. The transfer functions can be used to analyze the imaging quality of the system for each polarization component, while crosstalk functions indicate the polarization errors. We calculate the modulation transfer matrix as an example and numerically simulate the Stokes vector imaging for a polarization imaging system with a singlet and rotating polarization elements. The simulated imaging results show conformance with the analysis.     

运用偏振荧光的手段研究氧化胁迫对小麦叶绿体荧光的影响

采集抽穗期小麦旗叶,采用1mmol.L-1 H2O2、干旱、黑暗处理24h诱导产生氧化损伤模型,然后运用偏振荧光的手段检测了叶绿体的荧光发射谱和荧光激发谱,结果发现,无论选择436nm激发叶绿素a(Chla)分子,或固定475nm激发叶绿素b(Chlb)分子,氧化胁迫后光系统Ⅱ反应中心P680与光系统Ⅰ反应中心P700的荧光发射峰峰面积比值A684/A720呈上升趋势;通过比较偏振荧光激发谱上E436/E475和E475/E600比值,发现随着氧化胁迫的进行,Chla对于反应中心能量传递的相对贡献大于Chlb;此外,类胡萝卜素向Chlb能量传递效率在各个偏振方向上均有所提高;通过计算偏振度及粘度,发现氧化胁迫处理促使680nm处荧光偏振度提高,内囊体膜微环境粘度增加。上述结果为研究氧化胁迫提供了一种简单、易行的方法。     

Dependence of extinction cross-section on incident polarization state and particle orientation

This note reports on the effects of the polarization state of an incident quasi-monochromatic parallel beam of radiation and the orientation of a hexagonal ice particle with respect to the incident direction on the extinction process. When the incident beam is aligned with the six-fold rotational symmetry axis, the extinction is independent of the polarization state of the incident light. For other orientations, the extinction cross-section for linearly polarized light can be either larger or smaller than its counterpart for an unpolarized incident beam. Therefore, the attenuation of a quasi-monochromatic radiation beam by an ice cloud depends on the polarization state of the beam if ice crystals within the cloud are not randomly oriented. Furthermore, a case study of the extinction of light by a quartz particle is also presented to illustrate the dependence of the extinction cross-section on the polarization state of the incident light.     

The use of polarization modulation and amplitude-sensitive optical heterodyne interferometry for linear birefringence parameters measurement

A novel common-path polarization modulation and amplitude-sensitive optical heterodyne polarimeter is setup in order to characterize a phase retardation plate (PRP) in real time. The phase retardation ΔΦ and fast-axis angle β of the linear birefringence parameters (LBP) of a PRP are measured simultaneously. Meanwhile, the dynamic ranges of 0° < ΔΦ < 180° and 0° < β < 180° are demonstrated experimentally. In order to measure LBP in real time, a polarization modulation is introduced by continuously rotating the tested PRP such that ΔΦ and β are able to be obtained in terms of the ratio of the amplitudes of S polarization and the ratio of P polarization of the heterodyne signals, respectively. Consequently, this novel method, which combines optical heterodyne interferometry with a polarization modulation technique, not only improves the detection sensitivity, but also provides a real time capability to measure LBP. In addition, the error in the LBP measurement is derived and analyzed.     

The role of the polarization in ATIR proximity sensing

The proximity sensing based on the attenuated total internal reflection (ATIR) is a technique that allows us to control the separation between two planes—the attenuating media surface and dielectric boundary, in the neighborhood of which the total internal reflection (TIR) takes place. This measurement supposes known optical constants of all media. An effect of lateral fringe shift and variations in intensity distribution of the interferometrical signal were observed during the measurements by an angular sheering polarization interferometer. The simple theory here proposed explains these effects. For that reason the relationship between the polarization effects, accompanying the ATIR and the output interferometrical signal had to be taken into account. To explain the variations of interference fringes intensity topography, the evolution of the Stokes parameters as a function of the gap width for Si attenuator is studied numerically.     

Synchronization of optical polarization conversion and scattering in chiral fibers

We demonstrate that polarization transformation and scattering in adiabatically twisted single-mode birefringent optical fibers is synchronized so that light in one evolving elliptically polarized mode is freely transmitted while orthogonally polarized light is scattered out of the fiber. Thus, linearly polarized radiation initially oriented along the fast axis of the untwisted fiber is transformed to circularly polarized light with the same sense of rotation as the twisted fiber and is scattered out of the fiber. When the fiber twist is first accelerated and then decelerated, the fiber becomes a broadband, low-insertion-loss, linear polarizer.     

偏振遥感在伪装目标识别上的应用及对抗措施

 为了研究偏振遥感对伪装目标的识别特点,分别对不同颜色的伪装网进行了偏振参数测量和成像实验。通过数据分析发现,伪装网的散射偏振度受观测条件和材料自身特性（如反射率、折射率和表面粗糙度）影响很大;伪装涂层对入射光的散射作用可以分为面散射和体散射,其中面散射具有起偏振作用而体散射具有消偏振作用;与自然背景相比,伪装目标的偏振特征非常显著,利用偏振遥感可以有效地识别出常规侦察手段所不能发现的伪装目标。通过偏振遥感的侦察原理和特点分析,提出了可以利用表面结构设计和烟雾等方法对抗偏振遥感的侦察。     

Spectral-resolved backreflection measurement of polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers

An improved backreflection technique is proposed to perform the spectral-resolved measurement of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical fibers. This technique is based on the PMD dynamical equation and realized by measuring the polarization state evolutions of the reflected signal in both frequency and time domains. Two experimental setups, employing the far-end Fresnel reflection, are constructed to verify this technique. The agreement between the results of the proposed backreflection technique and the conventional forward technique is observed.