延性金属层裂模型比较

在平面一维弹塑性流动有限差分计算程序中加入4种延性金属层裂模型,对平板撞击层裂实验进行数值模拟。结果表明：简单最大拉伸应力模型和简单损伤累积模型能定性反映层裂的物理现象,由于忽略损伤对本构的影响,计算结果和实验有偏差,但模型要求参数较少,对于一些精度要求不是很高的工程问题,可以采用;从材料损伤断裂物理本质出发,采用微损伤统计方法得到的NAG模型和封加波损伤度函数模型,能很好地再现实测的自由面速度剖面,数值计算结果与实验吻合很好。     

多点双灵敏度VISAR测爆轰驱动金属飞层自由面速度

为探索爆轰产物驱动金属飞层的运动规律，用多点双灵敏度VISAR对金属半球三个不同角度的速度历程进行了测量，得到飞层运动的速度-时间曲线，为理论分析与数值模拟提供了条件。     

多尺度模拟与计算研究进展

简要介绍了多尺问题与研究方法.重点论述了两类常见多尺度问题的模拟计算方法与研究进展,分析了各自的优缺点和使用范围.对现有研究的局限性和存在的问题进行分析,指出了进一步研究多尺度模拟与计算的必要性.介绍了求解含有孤立缺陷问题的非局部准连续体法,MAAD等方法以及求解基于微观模型本构模拟问题的局部连续体法、HMM等方法.文章对多尺度模拟与计算的前景进行展望,提出了一些亟待解决的问题.     

裂缝介质渗流多尺度混合有限元数值模拟研究

针对裂缝介质具有多尺度特点,建立了Darcy/Stokes-Brinkman多尺度耦合模型,采用多尺度混合有限元方法,对裂缝介质渗流问题进行了研究.阐述了多尺度混合有限元方法的基本原理,并推导得到Darcy/Stokes-Brinkman方程的多尺度混合有限元计算格式.数值计算结果表明,大尺度Darcy模型能够捕捉到小尺度上裂缝网络渗流特征;与网格粗化、传统有限元方法相比,多尺度混合有限元方法的基函数具有能反映单元内参数变化的优点,在保证计算精度的同时能够减少计算量,对于裂缝油藏具有良好的适用性.     

强动载作用下孔洞汇合对延性金属层裂损伤演化过程的影响

针对强动载作用下延性金属的层裂问题,在分析孔洞之间几何关联的基础上,定义了一个新的耦合损伤及孔洞几何信息的孔洞汇合判定方法,同时,基于能量守恒原理,解析了孔洞汇合对损伤快速增长影响的物理机理.通过分析数值计算结果和对比相关文献的实验可知:孔洞汇合后不仅引起损伤增长,而且导致了损伤材料内部微孔洞数目的减少、孔洞平均尺寸的增加。     

多尺度材料模拟的自适应有限元方法研究

研究了材料模拟中一类新型耦合多尺度的自适应有限元方法. 采用微观分子动力学耦合宏观有限元的桥尺度方法来模拟材料破坏的前期行为,其中宏观有限元计算推广到了一般非结构三角形网格. 材料破坏形成后,停止微观尺度的计算,它的进一步发展和演化通过一个宏观模型来描述,采用自适应有限元方法来求解这一宏观模型. 其中,后验误差估计的基础是变分多尺度理论,即自适应网格加密是基于粗尺度上残差分布和细尺度上单元Green's函数. 计算中采用了破坏准则来模拟材料的断裂. 数值实验表明了方法的有效性.      

微纳米尺度下材料性能多尺度模拟方法进展

微纳米材料的力学行为正日益引起研究者的关注.微纳米材料的性能取决于从微观、细观到宏观多个空间、时间尺度上不同物理过程非线性耦合演化的结果,发展相应的多尺度数值模拟方法已成为该领域研究工作的一个热点.本文对微纳米材料模拟中比较典型的几种协同多空间尺度和协同多时间尺度方法进行了介绍,着重介绍这些方法的的基本思想、应用情况, 以及各自的优缺点,并对微纳米材料多尺度方法的发展趋势进行总结和评述.      

压裂页岩气藏多尺度耦合流动数值模拟研究

在碳达峰的国策背景之下,页岩气成为传统能源向绿色清洁低碳能源转型的重要过渡和能源支点.压后页岩气藏流体流动力学成为高效开发页岩气的关键力学问题.文章将小尺度低导流天然裂缝等效升级为连续介质,建立有机质-无机质-天然裂缝三重连续介质模型,同时对大尺度高导流裂缝采用离散裂缝模型刻画,嵌入天然裂缝连续介质中,构建多重连续/离散裂缝模型.综合考虑吸附气的非平衡非线性解吸附和表面扩散,自由气的黏性流和克努森扩散,给出页岩气在多尺度复杂介质中的非线性耦合流动数学模型.提出多尺度扩展有限单元法对离散裂缝进行显式求解,创新性构建三类加强形函数捕捉离散裂缝的局部流场特征,解决了压后页岩海量裂缝及多尺度流动通道的流动模拟难题.文章提出的模型和方法既能准确刻画高导流裂缝对渗流的影响,又克服了海量多尺度离散裂缝导致计算量增大的问题.通过算例展示了压后页岩各连续介质的压力衰减规律,发现裂缝中自由气、有机质中自由气、无机质中吸附气依次滞后的压力(浓度)扩散现象,重点分析了吸附气表面扩散系数、自由气克努森扩散系数、天然裂缝连续介质渗透率和吸附气解吸附速率对页岩气产量的影响.文章重点解决压后页岩多尺度流动通道的表征和...     

混凝土多尺度应力响应方程及其数值模拟

针对混凝土的多相多尺度材料组成特征及其复杂力学响应问题, 首先, 根据混凝土中各组成材料的几何特征, 将C-S-H凝胶、硬化水泥浆体、砂浆及混凝土细观组成分别视为纳观、微观、亚细观和细观尺度上的复合材料, 并利用颗粒空间堆积方法, 重构了混凝土各尺度复合材料的简化几何模型; 其次, 基于重构的几何模型和等效夹杂理论, 通过等效刚度的升阶计算和应力响应的降阶计算, 建立各尺度复合材料应力响应之间的过渡关系, 推导混凝土多尺度应力响应方程, 并编制相应的计算程序; 最后, 以单轴压缩载荷作用为例, 数值计算载荷作用下混凝土各尺度复合材料中的应力响应, 分析骨料空间位置和相互作用以及水化产物刚度、几何形状和空间取向对其应力响应的影响规律. 结果表明, 单轴压缩载荷作用下, 混凝土细观组成中的应力分布并不均匀; 骨料颗粒之间的距离影响到混凝土中的应力分布, 其有效影响范围约为骨料粒径的6倍; 水泥水化产物的刚度、几何形状和空间取向是影响其应力分布的重要因素, 刚度越大, 所受应力越大, 与载荷作用方向的夹角越小, 长椭球形水化产物沿载荷作用方向的应力越大, 扁椭球形水化产物与之相反.      

双相介质P波波动方程小波域多尺度模拟

相比于单相介质理论而言,双相介质理论更接近实际地层的真实情况,因此在地球物理勘探、地震工程和岩土动力学等领域有着广泛的应用。传统的波动方程数值解法由于本身固有的不足不利于求解诸如双相介质波动方程等复杂的非线性和不规则性问题;而小波方法则由于自身良好的特性可以用来构建解决此类问题的自适应性算法。本文详细推导了双相介质P波波动方程的有限差分矩阵表示形式,利用小波变换将其转移到小波域,设置阈值形成更为稀疏的迭代矩阵以构建自适应算法,从而达到减少计算量,增加地震波场数值模拟灵活性和准确性的目的。地球物理勘探的数值模拟实例验证了方法的有效性。     

金属材料层裂再压实的模拟研究

激波在自由面卸载后金属内部经常出现层裂现象。若金属内层裂区再次受到冲击加载,则处于拉伸稀疏状态下的金属会逐渐被再次压实为密实介质,直至层裂区消失、再压实过程完成。由于金属层裂区初始拉伸状态的复杂性及再压实后物质状态的不确定性,复杂加载情况下宏观模拟该问题的可靠性验证存在困难。目前,在实验诊断难以准确给出金属层裂区进入再压实过程的初始状态及再压实状态的情况下,具有层裂区内部细节描述能力的直接数值模拟成为了验证宏观模拟可靠性的一种有效手段。首先,在直接数值模拟建模中将金属层裂区初始拉伸状态建模为仅含层裂片、仅含孔洞、同时含有孔洞与层裂片3类情况。然后,通过不同孔隙度、再压实速率、层裂片数及孔洞数下的直接数值模拟,统计得到了对应工况下金属层裂区的再压实状态。最后,在保证直接模拟与宏观模拟具有良好可比性的情况下,对层裂再压实过程进行了宏观建模及模拟分析。分析认为:在宏观网格断裂后处理算法使用全应力置零和温度不变的情况下,宏观模拟能够较好地模拟稀疏区内含层裂片情况下的金属层裂再压实过程及再压实状态;若金属层裂区内部以仅含孔洞的初始状态进入再压实过程,则无论孔洞塌缩是否形成界面喷射,宏观模拟均无法较好模拟该层裂再压实过程及再压实状态。     

Influence of void nucleation on ductile shear fracture at a free surface

An approximate continuum model of a ductile, porous material is used to study the influence of the nucleation and growth of micro-voids on the formation of shear bands and the occurrence of surface shear fracture in a solid subject to plane strain tension. Bifurcation into diffuse modes is analysed for a plane strain tensile specimen described by these constitutive relations, which account for a considerable plastic dilatancy due to void growth and for the possibility of non-normality of the plastic flow law. In particular, bifurcation into surface wave modes and the possible influence of such modes triggering shear bands is investigated. For solids with initial imperfactions such as a surface undulation, a local material inhomogeneity on an inclusion colony, the inception and growth of plastic flow localization is analysed numerically. Both the formation of void-sheets and the final growth of cracks in the shear bands is described numerically. Some special features of shear band development in the solid obeying non-normality are studied by a simple model problem.     

FeMnNi合金的冲击相变和层裂特性的实验研究

对FeMnNi合金进行了轻气炮平板撞击实验研究,实验中材料发生了相变和层裂。得到的FeMnNi合金的相变阈值压力为6.3~6.9 GPa,远低于纯铁的相变阈值压力13 GPa,说明Mn、Ni合金元素的加入会极大的降低相变阈值。回收试样观测表明,当应力高于FeMnNi合金的相变阈值时,样品中可能产生二次层裂现象和浅表层裂新现象。实验结果还表明该合金相变后层裂强度没有明显的提高。     

延性金属膨胀环的运动及断裂的三维数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA三维动力有限元软件对延性金属环的膨胀运动与断裂进行数值模拟。在膨胀环圆周加入泊松随机分布断裂成核点,利用J-C本构模型,研究诸如颈缩形成时间、颈缩区与均匀变形区的温度、应力、应变的对比等颈缩形成机理,以及讨论了环圆周上断裂成核点的泊松随机分布碎裂特性的影响。数值计算结果与实验结果、理论分析结果吻合较好,表明施加泊松随机断裂成核点的数值模拟方法是合理的。     

Multiscale simulation of viscoelastic free surface flows

A micro–macro approach based on combining the Brownian configuration fields (BCF) method [M.A. Hulsen, A.P.G. van Heel, B.H.A.A. van den Brule, Simulation of viscoelastic flow using Brownian configuration fields, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 70 (1997) 79–101] with an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) Galerkin finite element method, using elliptic mesh generation equations coupled with time-dependent conservation equations, is applied to study slot coating flows of polymer solutions. The polymer molecules are represented by dumbbells with both linear and non-linear springs; hydrodynamic interactions between beads are incorporated. Calculations with infinitely extensible (Hookean) and pre-averaged finitely extensible (FENE-P) dumbbell models are performed and compared with equivalent closed-form macroscopic models in a conformation tensor based formulation [M. Pasquali, L.E. Scriven, Free surface flows of polymer solutions with models based on the conformation tensor, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 108 (2002) 363–409]. The BCF equation for linear dumbbell models is solved using a fully implicit time integration scheme which is found to be more stable than the explicit Euler scheme used previously to compute complex flows. We find excellent agreement between the results of the BCF based formulation and the macroscopic conformation tensor based formulation. The computations using the BCF approach are stable at much higher Weissenberg numbers, (where λ is the characteristic relaxation time of polymer, and is the characteristic rate of strain) compared to the purely macroscopic conformation tensor based approach, which fail beyond a maximum Wi. A novel computational algorithm is introduced to compute complex flows with non-linear microscopic constitutive models (i.e. non-linear FENE dumbbells and dumbbells with hydrodynamic interactions) for which no closed-form constitutive equations exist. This algorithm is fast and computationally efficient when compared to both an explicit scheme and a fully implicit scheme involving the solution of the non-linear equations with Newton’s method for each configuration field.     

High-order divergence-free velocity reconstruction for free surface flows on unstructured Voronoi meshes

In this paper, we present an efficient semi-implicit scheme for the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the simulation of hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic free surface flow problems. A staggered unstructured mesh composed by Voronoi polygons is used to pave the horizontal domain, whereas parallel layers are adopted along the vertical direction. Pressure, velocity, and vertical viscosity terms are taken implicitly, whereas the nonlinear convective terms as well as the horizontal viscous terms are discretized explicitly by using a semi-Lagrangian approach, which requires an interpolation of the three-dimensional velocity field to integrate the flow trajectories backward in time. To this purpose, a high-order reconstruction technique is proposed, which is based on a constrained least squares operator that guarantees a globally and pointwise divergence-free velocity field. A comparison with an analogous reconstruction, which is not divergence-free preserving, is also presented to give evidence of the new strategy. This allows the continuity equation to be satisfied up to machine precision even for high-order spatial discretizations. The reconstructed velocity field is then used for evaluating high-order terms of a Taylor method that is here adopted as ODE integrator for the flow trajectories. The proposed semi-implicit scheme is validated against a set of academic test problems, and proof of convergence up to fourth-order of accuracy in space is shown.     

Apparent wall slip velocity measurements in free surface flow of concentrated suspensions

In this work we have experimentally measured the apparent wall slip velocity in open channel flow of neutrally buoyant suspension of non-colloidal particles. The free surface velocity profile was measured using the tool of particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) for two different channels made of plane and rough walls. The rough walled channel prevents wall slip, whereas the plane wall showed significant wall slip due to formation of slip layer. By comparing the velocity profiles from these two cases we were able to determine the apparent wall slip velocity. This method allows characterization of wall slip in suspension of large sized particles which cannot be performed in conventional rheometers. Experiments were carried out for concentrated suspensions of various particle volume concentrations and for two different sizes of particles. It was observed that wall slip velocity increases with particle size and concentration but decreases with increase in the viscosity of suspending fluid. The apparent wall slip velocity coefficients are in qualitative agreement with the earlier measurements. The effect of wall slip on free surface corrugation was also studied by analyzing the power spectral density (PSD) of the refracted light from the free surface. Our results indicate that free surface corrugation is a bulk flow response and it does not arise from boundary problem such as development of slip layer.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional free surface flow in isopycnal co-ordinates

In this paper a semi-implicit method for three-dimensional circulation in isopycnal co-ordinates is derived and discussed. It is assumed that the flow is hydrostatic and characterized by isopycnal surfaces which can be represented by explicit, single-valued functions. The hydrostatic pressure is determined by using the conjugate gradient method to solve a block pentadiagonal linear system. The horizontal velocities are determined by solving a large set of tridiagonal systems. The stability of the resulting algorithm is shown to be independent of the surface and internal gravity wave speeds. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of fully non-linear steady free surface flow

The fully non-linear free surface potential flow past a 2D non-lifting body is computed. The numerical method is based on the simple layer integral formulation; the non-linear solution is obtained by means of an iterative procedure. Under some hypotheses, viscosity effects at the free surface are considered. All the numerical results obtained have been tested against analytical solutions and experimental results.