Experimental Study of the Impact and Penetration of A Cone in Frozen Sand

A reverse experiment technique is used along with the technology of measuring rods to study the impact and penetration of a steel conical body in frozen sandy soil. This paper presents the dependences of maximum values of the force of resistance of cones with base diameters of 10.0, 12.0, and 19.8 mm to penetration into sand on the impact velocity in the range of values 100–400 m/s. The numerical solution of the problem in an axisymmetric formulation with the use of the “Dinamika-2” software package is used to show the effect of waves reflected from the walls of the container on the contact force. A comparative analysis of the forces of resistance to penetration of the shocker into compacted dry, water-saturated, and frozen sandy soils is carried out.     

Experimental-theoretical study of the penetration of rigid projectiles and identification of soil properties

The parameters of the Grigoryan soil model are determined using an experimental-computational method previously proposed and the results of reversed experiments on penetration of projectiles with flat and hemispherical heads at impact velocities of 50–450 m/sec in sandy soil. It is shown that the quasistationary dependences of the resistance force on impact velocity obtained in the reversed experiment can be used to solve problems of deep penetration of projectile in soil with an error not exceeding the measurement error.     

椭圆截面弹体侵彻砂浆靶规律分析

为研究椭圆截面弹体侵彻混凝土靶规律,基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论,建立椭圆截面弹体侵彻受力模型,计算典型椭圆截面弹体阻力规律和侵彻砂浆靶深度。在此基础上,采用弹道炮发射平台,开展相同质量和长度的2种典型椭圆截面弹体及圆截面弹体垂直侵彻半无限砂浆靶实验。结果表明:理论模型能够反映椭圆截面弹体受力情况,并与实验研究结果吻合较好;椭圆截面弹体长短轴参数的改变对侵彻性能影响较为显著。     

卵形头部刚性弹侵彻厚靶的半解析模型

基于确定靶体中速度势和速度场的方法分析刚性卵形头部弹体对有限厚靶的侵彻问题。推导了靶体中速度场与应力场的计算方法,利用据此编制的计算程序,计算了卵形头部钢弹体对铝靶的侵彻与穿透问题,给出了侵彻深度与剩余速度同初始碰撞速度的关系。结果表明,在对实验参数不经过任何调整的情况下,得到了同试验曲线相吻合的结果。可以看出该方法的有效性。     

Numerical study on the resistance of rigid projectiles penetrating into semi-infinite concrete targets

A study on the resistance of rigid projectiles penetrating into semi-infinite concrete targets is performed in this paper. Experimental data are analyzed to examine the penetration resistance during various stages of the penetration process. A numerical tool using AUTODYN hydrocode is applied in the study. The numerical results on both deceleration-time history and depth of penetration of projectiles are in good agreement with experimental data, which demonstrate the feasibility of the numerical model in these conditions. Based on the numerical model with a two-staged pre-drilled hole, the rigid projectile penetration in tunneling stage is studied for concrete targets with different strengths in a wide range of impact velocities. The results show that the penetration in tunnel stage can be divided into two different cases in terms of initial impact velocity. In the first case, when the impact velocity is approximately less than 600 m/s, the deceleration depends on initial impact velocity. In the second case, when the impact velocity is greater than 600 m/s, the effect of target inertia becomes apparent, which agrees with commonly used concrete penetration resistance equations based on cavity expansion model.

Graphic abstract

A two-staged pre-drilled hole model was developed and the results show that the depth of entrance stage tends to decrease with the increase of impact velocity. The influence of the inertial term at low velocity range (approximately close to 600 m/s) is inconspicuous. With further increase of the penetration velocity, the effect of the target inertia becomes apparent as proposed by Forrestal. The effect of mass abrasion of projectiles, entrance phase and strain effect of concrete materials on the tendency of deceleration was clarified.

     

椭圆截面弹体斜侵彻金属靶体弹道研究

为研究椭圆截面弹体对半无限金属靶体的侵彻弹道规律,基于14.5 mm弹道枪平台,开展了椭圆截面弹体在0°～20°倾角、850～950 m/s撞击速度下对2A12铝合金的斜侵彻试验。基于空腔膨胀理论及局部相互作用模型,建立了椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道模型,并结合试验数据验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,进一步分析了椭圆截面弹体长短轴之比、绕弹轴旋转角度、弹体撞击速度对侵彻弹道的影响规律。弹体长短轴之比为1.0时,弹体退化为尖卵形圆截面弹体,且椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道稳定性随长短轴之比的增大而变弱,最优长短轴之比为1.0,即尖卵形圆截面弹体。椭圆截面弹体绕弹轴旋转一定角度后,侵彻弹道在平面曲线与空间曲线之间变化,当旋转角度为0°、90°时,侵彻弹道为二维平面弹道,当旋转角度在0°～90°之间时,侵彻弹道为三维空间弹道。当弹体撞击速度由800 m/s提升至1000 m/s时,椭圆截面弹体姿态角增量由18.6°降至17.8°。     

Q235钢板对半球形头弹抗侵彻特性

利用轻气炮进行了半球形头杆弹正撞击单层板和等厚接触式三层板的实验, 得到了这两种结构靶体的初始-剩余速度曲线以及弹道极限。采用ABAQUS/EXPLICIT数值模拟软件对杆弹撞击金属板的过程进行了数值模拟研究, 通过对比数值模拟和实验结果, 验证了数值模拟材料模型和参数的有效性。研究了靶体结构对抗侵彻特性的影响, 并分析了弹体对靶体的撞击过程。研究结果表明:多层板的弹道极限高于等厚单层板。单层板主要失效模式为剪切, 而多层板的主要失效模式为整体的蝶形变形和局部的盘式隆起。对于多层板, 靶板具体的失效模式与其在靶中位置相关。     

异型头部弹体增强侵彻性能机理研究

为了了解理想刚性弹丸的高速/超高速动能侵彻中弹体头部形状对侵彻能力的影响,在空腔膨胀理论基础上,基于双卵形异型头部设计,分析了头部形状系数与双卵形特征参数的依赖关系,得到了不同异型头部弹体对侵彻性能的影响规律,提出了具有较小侵彻阻力的异型头部侵彻体设计方案。与不同头部侵彻实验结果对比表明,本文的分析方法合理可行,可为高速侵彻体头部形状设计提供参考。     

弹体超高速侵彻石灰岩靶体地冲击的数值模拟研究

为探究超高速动能武器的对地破坏效应及其影响因素,采用数值模拟方法对弹体超高速侵彻的地冲击规律进行了研究。首先,基于石灰岩静动态力学性能实验数据对材料模型参数进行了标定,并对已有弹体大范围着速侵彻石灰岩靶体进行了模拟,验证了所采用材料模型和数值模拟方法的合理性。随后,开展了钨合金长杆弹超高速侵彻石灰岩靶体的数值模拟,细致分析了地冲击传播的现象和机理:弹体超高速侵彻靶体时,弹靶交界面处会产生瞬时高压,并以应力波的形式在靶体中传播,对靶体内部造成破坏,且当弹体初速度高于3.0 km/s时,地冲击显著增强。最后,进一步研究了不同弹靶参数对地冲击的影响,发现从相对深度来看,弹体参数（弹体长径比、密度）对地冲击规律影响不大;而靶体特征特别是孔隙率对地冲击传播具有较大影响。     

弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土靶试验研究

为研究结构弹体对钢筋混凝土靶的高速侵彻破坏效应,利用口径35 mm弹道炮开展了1 030～1 520 m/s速度范围内的高速侵彻试验,获得了弹体的撞击速度、破坏形态、剩余长度、剩余质量和靶体中的侵彻深度及成坑尺寸等试验数据,分析了侵彻深度和侵彻机理随速度的变化关系。结果表明:在1 030～1 390 m/s的速度范围内,弹体头部磨蚀,磨蚀程度随侵彻速度增加而加剧,侵彻深度随撞击速度近似线性增大;撞击速度在1 390～1 480 m/s范围内,弹体头部严重磨蚀,侵彻深度随撞击速度增加而减小;撞击速度大于1 480 m/s后,弹体严重破碎,侵彻深度急剧下降。针对结构弹体高速侵彻过程中的破坏特点,将侵彻速度划分为刚体侵彻区、准刚体侵彻区、侵蚀体侵彻区和破碎体侵彻区,可为钻地弹结构设计提供参考。     

弹丸垂直侵彻钢筋混凝土介质的工程解析模型

在球形空腔膨胀模型的基础上,计入了弹丸直接与钢筋发生碰撞的侵彻阻力,建立了弹丸垂直侵彻钢筋混凝土介质的工程分析模型。与单一空腔膨胀模型和试验数据进行对比,表明了模型的有效性和实用性。并利用此模型分析了配筋直径及网眼尺寸对弹丸侵彻深度的影响。     

Deconvolution‐based nonlinear filtering for incompressible flows at moderately large Reynolds numbers

We consider a Leray model with a deconvolution‐based indicator function for the simulation of incompressible fluid flow at moderately large Reynolds number (in the range of a few thousands) with under‐resolved meshes. For the implementation of the model, we adopt a three‐step algorithm called evolve–filter–relax that requires (i) the solution of a Navier–Stokes problem, (ii) the solution of a Stokes‐like problem to filter the Navier–Stokes velocity field, and (iii) a final relaxation step. We take advantage of a reformulation of the evolve–filter–relax algorithm as an operator‐splitting method to analyze the impact of the filter on the final solution versus a direct simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. In addition, we provide some direction for tuning the parameters involved in the model based on physical and numerical arguments. Our approach is validated against experimental data for fluid flow in an idealized medical device (consisting of a conical convergent, a narrow throat, and a sudden expansion, as recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration). Numerical results are in good quantitative agreement with the measured axial components of the velocity and pressures for two different flow rates corresponding to turbulent regimes, even for meshes with a mesh size more than 40 times larger than the smallest turbulent scale. After several numerical experiments, we perform a preliminary sensitivity analysis of the computed solution to the parameters involved in the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

异型截面长杆弹侵彻半无限厚金属靶板实验研究

为了研究截面形状对长杆弹侵彻半无限金属靶板的最终侵彻深度的影响规律,开展了截面形状为圆形、三角形、正方形、十字形的等截面积的长杆弹侵彻半无限厚靶板的实验研究。实验分为两组,分别为长径比为8、弹芯材料为93钨合金的长杆弹侵彻装甲钢靶板实验以及长径比为15、弹芯材料为45钢的长杆弹垂直侵彻45钢靶板实验。实验后得到不同截面形状、不同长径比、不同弹靶材料的长杆弹在不同着靶速度下的侵彻深度。结果表明:三种异型截面长杆弹的侵彻能力均高于相同工况下的圆形截面长杆弹,且其中十字形截面长杆弹侵彻能力最优,正方形截面次之。通过对实验结果的宏观分析,得到三种异型截面长杆弹的截面形状对长杆弹侵彻半无限靶板侵彻威力的影响规律以及侵彻机理的宏观表现。     

弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土的工程解析模型

既考虑了弹丸侵彻过程中受到的动阻力与静阻力,又考虑了弹丸与钢筋发生碰撞时钢筋对弹丸的直接阻力,提出了弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土的工程解析模型。不同初速下弹丸的侵彻深度、侵彻过程中弹丸的位移、速度和负加速度时间历程的计算结果与测试数据符合很好,弹丸过载在12 000g~15 000g之间。该解析模型能够较真实的描述弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土过程中的运动状态,并且该模型能够分析配筋结构、配筋尺寸、网眼尺寸对侵彻深度和侵彻过程的影响。     

尖头碎片撞击小尺寸储罐的模拟实验

化工园区内,容器爆炸事故易引发多米诺效应,产生的碎片击中临近目标设备或装置可能造成事故后果升级。通过开展尖头碎片撞击小尺寸储罐模拟实验,得到了不同轴向撞击角的尖头碎片撞击不同壁厚小尺寸储罐的穿透形貌、穿透能量以及穿孔直径。结果表明:（1）尖头碎片以0°轴向撞击角穿透罐壁形成的穿孔正面近似圆形,以15°、30°及45°轴向撞击角撞击形成的穿孔正面近似椭圆形且有2个条形翻边,穿孔背面均呈现花瓣型开裂;（2）轴向撞击角越大,壁厚越大,所需的穿透能量越大;（3）轴向撞击角与壁厚对穿孔轴向直径影响显著,但穿孔环向直径变化幅度不大。最后,根据穿甲力学理论和动量守恒定理,推导出适用于0°~45°轴向撞击角的尖头碎片剩余速度理论计算公式。     

考虑尺寸效应的典型钻地弹侵彻混凝土深度分析

准确评估精确制导武器的侵彻深度可为防护工程设计提供重要参考。已有研究工作大多集中于中、小口径弹体和普通强度混凝土靶体,且由于尺寸效应的影响使得现有计算方法对预测大口径典型钻地弹侵彻深度的适用性值得商榷。首先,综合分析了已有弹体侵彻试验数据,发现引起侵彻深度尺寸效应的主要原因是混凝土粗骨料粒径未随弹体尺寸进行同比缩放;其次,开展了5发100.0和203.0 mm口径缩比钻地弹侵彻C40和C100混凝土的试验和数值模拟分析,提出并验证了大口径弹体侵彻混凝土深度的实用化有限元计算方法;然后,确定了美军5种典型钻地弹在不同侵彻速度（100~600 m/s）下对上述2种强度混凝土靶体的侵彻深度,并对现有7种计算公式的适用性进行了评估;最后,基于已有大量试验数据拟合确定了侵彻深度随混凝土强度的衰减规律,并计算得到340 m/s侵彻速度下5种典型钻地弹对C40~C200混凝土的侵彻深度。     

On the deep penetration and plate perforation by rigid projectiles

We present results of a large number of 2D numerical simulations in which we investigated various aspects in the deep penetration of rigid short projectiles into semi-infinite targets, as well as their perforation through thin metallic plates. In particular, we analyze the effect of the entrance phase on the penetration characteristics of short ogive and spherical nosed projectiles. The second issue which we investigate here concerns the perforation of metallic plates by sharp nosed projectiles. Our simulation results show that a simple model, which is based on energy conservation, accounts for the residual velocities when the target is penetrated by the ductile hole enlargement process. In addition, we define a new concept, the effective resisting stress which the plate exerts on the projectile during perforation. We show that it has some valuable insights for the process of perforation and we perform a parametric study to understand its dependence on various parameters. This effective stress, which determines the ballistic limit velocity of the projectile, depends on the strength of the plate, as well as on its thickness, as we show here.     

截卵形弹水平入水的速度衰减及空泡扩展特性

用轻气炮设备对截卵形弹进行了速度在100~150 m/s的水平入水实验,利用高速相机记录了整个入水过程,获取了截卵形弹体在水中运动的速度衰减规律,并对平头弹、卵形弹及截卵形入水弹道稳定性及速度衰减规律进行了对比,对截卵形弹体入水形成的空泡扩展行为进行了理论研究,建立了关于空泡扩展的理论模型,得到了固定位置和固定时间处空泡扩展半径、速度分别与时间和侵彻距离的关系,实验数据与理论计算吻合很好。     

弹体高速入水特性实验研究

进行了速度在35～160 m/s的平头、卵形和截卵形弹体入水实验,利用高速相机记录了弹体入水和空泡扩展的详细过程,得到了3种弹体在入水初期的水中弹道轨迹和空泡形状,并比较分析了弹体头部形状对入水弹道稳定性的影响.结果表明,平头弹体在水中飞行有良好的弹道稳定性,截卵形弹体往往由于受力不均衡在入水后期发生偏转,卵形弹体则在...     

Method of calculating the resistance force upon an impact on a composite target

A kinematically possible velocity field allowing calculation of all the necessary integrals in quadratures and obtaining an analytical solution for the resistance force induced by impactor penetration into the target is constructed. The Saint-Venant model of a rigid-plastic body and the theorem on the upper bound of the limit load are used in solving the problem. The essence of the method applied is using the equilibrium equation in the form of the Lagrange equation. The kinematically possible velocity field allows obtaining an upper bound of the limit load, i.e., estimating the resistance force to impactor penetration.