高速雨滴冲击下飞行器蒙皮涂层损伤行为动态实验研究

为了进一步研究飞行器蒙皮涂层的雨蚀损伤行为、探索其损伤机理、建立涂层雨蚀损伤判据，基于一级轻气炮搭建的单射流冲击实验平台，针对以碳纤维T300编织材料为基体、表面涂有同等厚度的3种涂层试样，在不同冲击速度（360、430、490、555、617 m/s）和冲击角度（0°、15°、30°）下进行了材料雨蚀实验。结果表明，随着雨滴冲击速度的不断升高，试样遭受到的冲击力逐渐提高，导致其损伤面积和体积均呈增大趋势；试样典型损伤形貌均为由损伤区域包围中央未损伤区域的环状损伤组成，且随着损伤加剧形成圆形剥离损伤。单射流冲击涂层出现侵蚀损伤的阈值速度约为360 m/s；而随着冲击角度的逐渐增大，试样的损伤面积和体积均逐渐减小；与硬度、模量等力学参数相比，表面粗糙度对于涂层雨蚀损伤的影响更显著。     

破片冲击作用下舰船复合材料结构损伤的近场动力学模拟

基于近场动力学方法，综合分析了破片的速度、层合板的铺层方式、加筋板的筋条尺寸和破片相对筋条的冲击位置对结构损伤模式和破片剩余速度的影响。结果显示:高速破片冲击作用下，层合板会发生侵彻和穿透现象，层合板的损伤模式以基体损伤为主，且随着破片冲击速度的增大，板上下表面的损伤区域呈现出一种先增大后减小的趋势；高速破片冲击作用下，层合的板损伤扩展方向和纤维铺设方向有关，对于纤维铺层方向相同的层合板，其上下表面的损伤扩展方向一般与纤维方向相同；加筋板通过增加少量质量可以获得比层合板更好的抗破片冲击性能，且加筋板的筋条尺寸和破片相对筋条的冲击位置对加筋板的损伤具有明显影响。     

缝合复合材料层板低速冲击损伤研究

通过三维动力学有限元法,以空间杆单元模拟缝线的增强作用,建立了缝合复合材料层板在横向低速冲击载荷作用下的渐近损伤分析模型。该模型考虑了缝合层板受低速冲击时的纤维断裂、基体开裂及分层等五种典型损伤形式,采用基于应变描述的Hashin失效准则和Yeh分层失效准则,并将其嵌入ABAQUS/Explicit用户子程序以实现相应损伤类型的判断及其材料性能退化。针对相同铺层的缝合与未缝合层板,模拟了低速冲击作用下的冲击响应和渐进损伤过程,数值结果与试验吻合较好,证明了该方法的合理有效性。同时探讨了冲击速度、缝合密度等对缝合层板冲击响应和损伤的影响。结果表明：有、无缝合层板的低速冲击响应具有类似的变化规律,缝合能够有效减小冲击损伤面积。随着缝合密度和缝线强度的增大,缝合对冲击损伤的抑制作用更为明显。     

冲击作用下复合材料叠层板层间开裂演化模型

采用双线性特性破坏模型研究了复合材料叠层板层间开裂裂纹的演化, 通过引入弹性/剪切模量的损伤参数, 推导出损伤参数与应变之间的微分方程, 并得到裂纹耗散功率与损伤参数变化率之间的关系. 计算不同初始冲击速度下复合材料叠层板某界面上应变、应变率响应以及损伤参数的演化, 即可得到该界面发生层间开裂的情形及其对剪切模量的影响.通过检查界面各点处的损伤参数是否发生改变, 预测了冲击完成之后复合材料叠层板第1, 2层之间发生层间开裂区域的大小与位置; 该预测结果与实验数据及其他破坏准则计算结果基本相符. 计算结果表明, 在冲击过程中当界面上任意点处的剪应力超过剪切强度后, 该点附近的剪切模量开始发生衰减, 衰减大小随铁球初始冲击速度的增大而增大, 并从靠近冲击中心的位置逐渐向周围递减. 在四边简支边界条件下, 复合材料叠层板的层间开裂区域同样最先出现在界面中靠近冲击点的位置, 区域面积随初始冲击速度的增大不断扩大. 当初始冲击速度足够高时, 第1, 2层界面的两条对称轴上开始出现多个独立的开裂区域.      

近壁声空泡溃灭微射流冲击流固耦合模型及蚀坑反演分析

超声场下液体环境中近壁空泡溃灭会产生强烈的微射流,为探究微射流冲击壁面流固耦合效应,利用流体力学及冲击动力学,考虑了率相关的J-C材料本构模型,建立并分析了微射流冲击壁面流固耦合三维模型,并通过超声空化试验和基于球形压痕试验理论的反演分析进行了验证。结果表明:微射流冲击下材料表面出现微型凹坑,凹坑深度由微射流速度和微射流直径共同决定且随其增大而增大,凹坑直径主要与微射流直径正相关,而凹坑径深比则主要与微射流速度负相关;壁面压强基本呈对称分布且最大压强出现在微射流冲击边缘;超声空化试验验证了微射流冲击下材料表面出现的微型凹坑,反演分析方法表明,在16~18的径深比下,微射流冲击强度为420~500MPa,对应的微射流速度为310~370m/s。试验及反演分析结果与理论分析结果相符,验证了流固耦合模型及反演分析方法的合理性及准确性,为后续工程应用中空化强度、微射流速度等的控制提供了理论参考。     

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料3.0～6.5 km/s超高速撞击成坑特性研究

为研究碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在超高速撞击下的成坑特性,利用二级轻气炮开展了直径为1.00～3.05 mm的铝球以3.0～6.5 km/s的速度正撞击尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×20 mm的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料靶板的实验,获得了碳纤维/环氧复合材料靶板的成坑形貌特征,并测量了坑深、成坑表面积、表面损伤面积等尺寸。结合文献数据分析了靶板的无量纲成坑深度p/d_p、无量纲坑径系数D_h/d_p、表面损伤面积等效直径D_e等随撞击速度、撞击能量的变化规律。结果表明:碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的无量纲成坑深度p/d_p和无量纲坑径系数D_h/d_p均与撞击速度呈2/3次幂关系;表面损伤面积等效直径D_e与弹丸撞击能量E呈幂函数关系;成坑深度大于成坑半径。     

考虑损伤和界面脱粘的复合材料加筋板稳定性试验与模拟研究

对复合材料帽型加筋板的压缩稳定性进行了试验研究,并在包含复合材料多种损伤模式和胶层损伤的条件下,对加筋板失稳及损伤演化特征开展了有限元分析.试验与模拟结果表明:在加筋壁板失稳前,基体、纤维、加强筋和壁板之间的胶层均未产生明显损伤,加筋板的失稳会导致快速的损伤演化;壁板近表面损伤较内部严重,胶层界面脱粘降低了壁板的极限承载能力;考虑损伤的模拟结果与试验相符性好,证明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

复合材料低速冲击损伤的数值模拟研究

为了研究复合材料层合板在低速冲击载荷的作用下层合板内部子层和层间损伤的演化,利用三维动态有限元模拟计算层板低速冲击的过程.在所建立的有限元模型中,分类考虑了不同的损伤模式.并采用薄壳单元模拟分析层合板子层的基体和纤维损伤.对于层合板的层间损伤,采用节点约束失效方法来预测分层损伤.通过仿真结果和实验数据的对比表明,模拟预测的损伤形状和损伤面积与实验结果基本一致.     

复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤分析的连续介质损伤力学模型

针对复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤问题,提出了一种各向异性材料连续介质损伤力学模型,模型涵盖损伤表征、损伤起始判定和损伤演化法则3 个方面. 通过材料断裂面坐标下的损伤状态变量矩阵完成损伤表征,并考虑断裂面角度的影响,建立了主轴坐标系下的材料损伤本构关系. 损伤起始由卜克(Puck) 失效准则预测,损伤演化由断裂面上的等效应变控制,服从基于材料应变能释放的线性软化行为. 模型区分了纤维损伤和基体损伤,并根据冲击载荷下层内产生多条基体裂纹继而扩展至界面形成层间裂纹(分层) 的试验观察,引入基体裂纹饱和密度参数表征层间分层. 以[0₃/45/-45]_S 和[45/0/-45/90]_4S 两种铺层的复合材料层合板为例,预测了不同冲击能量下复合材料层合板的低速冲击损伤响应参数,试验结果证明了连续介质损伤力学模型的有效性.模型在不同网格密度下的计算结果表明单元特征长度的引入可以在一定程度上降低损伤演化阶段对网格密度的依赖性.      

基于渐进均匀化的平纹编织复合材料低速冲击多尺度方法

针对平纹编织复合材料低速冲击响应和损伤问题,提出了一种多尺度分析方法. 首先, 建立微观尺度单胞模型,引入周期性边界条件,采用最大主应力失效准则和直接刚度退化模型表征纤维丝和基体的损伤起始与演化,预测了纤维束的弹性性能和强度性能. 其次,将这些性能参数代入介观尺度单胞模型,基于Hashin和Hou的混合失效准则以及连续介质损伤模型对介观尺度单胞进行6种边界条件下的渐进损伤模拟.然后采用渐进均匀化方法,以介观尺度单胞为媒介预测了0$^\circ$和90$^\circ$子胞的性能参数,并建立平纹编织复合材料的子胞模型,进而扩展成为材料的宏观尺度低速冲击模型. 在此基础上,研究了平纹编织复合材料低速冲击下的力学响应与损伤特征.结果表明:宏观冲击仿真和试验吻合较好, 验证了多尺度方法的正确性;最大接触力、材料吸能和分层面积均随冲击能量的增大而增大,分层损伤轮廓逐渐从椭圆形向圆形转化;基体拉伸和压缩损伤的长轴方向分别与子胞材料主方向正交和一致,损伤面积前者远大于后者.      

The effects of nozzle geometry on waterjet breakup at high Reynolds numbers

Waterjet breakup is traditionally considered to follow the Ohnesorge classification. In this classification, high Reynolds number waterjets are considered to atomize quickly after discharge. By generating a constricted waterjet where the water flow stays detached all the way through the nozzle, we have observed the first wind-induced breakup mode at high Reynolds numbers. Such a peculiar behavior, however, was not observed in non-constricted waterjets. Our results indicate that, constricted jets do not follow the Ohnesorge classification, in contrast to the non-constricted waterjets. We discuss the impact of nozzle geometry on the characteristics of waterjets and support our discussion by numerical simulations.List of symbols Z Ohnesorge number - _L water dynamic viscosity - air–water surface tension - _L water density - _g air density - d_j waterjet diameter at the nozzle outlet - d₀ nozzle capillary diameter - U_L flow velocity - We_L Weber number based on water density - We_g Weber number based on air density - Re_L Reynolds number     

A study on hydroentangling waterjets and their impact forces

We study the possibility of obtaining an intense fluctuating force during the steady-state operation of a waterjet. In this paper, characteristics of waterjets in the so-called first wind-induced breakup regime are briefly explained and the impaction between such waterjets and a smooth flat plate is discussed. We consider these waterjets to consist of three different regions: (1) a continuous portion, (2) a discrete portion (a stream of drops) and (3) a spray region. Using fluid dynamics simulation we obtain an impulsive impact force for the discrete portion of these waterjets. The peak of this impulsive impact force is found to be 3.5–4 times greater than that of the continuous portion. We validate our simulations by conducting an experiment for a stream of large low-speed drops. The impact force of these drops is in good agreement with that of simulation.     

Pressure fluctuation and surface morphology induced by the high-pressure submerged waterjet confined in a square duct

Driven by high pressures, the submerged waterjet is featured by high velocity and cavitation, which arouse unsteady flow signals. To elucidate the temporal and spatial characteristics of the high-pressure submerged waterjet, an experimental work was carried out with the waterjet submerged in a square duct and jet pressures varied from 50 to 320 MPa. Three nozzles with different throat-segment diameters were considered. Under non-impingement condition, pressure fluctuations near the waterjet stream were acquired with miniature dynamic pressure transducers. For the jet impingement cases, microhardness, surface morphology and mass removal rate of the impinged specimens were measured. The results show that drastic change of pressure in ambient water is caused by the waterjet. As the jet pressure rises, high-frequency components are excited and the effect of cavitation is significant. In streamwise direction, the gap between the first, second and third highest frequencies is progressively narrowed. The maximum pressure amplitude increases as waterjet develops, irrespective of the jet pressure and the nozzle diameter. High jet pressures lead to high microhardness of the target surface. Surface morphology serves as an indicator of the synthetic effect of jet impingement and cavitation. Erosion patterns associated with the three nozzles are considerably different; cavitation erosion intensity declines with the increase in the nozzle diameter.     

WATER HAMMER PRESSURE OF HYDRAULIC LIFTING PIPELINE IN DEEP-SEA MINING PILOT SYSTEM

深海采矿系统可能由于突然停泵、断电或机械故障等引起提升管道中流体速度瞬间变化, 导致管道内压力剧烈变化, 这种水击现象对管道破坏极大. 基于固液两相流体连续性原理和动量定理, 推导出含粗颗粒的固液两相流体管道水击压力的计算公式. 采用深海采矿中试系统参数, 模拟计算不同水体流速、不同流体浓度以及不同管径条件下的水击压力. 分析结果表明, 流速、体积浓度和管径是影响水击压力的重要因素, 其中, 流速影响最大. 研究结果可为深海采矿系统工程设计提供依据.     

High speed jet formation by impact acceleration method

This paper describes the generation of high-speed liquid jets by the impact acceleration method using a vertical two-stage light gas gun specially designed and constructed for this project at the Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research Laboratory, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University. Results of pressure measurements and double exposure holographic interferometric visualization and high speed video-recording of shadow graph images of waves propagating in a conically shaped container of liquid are included. In the experiments, an optical fiber pressure transducer of 0.1 mm in diameter and resonant frequency of 100 MHz was used for precise pressure measurements of waves in the container at 300 m/s projectile impacts. To verify the contribution of longitudinal and transversal waves created in metal containers, we used a 10.6 mm × 10.6 mm container of water with thick acrylic observation windows and quantitatively visualized waves by using double exposure holographic interferometry. We found that: (1) longitudinal and transversal waves did exist in the metal parts of the container and also in the acrylic observation windows; (2) before the nozzle flow started, these waves and their reflected waves coalesced with the main impact generated shock wave; (3) the primary jet was driven by pressures of 12.4 GPa caused by the 300 m/s projectile impingement; (4) successive shock reflections inside the container of liquid drove intermittent multiple liquid jets; (5) the contribution of released longitudinal and transversal waves to multiple jet formation is marginal; and (6) negative pressures detected with the optical fiber pressure transducer are attributable to impact flash and have no physical significance.      

碳／环氧层合板连接孔的损伤扩展特性

作者通过实验研究了碳纤维增强复合材料迭层板(CFRP)连接孔在温湿环境条件下的静强度和疲劳寿命,实验结果用图表和曲线加以描绘。对“失效”试件,利用“揭层技术”(Deply Tecnique),渗透剂增强的X射线图象法(TBE)以及扫描电镜方法(SEM)进行损伤检测分析,揭示了连接孔周围脱层和纤维断裂等损伤情况,对温湿条件下疲劳寿命降低等实验现象,在细观上进行损伤机理分析。本文并对各种损伤检测方法进行了比较。     

碎片云的毁伤潜力

提出了超高速碰撞研究的工程算法模型,并采用该模型来模拟弹丸超高速撞击薄板形成的碎片云对后靶的破坏毁伤情况,与超高速碰撞实验相比较,数值模拟结果与实验结果较为一致。采用的工程算法模型很好地描述了超高速碰撞现象,定性地给出了碎片云的毁伤潜力。     

An experimental investigation on impact response of laminated composite beams

Experiments based on a new technique were carried out to study the response of glass/epoxy laminated composite beams subjected to impact loading. A number of glass/epoxy composite beams with different fiber orientations, spans, thicknesses, and support conditions were impacted with an instrumented impact hammer and the responses were picked up using an accelerometer in conjunction with a spectrum analyzer. Free vibration test for some sample beams were also carried out to determine their fundamental frequencies.     

平面撞击对Ti6Al4V合金结构的影响

采用一级轻气炮对Ti6Al4V合金进行对称与非对称正碰撞冲击,回收冲击样品,并进行电镜扫描和X射线衍射分析。结果表明:随着冲击速度的增加,样品发生不同程度的变形,材料内部产生微裂纹并导致材料发生损伤,而损伤进一步促进了微裂纹的产生、扩展;由X射线分析结果可知,冲击使材料的晶面发育更加完整,并在材料冷却过程中出现一种亚稳态结构,在一定程度上可提高冲击韧性。 更多还原     

Analytical and Experimental Study of Pressure Dynamics in a Pulsed Water Jet Device

Pulsed high-velocity water jets are of interest for breaking rocks and other materials. This paper describes a straightforward way of generating single water pulse with a hammer impacting a piston that rests on top of a chamber filled with water. This impacting action pressurises the water, expelling it at high velocity through a nozzle. A theoretical investigation is outlined aimed at gaining a better understanding of this system for generating water pulses. A computational model is developed to simulate the pressure dynamics in the chamber based on continuity and momentum equations for a compressible viscous flow. This model is used to optimise the relative sizes of the hammer and piston as well as the height of the water column to produce the highest velocity water pulse. The model was validated by building an experimental apparatus. In these experiments maximum pressures of about 200 MPa were measured inside the chamber over a time period of about 560???s. This produced a water pulse with maximum velocity of 600 m/s. Experiments were conducted with nozzle diameters between about 1 mm and 4 mm to study the effect of discharge volume on the pressure history. The results illustrate that although the peak attainable pressure decreases with an increase in nozzle diameter, the duration of the elevated pressure remains similar for all nozzles.