堆积层滑坡临滑预报的新判据

研究表明，仅用速率大小作为滑坡的临滑判剧是不充分的。笔者在分析新滩堆积层滑坡位移矢量角动态特征的基础上，提出了堆积层滑坡临滑预报的新判据。     

不可压缩流体平面流动分离的充分判据

本文研究了不可压缩流体平面流动的分离判据问题。得到了比文献[1]更为普遍的分离的充分判据,即定理一。文中指出,MRS判据,零涡判据,奇点判据以及文献[2]的判据在非定常流动中均不是充分的。     

滑坡预报模型的质量检验研究

 
滑坡预报模型主要用来预报滑坡发生的时间,但是如何检验效果是滑坡预报者和决策者面临的一个重要课题。本文通过提出滑坡拟合效果指标（包括后验差指标、模型拟合效率指数和均方根误差）和试预报效果指标（包括试报效果指标和相关系数指标）,初步建立了滑坡的预报质量检验模型。依据建立的检验模型,针对链子崖危岩体监测资料分别采用灰色GM（1, 1）数学模型、三次指数平滑模型和时间序列模型进行预报。预报结果表明：三种模型中,综合指标GM（1, 1）数值最高,建议该滑坡采用GM（1, 1）进行预报。通过模型的综合分析评判,不仅分析了模拟效果,而且直接比较了模型间的拟合效果,并为建立模拟效果好的模型提供了充分的依据,从而表明滑坡预报质量检验模型是一种有效、实用的方法。


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塑性应变与塑性应变率意义下的滑坡判据研究

本文在目前滑坡研究中滑坡判据没有统一标准的前提下, 提出了小变形条件下的统一滑坡判据, 并讨论了在数值模拟时不同方法的精度问题及应力间断线上重要的一些性质。对有限变形时塑性应变或塑性应变率作为滑坡判据的可能性作了进一步的分析。最后, 指出了目前滑坡研究中存在的最大缺陷及解决方法。     

关于滑坡预测预报方法的思考

滑坡是世界上十大自然灾害之一 ,容易造成极大的经济损失和人员伤亡 ,对社会危害很大。目前有关它的预测预报的效果还不甚理想。滑坡灾害的诱发因素包括自然因素和人为因素 ,而人为因素主要与人类工程活动有关 ;在一定的地质地形条件下 ,自然诱发因素则主要是降雨 ,特别是暴雨。通过对滑坡预测预报方法的哲学思考 ,作者认为今后应该加强“由天预报地” ,即以降雨预报结果来推测区域滑坡发生的概率方法的研究。将该方法与单点滑坡的监测预报法结合起来 ,可望进一步提高滑坡预测预报的水平     

基于GIS的滑坡综合预测预报信息系统

由于滑坡的复杂性、随机性和不确定性,加之目前的滑坡灾害预测预报理论研究还存在局限性,大大增加了滑坡预报的难度。本文针对目前滑坡预测预报研究中的不足,提出了滑坡综合预测预报信息系统,并对该系统的结构、功能和内容等进行了详尽地设计和开发。滑坡综合预测预报信息系统以G IS为平台,利用智能决策支持系统的理论和方法将以监测资料为依据的滑坡定量预报与以专家经验知识为依据的滑坡定性预报有机结合起来,做到了各取所长,优势互补,实现了滑坡的综合预测预报,提高了滑坡的预报水平。运用该系统不仅可以判断滑坡体的变形破坏机制、目前的稳定性状况和破坏概率,而且可以对滑坡体的变形演化阶段以及滑动时间作出预测预报,从而给滑坡现场工程师的综合判断和决策提供了重要的参考和有关科学依据的实用化工具。     

分离点附近流线的性状及分离判据

本文研究了分离点附近流线的性状,并在此基础上对二维不可压缩定常、非定常流动的分离判据作了讨论。指出对过分离点有两条零“线的分离流动,MRS判据是必要的。在边界层方程描述的流动中,分离点一般是Goldstein奇点,MRS判据和奇点判据一般是等价的。但对NS方程所描述的流动,分离点不是奇点,奇点判据是不适宜的。     

岩质滑坡的时间预报与水力启动模型

摘  要  岩质滑坡发生时间的适时超前预报是一个世界性难题,之所以长期不得其解,主要是缺乏对滑坡成生机理的明晰认识和未建立正确的量化模型。本文根据我国长江三峡工程库岸和西南山区积累的大量滑坡实例调查资料并参考国外的一些研究成果,排除了地形控制论与地层控制论观点,阐明了滑坡形成的必要条件是斜坡具有易滑结构;滑坡发生的充分条件是有一定强度的诱发因素作用。故而诱发因素的动态变化对滑坡发生的时间具决定意义。
鉴于地下水诱发的岩质滑坡分布最广,为建立正确的水力启动模型,本文归纳了近代典型岩质滑坡的主要特征：（1）滑面是导水性差异最大的贯通面;（2）滑体长度大而厚度小,长厚比多在20左右;（3）滑坡前缘段先启动;（4）临滑前在前缘段有渗水、冒水或喷水现象;（5）出水宽度之和远小于前缘段总宽度。根据这些特征和水力学、水文地质学的成熟理论指出jennings（1970）等人提出的岩质斜坡稳定性模型存在下列问题：（1）未表明贯通面上岩体重力分布状况;（2）空隙水压力的分布特征与前述滑坡现象和水力学原理相悖;（3）未考虑通水率问题。然后,本文按顺向坡中的易滑超倾坡和椅状坡两个类型建立了斜坡稳定性模型和滑坡水力启动临界值（基本）计算公式。提出潜滑面的综合内摩擦角和通水率的确定方法：（1）滑坡反算;（2）对无水压滑坡滑面倾角和渗水边坡通水率进行观测统计;（3）剪切试验和简易水文地质试验;（4）物探方法。
本文还讨论了新模型的实用意义和应用范围,并对解决这类复杂地质灾害问题的研究途径发表了作者的认识,强调了积累经验的重要性。     

一个新的运动稳定性判据

1.引言运动稳定性的判据有很多种,例如Routh-Hurwitz准则、Nyquist准则、谢绪恺判据等。不过,这些判据都需要知道线性系统的特征多项式,而由线性方程组的系数矩阵计算特征多项式需要大量的计算工作。李森林给出了一个利用系数矩阵判别系统稳定的充分条件,使用这个条件需要计算n个n-1阶行列式和一个n阶行列式。由于这个条件仅仅是充分的,因此,当计算结果满足这个条件时是能说明问题的;如果不满足这一条件,计算结果便毫无用处。尽管如此,在参考文献[4]中仍认为此法“比用其他方法来判定要简单得多(尤其当n很大时),所以在实际工作中可     

挠性联结双陀螺体永久转动的稳定性和分叉

本文讨论无力挠性联结双陀螺体永久转动的稳定性。在确定条件正在存亡不久转动轴位置偏离重合的陀螺体对称轴的分叉现象。应用能量衰减法分析此非线性系统，导出正常状态永久转动的解析形式稳定性判据，对几种特殊情形，证明正常状态永久转动的不稳定条件同时也是分叉存在的充分条件。     

轴向扩散不可压饱和多孔弹性梁的拟静态弯曲

建立了横观各向同性不可压饱和多孔弹性梁拟静态弯曲的数学模型,并给出了一般的求解方法。作为例子,研究了端部不同渗透条件对梁中点承受突加常集中载荷作用的饱和多孔悬臂梁拟静态弯曲的影响,给出了挠度和孔隙流体压力等效力偶沿梁轴线的分布以及随时间的响应曲线。结果表面:端部渗透条件对饱和多孔弹性梁的弯曲行为有显著的影响,梁的弯曲挠度既可随时间单调递增、亦可单调递减,其性态依赖于梁端部的渗透条件。同时发现不同于经典单相弹性梁,由于孔隙流体压力的作用,不承受载荷作用的梁段亦发生弯曲,并且Man-del-Cryer效应亦存在于不可压饱和多孔弹性梁的拟静态响应中,这些结果有助于揭示传热管道、植物根茎等力学行为的机理。     

曲棍球运动物理性质的实验测定

本文对曲棍球运动中一些物理性质进行了实验测定,并给出了结果.主要包括有棍的质量、重心、转动惯量和撞击中心(即击球区和握棍区的关系问题),球的质量和直径,以及棍和球碰撞时的恢复系数等.这对今后曲棍球运动的深入研究,提供了定量的基础.另外在处理实验数据方面提出了一些适合于实际情况的修正公式.     

Stabilization of Unstable Limit Cycles in Systems with Limited Controllability: Expanding the Basin of Convergence of OGY-Type Controllers

The underlying geometric structure of the standard OGY control scheme is analyzed. Some of the main mechanisms that under certain conditions lead to failure of the control algorithm are revealed. The limited controllability available in a system is investigated and it is shown that it may lead to serious problems that will significantly enlarge the state space region of failure of the standard OGY controller. A minimal distance algorithm is analyzed and shown to be, for some problems, more advantageous than the standard OGY technique. Nevertheless, for a broad category of problems, the minimal distance scheme is also shown to fail. As a solution for these problems, two new techniques are proposed: the penalized minimal distance and the multi-step OGY-type scheme. The standard OGY and minimal distance algorithms are particular cases of the new techniques proposed. Finally, we give a necessary condition that estimates the region of controllability under the multi-step OGY-type control. We demonstrate a significantly improved basin of convergence for the new multi-step OGY-type algorithm.     

海洋平台水动力系数识别及精度分析

论文利用新动态模型减缩方法对海洋平台结构进行自由度减缩,利用简化后的模型对水动力系数进行反演,改善了反演模型中解的不确定性,并对载荷反演中的病态问题进行了探讨,同时给出了反演结果的评估方法,为反演中测量数据的获取提供了依据,提高了反演结果的可靠性.     

用三线摆测定物体对非质心轴的转动惯量

对三线摆的线性近似模型和转动惯量计算公式的由来作了简要说明. 分析了三线摆扭振系统 质心偏移对转动惯量测试的影响，给出了扭振系统质心与三线摆中心轴对齐的判别准则和用 三线摆测定物体对非质心轴转动惯量的工程实用方法. 通过工程实例说明了该方法的有效性 与可靠性. 最后讨论了提高转动惯量实测精度的几项具体措施.     

Structural Change in Living Tissues

Tissues change in many ways in the period that they are part of a living organism. Tissues are created in fairly repeatable structural patterns, and the patterns are due to both the genes and the (mechanical) environment, but we do not know exactly what part or percentage of a particular pattern to consider the genes, or the environment, responsible for. We do not know much about the beginning of tissue construction (morphogenesis) and also the methods of tissue construction. When the tissue structure is altered to accommodate a new loading, it is not known how the decision is made for the structural reconstruction. We know that tissues grow or reconstruct themselves without ceasing to continue with their structural function, but we do not understand the processes that permit them to accomplish this. Tissues change their structures to altered mechanical environments, but we are not sure how. Tissues heal themselves and we understand little of the structural mechanics of the process. With the objective of describing the interesting unsolved mechanics problems associated with these biological processes, some aspects of the formation, growth and adaptation of living tissues are reviewed. Beyond the objective is the hope that the work will stimulate new ideas and new observations in developmental biology. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stress concentration in the moment theory of elasticity

A multimoment theory of elasticity of inhomogeneous media is used to develop algorithms for determining a sequence of essentially independent fundamental parameters associated with the structure, composition, and characteristics of the medium components. The general form of stress concentration factors is established by analyzing specific models of media. It is found that the mean tangential stresses in a fibrous medium with a transverse stress state are asymmetric. As an example, the methods are used to solve specific problems for plates and shells __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 66–76, January 2007.     

Dissipative effects of an isolated bubble in water on the sound wave

ＤＩＳＳＩＰＡＴＩＶＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＡＮＩＳＯＬＡＴＥＤＢＵＢＢＬＥＩＮＷＡＴＥＲＯＮＴＨＥＳＯＵＮＤＷＡＶＥＨｕｎａｇＪｉｎｇ－ｑｕａｎ（黄景泉）ＬｉＦｕ－ｘｉｎ（李福新）（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｘ...     

一端弹性支撑的串列双柱和并列双柱在气流中自由端的振幅响应

本文研究了一端弹性支撑的并列双柱和串列双圆柱在气流中自由端的振幅响应，与单圆柱相比，在小间距时，串列双圆柱中前柱的横向振幅受到较强的激励。而在大间距时，振幅受到抑制，特别当Ｌ／Ｄ＝３．５和４．０时，其振幅响应仅为单柱的１／３左右，而对于后柱，则在大间距时，纵向振幅响应有所增大，而且后柱的振幅响应要比前柱的大得多，而并列双圆柱的自由端振幅基本上受到抑制，在Ｔ／Ｄ＞３．０之后，干扰很快减小到接近单个圆     

A conservative and shape-preserving semi-Lagrangian method for the solution of the shallow water equations

Semi-Lagrangian methods are now perhaps the most widely researched algorithms in connection with atmospheric flow simulation codes. In order to investigate their applicability to hydraulic problems, cubic Hermite polynomials are used as the interpolant technique. The main advantage of such an approach is the use of information from only two points. The derivatives are calculated and limited so as to produce a shape-preserving solution. The lack of conservation of semi-Lagrangian methods, however, is widely regarded as a serious disadvantage for hydraulic studies, where non-linear problems in which shocks may develop are often encountered. In this work we describe how to make the scheme conservative using an FCT approach. The method proposed does not guarantee an unconditional shock-capturing ability but is able to correctly reproduce the discontinuous flows common in open channel simulation without any shock-fitting algorithm. It is a cheap way to improve existing 1D semi-Lagrangian codes and allows stable calculations beyond the usual CFL limits. A basic semi-Lagrangian method is presented that provides excellent results for a linear problem: the new techniques allow us to tackle non-linear cases without unduly degrading the accuracy for the simpler problems. Two one-dimensional hydraulic problems are used as test cases, water hammer and dam break. In the latter case, because of the non-linearity, special care is needed with the low-order solution and we show the advantages of using Leveque's large-time step version of Roe's scheme for this purpose.