Co:LaMgAl11O19 saturable absorber Q-switch for a 1.319 μm Nd:YAG laser

Passively Q-switched output of a flashlamp-pumped 1.319 μm Nd:YAG laser is realized by using Co²⁺:LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉ (Co:LMA) as saturable absorber. When initial transmission of the saturable absorber T₀ is 78%, a Q-switched output pulse with pulse width (FWHM) 44.8 ns and pulse energy 17.4 mJ is obtained, corresponding to 19.3% of the free-running energy under the equal pumping energy of 45.4 J. The experimental results show that the higher T₀ will result in a lower pumping threshold of the laser, but lower T₀ can make the laser generate pulses with higher single-pulse energy, narrower pulse width, and accordingly higher peak power.     

A laser-diode end-pumped passively Q-switched intracavity doubling Nd:GdVO<Subscript>4</Subscript>/KTP red laser with V<Superscript>3+</Superscript>:YAG saturable absorber

Using a V³⁺:YAG saturable absorber, we realize the running of a laser-diode end-pumped passively Q-switched intracavity-frequency-doubling Nd:GdVO₄/KTP red laser. Under the absorbed pump power of 9.45 W and with V³⁺:YAG initial transmission T ₀ = 94%, the obtained average output power and pulse width were 610 mW and 15.09 ns with the repetition rate of 12.2 kHz, corresponding to the single pulse energy 50 μJ and the pulse peak power 3.34 kW.     

Characteristics of diode-pumped dual-loss-modulated Q-switched and mode-locked Nd:Lu<Subscript>0.15</Subscript>Y<Subscript>0.85</Subscript>VO<Subscript>4</Subscript> laser

A diode-pumped dual-loss-modulated Q-switched and mode-locked (QML) Nd:Lu_0.15Y_0.85VO₄ laser with acousto-optic (AO) modulator and Cr⁴⁺:YAG saturable absorber is presented. The stable QML laser pulse with high peak power and complete modulation depth has been obtained. The QML laser characteristics such as the pulse width, single-pulse energy etc. have been measured for different small-signal transmissions (T ₀) of Cr⁴⁺:YAG, different reflectivity (R) of output coupler and modulation frequencies of the AO modulator (f _p ). The results show that the pulse energy increases with decreasing f _p and increasing T ₀, while the pulse width decreases with decreasing f _p and increasing T ₀. At f _p = 10 kHz, R = 90%, and T ₀ = 91%, the highest pulse energy and peak power of mode-locked pulses is obtained.     

纳秒激光脉冲在空气中聚焦的临界自由电子密度问题

实验研究了高功率纳秒量级激光脉冲在空气中聚焦时的能量透过率随输入激光脉冲能量变化的规律,发现在纳秒激光脉冲聚焦半径相同的情况下,激光脉冲的能量透过率随入射激光脉冲能量的变化可分为三种情况：当入射激光脉冲能量较低时,激光脉冲能量全部通过;当入射激光脉冲能量增大后,激光脉冲的能量透过率由近100%迅速减小;当入射激光脉冲的能量进一步增加时,激光脉冲的能量透过率继续缓慢变小.用临界自由电子密度以及所对应的临界时间点对上述实验现象进行了理论分析得到了如下结论：当自由电子密度未达到临界自由电子密度时,多光子电离过程起主要作用,而当自由电子密度超过临界自由电子密度后,逆韧致吸收过程起主要作用,临界时间点是入射激光脉冲与空气作用过程中自由电子密度达到临界自由电子密度的时刻.入射激光脉冲能量决定了临界时间点在脉冲作用时间上的位置,临界时间点的位置决定了激光脉冲的能量透过率.可以通过测量激光脉冲的能量透过率来计算出临界自由电子密度,从而确定出激光脉冲在空气中聚焦时的能量透过特性. 关键词： 临界自由电子密度 临界时间点 多光子电离 逆韧致吸收     

激光诱导介质击穿中的脉冲截断问题

强激光与介质相互促进作用过程中,当自由电子的密度达到介质的损伤阈值时,介质将被击穿,脉冲的后续能量被激光等离子体强烈吸收而引发截断,这个时间点定义为截断时间点.脉冲的截断时间点对激光脉冲能量的传输有很大的影响.理论研究了入射激光脉冲能量对脉冲截断时间点分布的影响.定量分析和模拟了截断时间点对脉冲能量透过率的影响.模拟结果和实验结果符合很好.研究发现:激光脉冲能量透过率由脉冲截断时间点的位置决定.当脉冲截断时间点分布在脉冲前沿、峰值和后沿时,激光脉冲能垦的透过率分别对应小于50%,等于50%和大于50%.在线测量激光脉冲能量的透过率也可作为一种在线检测光学元件是否发生破坏的方法.     

Effect of substrate temperature on microstructure and optical properties of single-phased Ag2O film deposited by using radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering method

Using a radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering technique,a series of the single-phased Ag2O films are deposited in a mixture of oxygen and argon gas with a flow ratio of 2:3 by changing substrate temperature(T s).Effects of the T s on the microstructure and optical properties of the films are investigated by using X-ray diffractometry,scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometry.The single-phased Ag2O films deposited at values of T s below 200℃ are(111) preferentially oriented,which may be due to the smallest free energy of the(111) crystalline face.The film crystallization becomes poor as the value of T s increases from 100℃ to 225℃.In particular,the Ag2O film deposited at T s = 225℃ loses the 111 preferential orientation.Correspondingly,the film surface morphology obviously evolves from a uniform and compact surface structure to a loose and gullied surface structure.With the increase of T s value,the transmissivity and the reflectivity of the films in the transparent region are gradually reduced,while the absorptivity gradually increases,which may be attributed to an evolution of the crystalline structure and the surface morphology of the films.     

A thermal model for the ablation of polymers by lasers and high intensity ion pulses

The results for the ablation of polymers by High-Intensity Pulsed Ion Beams (HIPIB) as well as by laser pulses of different wavelengths and pulse widths are discussed. A thermal model is proposed that reproduces all available experimental data. An Arrhenius type relation is assumed for the ablation velocityw(T) =w ₀ exp (–T ₁/T). Once the two parametersw ₀ andT ₁ are known for a certain polymer the model allows one to predict the ablation rate as a function of laser wavelength, fluence, and pulse width and for HIPIB pulses.     

On the importance of long range summation of oscillatory interactions in Monte Carlo modeling

Kinetic and standard Monte Carlo (kMC and sMC) simulation of the system, where a pair-interaction energy is an oscillatory function of interatomic distance, requires a very careful selection of a cutoff radius r_cut of the pair-interactions. As an example, the homoepitaxy of Cu on Cu(1 1 1) is investigated. The surface-state mediated interaction between the Cu adatoms has a very long range and oscillates between attraction and repulsion as a function of the adatom-adatom distance. The simulations reveal that, at 15 K and 0.03 monolayer coverage, the Cu adatoms self-assemble into a dilute nanostructure with a weak local hexagonal order, where the average separation between adatoms equals 11.7 Å. The nanostructure consists of islands and chains of adatoms. The simulated structure of adlayer surprisingly strongly depends on the cutoff radius applied to the Monte Carlo model. The tendency to the dilute island formation strengthens and weakens with the same periodicity vs. r_cut as the pair-interaction energy vs. interatomic distance. The submonolayer morphology stabilizes when r_cut becomes longer than 50 Å.     

Effect of excited state absorption on the transmissivity of organic-dye-based media under two-photon excitation

duration ranging from femtoseconds to nanoseconds has been simulated. The effect of the absorption from excited singlet and triplet states on the transmissivity of the medium under two-photon excitation has been investigated. It has been shown that in a medium excited by monopulses, the S ₁→ S _n and T ₁→ T _m absorption makes a considerable contribution to the total nonlinear absorption of the medium only for nanosecond pulse durations. When a medium is excited by a sequence of femtosecond pulses with a repetition frequency of some tens of megahertz, significant additional nonlinear absorption can arise only due to T ₁→T _m transitions that occur due to accumulation of molecules in triplet states. This effect should be taken into account in determining the cross-section for two-photon absorption in dyes and also in developing radiation intensity limiters for femtosecond lasers.     

Passively Q-switched GdVO<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Nd:GdVO<Subscript>4</Subscript> laser with Cr<Superscript>4+</Superscript>:YAG saturable absorber under direct 879 nm diode pumping to the emitting level

A passively Q-switched 1.06 μm laser with Cr⁴⁺:YAG saturable absorber by direct 879 nm diode pumping grown-together composite GdVO₄/Nd:GdVO₄ crystal to the emitting level was demonstrated in this paper. The characteristics of pulsed laser were investigated by using two kinds of Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal with the initial transmissivity of 80 and 90%, respectively. When the T ₀ = 90% Cr⁴⁺:YAG was used, an average output power of 1.59 W was achieved at an incident pump power of 10 W. The pulse width and repetition rate were 64.5 ns and 170 kHz, respectively. The thermal lens effect of laser crystal was analyzed.     

Electroluminescent characteristics of InGaAsSb/GaAlAsSb heterostructure Mid-IR LEDs at high temperatures

The electroluminescent characteristics of an InGaAsSb/GaAlAsSb heterostructure LED emitting at 1.85 μm are studied in the temperature range 20–200°C. It is shown that the emission power exponentially drops as P ≅ 0.4exp(2.05 × 10³/T) with a rise in temperature primarily because of an increase in the Auger recombination rate. It is found that band-to-band radiative recombination goes in parallel with recombination through acceptor levels, the latter causing the emission spectrum to broaden. With a rise in temperature, the activation energy of the acceptor levels decreases by the law ΔE≅ 32.9 − 0.075T and the maximum of the LED’s emission spectrum shifts toward the long-wavelength range (hν _max = 0.693 − 4.497 × 10⁻⁴ T). Based on the dependence E _g = hν _max − 0.5kT and experimental data, an expression is derived for the temperature variation of the bandgap in the In_0.055Ga_0.945AsSb active area, E _g ≅ 0.817 − 4.951 × 10⁻⁴ T, in the range 290 K < T < 495 K. The resistance of the heterostructure decreases exponentially with rising temperature as R ₀ ≅ 5.52 × 10⁻²exp(0.672/2kT), while cutoff voltage U _cut characterizing the barrier height of a p−n junction decreases linearly with increasing temperature (U _cut = −1.59T + 534). It is found that the current through the heterostructure is due to the generation-recombination mechanism throughout the temperature interval.     

CW and passive Q-switching of 1331-nm Nd:GGG laser with Co<Superscript>2+</Superscript>:LMA saturable absorber

In this paper, the output performances at 1331 nm in continuous-wave (CW) operation and the passive Q-switching regime of a Nd:Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂(Nd:GGG) laser crystal have been investigated under pumping with diode lasers. A maximum CW output power of 1.5 W was reached at an incident pump power of 7.5 W; the overall optical-to-optical efficiency and the slope efficiency with respect to the pump power were 21.5% and 19.4%, respectively. The passive Q-switching regime was achieved with Co²⁺:LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉ (Co²⁺:LMA) saturable absorber (SA) crystals. A maximum average output power of 183 mW was recorded with a Co²⁺:LMA SA with initial transmission T _i of 90%. The pulse energy was 18.7 μJ and the pulse duration was 26.1 ns, which correspond to a pulse peak power of 0.7 kW. With a Co²⁺:LMA SA with T _i=81%, the average power decreased to 131 mW. However, the pulse energy increased to 21.4 μJ, the pulse duration was 16.4 ns and the pulse peak power increased to 1.3 kW.     

Entropy generation rate during laser pulse heating: Effect of laser pulse parameters on entropy generation rate

Laser pulse heating of solid surface and entropy generation during the heating process are considered. Time exponentially decaying pulse is accommodated in the analysis and the laser pulse parameter (β₁/β₂) resulting in minimum entropy generation rate is computed. Analytical solutions for temperature rise are presented and volumetric entropy generation rate is formulated. Two laser pulses resulting in low volumetric entropy generation rate are examined in detail and volumetric entropy generation rate is associated with the laser pulse parameter (β₁/β₂). It is found that volumetric entropy generation rate attains high values in the early heating period due to large (1/T²). Moreover, the laser pulse with high-peak intensity results in lower volumetric entropy generation rate than that corresponding to the low-intensity laser pulse with the same energy content.     

Angular distribution of particle flows and perturbative QCD predictions

We discuss the predictions of perturbative QCD for angular flows of final state particles in two and three jet events including their cms energy and jet resolution (y_cut) dependence. The simple analytical formulae for gluon bremsstrahlung from primary partons, modified for gluon cascading, reproduce the main features of the experimental data well. For y_cut-selected events, the particle flow is derived from a superposition of colour dipoles in much the same way that photon radiation is derived from electric dipoles. Received: 16 December 2002 / Revised version: 12 February 2003 / Published online: 24 March 2003     

Selection of Species in Divalent Rhodium Hexacyanide Using Pulsed EPR

The superposition of paramagnetic species in CW EPR spectra usually prevents the measurement of spectral parameters. Separation of superimposed species can be performed in field-swept pulsed EPR by choosing a convenient pulse sequence in such a way that species with different relaxation times can be distinctly affected. Computer subtraction between spectra taken under different conditions may lead to better species identification. ForT₂-based selection, the difference between FID-detected and long τ echo-detected spectra is used. This technique is successfully applied to the [Rh(CN)₆]⁴⁻paramagnetic species created by radiation damage in [Rh(CN)₆]³⁻in a KCl host lattice, where spectra corresponding to different positions of a charge-compensating positive-ion vacancy are superimposed.     

Electrochromic device based on tungsten oxide and on Nnfion-H as polymeric electrolyte

We describe the preparation, electrical and optical characterization of a prototype of a nearly solid-state electrochromic device. It is fabricated with Nafion-H, a polymeric electrolyte, and involves cathodically coloring tungsten trioxide doped with molybdenum. The device switches rapidly with the applied potential ranging from –2.4 up to 0.8V, between blue and transparent state. The corresponding integrated photopic (T _p) and solar (T _s transmittance is T _p (bleached) = 70.7%, T _s (bleached) = 59.6%, T _p (colored) = 15.5%, and T _s (colored) = 12.2%.     

Electronic states of the c is - and trans - H3ONO molecules: a CASPT2 study

The CASPT2 calculations for the S₀, T₁, S₁, T₂, and S₂ states of the cis- and trans-CH₃ONO molecules predict the energy levels and geometries of the cis- and trans-isomers in the different states. The CASPT2 adiabatic (T ₀) and vertical (T _v) excitation energies are in good agreement with available experimental data (for the S₁ cis- and trans-isomers). The CH₃O-NO dissociation potential energy curves were calculated at the CASPT2//CASSCF level, and the CASPT2 calculations were performed for the transition states along the T₁, S₁, and T₂ dissociation paths. For the repulsive S₂ state the calculations predict the T _v values larger than 5.4 eV and dissociation products of CH₃O (1²A″) + NO (X²Π).     

Phase shift analysis of hyperon-nucleon elastic scattering using optimized polynomial expansion techniques

A relatively stable method of phase shift analysis of hyperon-nucleon scattering proposed by us is applied to Σ⁺ p and Λp scattering. The analytic cutt-planes of analyticity of the helicity amplitudes are mapped into the interior of unifocal ellipses. The helicity amplitudes are then expressed as accelerated convergent expansions in the mapped variable. A definite economy is observed in the number of free parameters for fixed energy phase shift analysis of Σ⁺ p and Λp scattering at 40 and 100 MeV and 100 MeV respectively. Twenty six more phase shifts and coupling parameters corresponding to higherJ values are also predicted.     

1.3-2.0μm光参量振荡的实验研究

本文首先阐述光参量振荡器的调谐原理及其温度调谐的计算.接着讨论研制光参量振荡器的若干技术问题.最后给出信号单谐光参量振荡的实验结果.波长谐范围为1.3—2.0μm.当波长调谐到1.9μm且工作重复率为10PPS时,输出能量为0.37mJ/脉冲.