斜波压缩下锡的相变和层裂行为

获取不同热力学路径下锡的动态响应实验数据,是深入研究其相变和损伤物理过程的基础.利用小型磁驱装置CQ-4完成了金属锡的斜波加载实验,获取了锡含有相变和层裂损伤物理信息的实验数据.实验结果显示,在加载段锡依次经历了弹塑性转变和β-γ相变两种物理过程,屈服强度约0.194 GPa,相变压力随着锡厚度的增加从7.54 GPa减小到7.14 GPa.在卸载段出现了明显的层裂损伤,层裂强度约1.1 GPa,与相同加载压力下冲击实验结果有巨大差异,层裂片厚度约0.38 mm.结合由锡的多相Helmholtz自由能计算的多相状态方程、Hayes相变动力学方程和损伤度理论,对斜波压缩实验过程进行一维流体动力学数值模拟,计算结果可以很好描述锡的弹塑性转变、相变和层裂三个物理过程.     

斜波压缩实验数据的正向Lagrange处理方法研究

提出了一种联合使用Lagrange方法和转换函数方法来处理斜波压缩实验数据的新途径,和传统的数据处理方法相比,该方法更适合处理材料的复杂力学响应并具有较好的精度,同时该方法使用过程中对样品材料参数的初猜值精度要求更低。分析了转换函数方法的可靠性和健壮性,讨论了转换函数和Lagrange方法联合在斜波压缩强度实验数据处理中的应用,获得了可靠的结果。     

固体材料高功率激光斜波压缩研究进展

利用高功率激光诱导的应力波对固体材料进行高应变率斜波压缩,是近年来快速发展的新型动高压实验技术。与传统加载手段不同,它可以在数ns时间内以极高的应变率(106~109 s-1)将薄样品平滑加载到数千万大气压,并仍然保持其固体状态。结合多种先进的诊断技术,可以测得样品材料的热力学、动力学参数和原位微观结构特性,是研究动高压物理、物态方程和高应变率动力学问题的先进途径。本文梳理了这种技术的发展历程,对其加载和诊断技术以及已取得的主要结果进行综述,并展望了其发展前景。     

弹性波斜入射声子晶体的传输特性

引入四维波矢的概念,推导出弹性波斜入射到多层介质系统的转移矩阵以及透射系数和反射系数公式.利用这些公式计算了横波和纵波斜入射一维声子晶体时横渡和纵波的透射系数,得出横波斜入射,透射波中的横波和纵波在一定频率范围内都会出现禁带,纵波斜入射时也有类似的结果.透射波中横波与纵波的相互转型随着入射角的增大而越加明显.     

弹塑性梁在轴向应力波下的动态屈曲

本文考虑轴向应力波效应，利用分叉理论研究各种支承半无限长弹塑性梁的动态屈曲问题。在轴向阶梯载荷和脉冲载荷冲击下得到了梁的临界屈曲载荷及初始屈曲模态。其结果与实验现象相一致。同时也为研究结构动态屈曲问题提供了有效途径。     

HMX粒度与爆轰波传播性能的关系研究

采用楔形装药,用临界截面厚度来表征爆轰波传播特性,分别对两种密度条件下HMX粒度对其自身和以HMX为主体的混合炸药HMX/F2641（wHMX/wF2641=95∶5）爆轰波传播性能的影响作了实验研究。结果表明:HMX粒度对爆轰波传播特性有显著的影响,随着HMX粒度的减小,临界截面厚度变小,即爆轰波传播性能增强;同一HMX粒度下, HMX/F2641爆轰波传播性能优于HMX;装药密度的增加有利于爆轰波传递。     

钢结构斜隅支撑体系弹塑性计算方法研究

钢结构斜隅支撑体系是一种新型结构体系。与一般的纯框架和中心支撑框架体系不同,该体系综合了延性好、抗侧移刚度大的特点。在遭遇罕遇地震荷载作用下,结构通过隅撑的弯曲屈服耗能,保证其他主要构件不受损伤,使得震后修复较为容易且费用较低。但此类结构复杂的非线性分析在一定程度上阻碍了其推广与应用。本文经过力学分析推导,结合有限元方法和塑性铰理论提出了一种简化计算分析模型。采用该模型,整个求解过程仅涉及少量的线性计算,不涉及迭代,可以有效地简化斜隅支撑结构在侧向荷载作用下的弹塑性受力分析。算例表明,该计算方法建模合理,运算速度快。同时,计算结果稳定、可靠,与有限元分析程序得出的结果具有较好的一致性。     

冲击压缩下玻璃等脆性材料中的失效波研究进展

较系统地回顾了近年来有关失效波的研究工作，简单介绍了研究方法和实验手段，评述了研究现状和发展趋势，最后总结了尚存的问题和作者的一些看法。     

低马赫数下斜爆轰波的结构

利用Euler方程和两步化学反应模型,对低马赫数入流时的驻定斜爆轰波进行了数值模拟,并重点研究了斜爆轰波的驻定过程和结构。数值结果显示,当入流马赫数较低时,即使其本身是附体的,在诱导区后侧的高压区的作用下,斜爆轰波也会从其起始位置向来流方向运动。在这种情况下,斜爆轰波会驻定在靠近斜面前缘的位置,诱导区的长度仅有1 mm左右。通过设置初始条件,让斜爆轰波在斜面前缘附近被触发,则其将一直维持在靠近斜面前缘的位置。     

多波前并行处理的弹塑性子结构并行有限元

研究一种基于ＰＶＭ的弹塑性子结构并行有限元法。利用多个波前,对各子结构并行地进行静凝聚。再采用预条件共轭梯度法（ＰＣＧ）并行求解界面方程。算例表明该方法能获得较好的并行加速比,同时也能有癣地节省内存量。     

Phase transition and dynamics of iron under ramp wave compression

The ramp wave compression experiments of iron with different thicknesses were performed on the magnetically driven ramp loading device CQ-4. Numerical simulations of this process were done with Hayes multi-phase equation of state (H-MEOS) and dynamic equations of phase transition. The calculated results of H-MEOS are in good agreement with those of shock phase transition, but are different from those under ramp wave compression. The reason for this is that the bulk modulus of the material in the Hayes model and the wave velocity are considered constant. Shock compression is a jump from the initial state to the final state, and the sound speed is related to the slope of the Rayleigh line. However, ramp compression is a continuous process, and the bulk modulus is no longer a constant but a function of pressure and temperature. Based on Murnaghan equation of state, the first-order correction of the bulk modulus on pressure in the Hayes model was carried out. The numerical results of the corrected H-MEOS agree well with those of pure iron in both ramp and shock compression phase transition experiments. The calculated results show that the relaxation time of iron is about 30 ns and the phase transition pressure is about 13 GPa. There are obvious differences between the isentropic and adiabatic process in terms of pressure–specific volume and temperature–pressure. The fluctuation of the sound speed after 13 GPa is caused by the phase transition.     

基于分子动力学模拟的单晶硅冲击压缩相变研究

晶体硅具有复杂的相变机制,在相图研究中受到广泛关注,其在动载荷下的变形机制是当前研究热点。为揭示晶体硅在强动加载下的变形和相变行为特征,基于分子动力学方法,采用平板冲击加载方式,模拟研究了单晶硅在初始环境温度为300 K时分别沿[001]、[110]和[111]晶向的不同强度下的冲击压缩行为,冲击粒子速度为0.3～3.2 km/s。研究发现,随着冲击粒子速度的增加,单晶硅剪切应力在逐渐增加后由于结构相变发生急剧下降,相变阈值和相变机制均呈现各向异性。其中,沿[001]晶向冲击压缩下观察到多种固-固相变以及固-液相变,并观察到与最新文献的实验高度一致的固-液共存现象。研究结果可为动加载下晶体硅的相变研究提供纳米尺度的结果支撑。     

Numerical study of rate-dependent strength behavior under ramp and shock wave loading

The main objective of the current study was to gain a detailed understanding on the rate-dependent strength behavior under ramp and shock wave loading. A forward, numerical-simulation-based cause and effect analysis was used to address the research objective. The apparent strength associated with shock and ramp wave loadings with different risetimes and shapes was investigated. It was shown that intrinsic material strength could vary with pressure, temperature, and deformation history, but the apparent strength, which was larger than the intrinsic strength, was a result of the interaction between the rate sensitivity of the strength and the rate of the external loading. The degree of interaction led to different levels of mechanical and thermal dissipations and their partition, which was manifested by different temperature, stress, and deformation histories.     

A95陶瓷材料的动态压缩测试研究

为了得到陶瓷材料有效的实验结果,必须采用多种改进措施(PulseShaper、高强度和高刚度垫块、直接测试试样应变以及使用较大长径比的试样)来满足SHPB装置所要求的基本假设条件。研究以A95陶瓷的测试为例,通过数值模拟分析证明:针对陶瓷材料改进的SHPB装置,可以得到陶瓷材料的有效压缩应力 应变曲线和压缩破坏强度。但是在分析材料的压缩破坏强度时,必须排除劈开破坏的干扰。数值模拟研究发现,压缩测试中出现的劈开破坏是由卸载过程中出现的局部横向(沿直径)拉伸造成的拉伸破坏。在修正了弥散对压缩破坏强度的影响后,研究得到了A95陶瓷的压缩破坏强度为3.5GPa。A95陶瓷的高应变率压缩应力 应变曲线显示了良好的线弹性,并且曲线的斜率与杨氏模量相同。     

初始空腔体积率对约束HMX基PBX-3炸药慢烤相变的影响

为了认识慢烤过程中初始空腔体积率对HMX基PBX-3炸药热致相变以及点火响应特性的影响,设计了小尺寸强约束慢烤实验装置。在相同温升速率下,开展了空腔体积率分别为1.0%、4.2%和13.8%的约束PBX-3炸药慢烤实验,获得了炸药内部不同位置以及约束壳体表面的温度演变历程,对炸药中HMX相变过程、初始空腔体积率对HMX相变影响的机制、HMX相变进程对点火反应温度的影响进行了详细分析。结果表明：初始空腔体积率越小,HMX相变吸热表现出的温度平台持续时间越短,点火时刻约束壳体表面的温度越高。分析认为初始空腔体积率越小,慢烤加热至HMX相变温度时刻,PBX-3炸药受到的热应力越大,延缓了慢烤过程中β-HMX转化为δ-HMX的相变进程;由于δ-HMX的热感度更高,慢烤实验过程中HMX的相变进程越慢,δ-HMX放热分解反应引起的热量积累越慢,炸药点火反应时刻约束壳体的温度越高。

     

The isotope effect of gaseous hydrogen under shock compression

The shock compression method has been used to measure the Hugoniot data and shock temperature for gaseous hydrogen samples, covering the pressure range of 55-140 MPa and the temperature range of 3400-4500 K and with the initial conditions of P ₀ = 0.6 MPa, 1.2 MPa and T ₀ at room temperature. Spectral radiance histories emitted from shocked D ₂ and H ₂ + D ₂ (equimolar mixture) are monitored by a pyrometer system with seven wavelength channels. Theoretical calculations based on the Saha model with Debye-Hückel correction for the shock compression behavior of shocked gaseous samples are in good agreement with the measured Hugoniot data, but show slightly higher values for the shock temperature when comparing with experiments. An isotope effect relevant to these shocked hydrogen species has been found in the linear shock velocity vs particle velocity relation, in which the correlation factor between these hydrogen isotopes or hydrogen mixtures is simply of initial density dependence.Received: 8 December 2002, Accepted: 8 May 2003, Published online: 2 September 2003PACS: 62.50 + p, 31.30.GS, 51.90. + r     

Reflection and transmission of a compression wave at a tunnel portal

Analyses are made of the interaction of the nonlinearly steepened, compression wavefront generated by a high-speed train in a tunnel with the tunnel portal ahead of the train. The ‘micro-pressure’ pulse emitted from the portal can rattle structures in nearby buildings, and the expansion wave reflected back towards the train can cause discomfort to passengers. It is concluded that the usual simplified approximation of one-dimensional propagation within the tunnel provides an adequate representation of interactions of the wave with the portal, and also with ‘windows’ in the tunnel wall near the portal. It is shown how a discrete distribution of windows can be used to produce a reflected expansion wave that varies linearly across the wavefront, and how the thickness of that wavefront can be made many times larger than the thickness of the incident compression wave profile. A detailed analysis of the wave radiated from the portal reveals that cumulative nonlinear effects of propagation over long distances make little or no contribution to the free-space radiation of the micro-pressure wave.