天然气与硫酸盐热化学还原反应的模拟实验研究

为探讨天然气中高含量硫化氢形成的化学机制，利用高温高压反应装置，对天然气与固态硫酸钙反应体系进行了热模拟实验研究。使用气相色谱仪、微库仑仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对产物进行了分析，探讨了硫酸盐热化学还原反应的热力学特征，并进行了反应动力学研究。结果表明，高温下天然气与固态硫酸钙可以发生反应，产物主要为硫化氢、二氧化碳、碳酸钙、水和炭。热力学研究表明，天然气与固态硫酸钙的反应可行，升高温度对反应有利，同一温度下长链烷烃与固态硫酸钙发生反应的可能性要比短链烷烃大。根据动力学模型得到反应活化能为96.824kJ/mol。     

硫酸羟胺与水合肼对B-Z反应的影响

化学振荡与生化、生理现象关系密切，有维生素C参与的化学振荡反应也很引人注目．赵学庄等对维生素C存在的B－Z反应的振荡行为与机理进行了研究．他们的实验表明，当加入维生素C时，B-Z反应的诱导期增长，振荡周期增大，振荡寿命缩短，与向反应体系加入等量的Br-所产生的影响是一致的，并由此推断，维生素C对B－Z反应的影响可能是由维生素C与BrO反应生成Br-抑制了此反应的化学振荡，据此，凡是能与BrO反应生成Br-的物质，其对B－Z反应的影响必将类似于维生素C，硫酸羟胺与水合肼就属于此类物质．本文初步研究了它们对B－Z反应的影…     

电荷转移褪色光度法测定头孢哌酮钠的含量

利用荷移反应测定药物的含量，近年来已有广泛的应用。本文研究了头孢哌酮钠和苯基荧光酮在甲醇介质中的电荷转移反应，该反应为褪色反应，确定了最佳反应条件，与文献方法相比，具有方便、快捷、重复性好等优点。     

镍基催化剂上硫醇与异戊二烯硫醚化反应的研究

在上流式气-液-固三相固定床微型反应装置上，对Ni／Al2O3催化剂上硫醇与异戊二烯硫醚化反应进行了研究，并考察了反应温度、压力、空速、临氢条件对催化剂二烯硫醚化反应性能的影响。结果表明，异戊二烯与硫醇在镍基催化剂的作用下，可以发生反应生成高沸点的硫醚化合物，反应温度和空速对催化剂二烯硫醚化活性有明显的影响，提高反应温度和降低空速有利于提高硫醇在二烯硫醚化反应过程中的转化率，在临氢反应条下，可以提高催化剂二烯硫醚化反应的活性和稳定性。     

NH2自由基与O3反应机理的从头计算

采用量子化学从头计算的UMP2(full)方法研究了NH2自由基与臭氧的反应机理，优化了反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型，并做了频率分析.结果表明, NH2自由基与臭氧反应有两条反应通道，其中一条反应活化能很小，反应极易发生.化学反应热的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

氨丙基官能化SBA-15介孔分子筛的合成及催化性能的研究

以氨丙基-三乙氧基硅烷为有机硅源，采用共价接枝法，合成了杂化NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-SBA-15介孔分子筛，并用于催化苯甲醛与氰乙酸乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应．反应结果表明，除个别有机基团负载量较高的样品外，该催化剂对Knoevenagel缩合反应有很高的催化活性，反应75min后，苯甲醛的转化率可以达到80％以上．此外，还考察了反应温度、溶剂、反应物配比和催化剂用量对反应活性的影响，以及催化剂的重复使用情况．结果表明，反应可以在低于75℃的温和条件下进行；有明显的溶剂效应；氰乙酸乙酯／苯甲醛的摩尔比太高不利于反应的进行；反应活性不仅与催化剂上氨丙基活性中心的密度有关，而且与杂化分子筛的比表面积、孔径和孔容大小有关．催化剂在重复使用三次时，苯甲醛的转化率仍可达到60％以上．     

异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应的热力学分析

对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应进行了较为详尽的热力学分析和计算，得到了不同反应温度下的焓值、吉布斯自由能和反应平衡常数，并且对温度、压力和惰性物质对热力学平衡的影响进行了分析。得到了详细的烷基化反应热力学基础数据，这些数据对研究异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应具有重要的参考价值。     

TBBPAER/DDM的固化反应动力学

用等温差示扫描量热法研究了4，4’-二氨基二苯甲烷固化四溴双酚-A环氧树脂的反应动力学，测定了固化反应热，得出了不同温度下固化反应速率与反应程度、固化反应程度与反应时间的关系曲线．结果表明等温固化反应按自催化反应机理进行，用Kamal方程较好地描述了不同温度下其固化反应的自催化反应过程，并反映出不同温度下扩散作用的差别，其动力学参数k1、k2、m、n由非线性回归法拟合而出，k1、k2对应的反应表现活化能分别为52．2kJ·mol-1和46．5kJ·mol-1。     

随机孔模型应用于煤焦与CO2气化的动力学研究

考察970 ℃～1 165 ℃，北宿、神府、忻州、潞安煤焦与CO2在热天平中的气化反应，用恒温法进行热重分析，考察煤种、气化温度、灰分对煤焦气化的影响。用随机孔模型模拟北宿煤反应速率与碳转化率的关系曲线，与未反应芯缩核模型和混合模型模拟结果比较。在化学控制区内，实验数据用随机孔模型拟合最佳。1 066 ℃和1 165 ℃气化数据拟合的相关系数为0.99，970 ℃拟合效果较差。随机孔模型作为简单、精度高的模型可应用于煤炭气化反应中。应用此模型计算四种煤焦反应活化能、指前因子、孔结构参数、A0等动力学参数值。同一煤种气化反应温度越高初始反应速率越大，结构参数体现了孔结构变化对反应的影响，随着温度的升高值减小。     

水煤浆气化炉气化过程的三区模型

本文提出了水煤浆气化过程的三区模型，即燃烧区、二次反应区、回流化学反应区。在燃烧 区中，首先进行反应的是回流流股中的可燃组分，其次是煤中的挥发分及碳等；二次反应区主要是燃烧产物的均相或非无相反应；回流区的化学反应则与喷咀结构，射流速度密切相关。各区的反应既不受热力学限制，也不为动力学控制，反应结果完全依赖于喷咀与护体匹配形成的流场；其中回流是一个重要的工程因素，适当的回流量有利于二次反应的进行。     

Ruthenium-Induced Alkyne Cycloisomerization: Construction of Metalated Heterocycles,Revelation of Unconventional Reaction Pathways,and Exploration of Functional Applications

While the fascinating chemistry demonstrated by metalated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes highlights the significance of metalated heterocyclic chemistry, the development of other metalated heterocycles is falling behind, presumably because of the sparseness of general synthetic methodologies. In this Concept article, the strategy to prepare metalated heterocyclic complexes by metal-induced cycloisomerization of heteroatom-functionalized alkynes is presented. The isolation of and calculations on novel ruthenium complexes bearing chromene, chromone, indole, indoline, indolizine, and indolizinone moieties prepared from reactions between alkynes and ruthenium complexes are discussed, with emphasis on the mechanistic insights into the ruthenium-induced alkyne transformations and applications in material design and drug discovery.     

Simple Routes 5-Alkylamino-p-Menthene

The reactions of metalated aldimine with electrophiles have been widely used for the purpose of synthesis of several natural products^1-3). In this communication, we wish to report simple synthetic methods for 5-alkylamino-p-menthene (1) using the metalated aldimine.     

Dissociation characteristics of [M + X]+ ions (X = H,Li, Na,K) from linear and cyclic polyglycols

The unimolecular reactions of protonated and metalated polyglycols with kiloelectronvolt translational energies have been studied by collisionally activated dissociation and neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. The former method provides information on the ionic dissociation products, whereas the latter allows for the identification of the complementary neutral losses. Protonated linear polyglycols mainly undergo charge-initiated decompositions that lead to eliminations of smaller oligomers. On the other hand, protonated crown ethers (“cyclic” polyglycols) favor charge-induced reactions that proceed by cleavages of two ethylene oxide units in the form of 1,4-dioxane. Replacement of one O by NH in the crown ether dramatically changes its unimolecular chemistry; now, charge-remote 1,4-eliminations from ring-opened isomers are preferred. Charge-remote reactions are also the major decomposition channels of all metalated precursors studied. The linear polyglycols decompose primarily by 1,4-H₂ eliminations and to a lesser extent by homolytic cleavages near chain ends. The reverse is true for metalated crown ethers, which preferentially produce distonic radical cations by the loss of saturated radicals; these reactions are proposed to involve prior rearrangement to open-chain isomers. The nature of the metal ion (Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺) does not greatly affect the unimolecular chemistry of the cationized polyglycol. In general, metalated precursors form many abundant fragment ions over the entire mass range; hence, collisional activation of such ions at high kinetic energy should be particularly useful for structure elucidations.     

Synthesis of vinyl graft copolymers of poly(hexamethylene adipamide) and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)

Nylon 66 [poly(hexamethylene adipamide)] and Nomex [poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)] were metalated by using solutions of sodium in liquid ammonia. Metalation of the Nomex polymer was also carried out by using sodium naphthalene in tetrahydrofuran. The metalated polymers were then reacted with acrylonitrile monomer to yield the corresponding anionic graft copolymers. The heterogeneous nature of these reactions is discussed in relation to the structure of the graft copolymers.     

Preparation of 4-heteroaryl-4-cyanopiperidines via SNAr substitution reactions

The scope and limitations of S_NAr substitution reactions of metalated 4-cyanopiperidines with heterocyclic halides were explored. These facile reactions provide rapid access to a wide range of 4-heteroaryl-4-cyanopiperidines and have resulted in improved yields, faster reaction times, and lower temperatures than previously published synthetic methods.     

Cyclic nitriles: diastereoselective alkylations

[reaction: see text] Diastereoselective alkylations of metalated conformationally locked 4-tert-butylcyclohexanecarbonitrile are highly diastereoselective with magnesium and copper counterions but only modestly diastereoselective with lithium as the counterion. Selective generation of diverse metalated nitriles is readily achieved through bromine-magnesium, -copper, and -lithium exchange reactions of the corresponding bromonitrile or, for lithium, by deprotonating the parent nitrile with lithium diethylamide. Collectively, high alkylation stereoselectivities correlate with the retentive alkylations of C-metalated nitriles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles alkylate with modest selectivity, reflecting minimal steric differences in the corresponding axial and equatorial electrophile trajectories.     

The Photochemical Reaction of Vinylaziridines and Vinylazetidines with Chromium(0) and Molybdenum(0) (Fischer) Carbene Complexes

The [5+2] and [6+2] cycloaddition reactions of vinylaziridines and vinylazetidines with ketenes generated photochemically from chromium(0) and molybdenum(0) Fischer carbene complexes have been investigated. These processes constitute a straightforward and efficient route to azepanones and azocinones, respectively. The peculiar electronic properties of the metalated ketenes allow for the introduction of electron‐rich substituents in the final cycloadducts, a difficult task using conventional organic chemistry procedures. The versatility of the process is demonstrated by using Cr⁰ Fischer bis(carbene) complexes as metalated bis(ketene) precursors. These species produce tethered bis(azepanone)s in a single step under mild reaction conditions. Density functional theory calculations point to a stepwise reaction pathway through the initial nucleophilic attack of the nitrogen atom of the aziridine on the metalated ketene, followed by ring closure of the zwitterionic intermediate formed.     

First asymmetric synthesis of (un)substituted bridged tetrahydro-2-benzazepines

A new and flexible route for the asymmetric synthesis of a variety of alkylated bridged tetrahydro-2-benzazepines has been developed. The key steps are the highly diastereoselective Michael addition of metalated SAMP-hydrazones to α,β-unsaturated esters combined with cyclomethylenation/Mitsunobu coupling reactions to secure the formation of the seven-membered azaheterocycle and of the bridged unit, respectively.     

Alkenyl Isocyanide Conjugate Additions: A Rapid Route to γ‐Carbolines

Isocyanides are exceptional building blocks, the wide deployment of which in multicomponent and metal‐insertion reactions belies their limited availability. The first conjugate addition/alkylation to alkenyl isocyanides is described, which addresses this deficiency. An array of organolithiums, magnesiates, enolates, and metalated nitriles add conjugately to β‐ and β,β‐disubstituted arylsulfonyl alkenyl isocyanides to rapidly assemble diverse isocyanide scaffolds. The intermediate metalated isocyanides are efficiently trapped with electrophiles to generate substituted isocyanides incorporating contiguous tri‐ and tetra‐substituted centers. The substituted isocyanides are ideally functionalized for elaboration into synthetic targets as illustrated by the three‐step synthesis of γ‐carboline N ‐methyl ingenine B.     

1-Substituted 5-Alkyl(aryl)sulfanyltetrazoles and Their Derivatives

The review analyzes published data on the synthesis, chemical properties, and application of 1-substituted 5-alkyl(aryl)sulfanyltetrazoles. Specific attention is given to reactions of metalated 1-alkyl(aryl)-5-alkylsulfonyltetrazoles with electrophilic reagents as a general and highly stereoselective method for the preparation of functionally substituted olefins.