金沙江中游凝灰岩强度参数综合识别研究

凝灰岩是一种典型的分布不规律、易崩解、难取样火山碎屑岩,其强度参数难以准确评估。本文依托华丽高速公路金沙江特大桥工程,判定丽江岸为反倾坡,为陡倾结构面或卸荷裂隙带剪入、缓倾结构面剪出组合滑移模式,破坏规模有限;华坪岸为顺层坡,为陡倾结构面或卸荷裂隙带剪入、凝灰岩层主滑、缓倾结构面剪出组合滑移模式,破坏规模较大。T3和T2凝灰岩软弱层为关键层,其强度参数对岸坡稳定性影响很大。针对此种情况提出了经验、试验、数值反分析相结合综合识别凝灰岩强度参数的方法。利用这种方法,在工程岩体分级标准GBT50218-2014、水利水电岩石力学参数手册、室内外试验、数值反分析的基础上,综合确定了凝灰岩带泥化参数为内摩擦角24°、粘聚力50k Pa、泥化率60%;凝灰岩层内摩擦角29°、粘聚力90k Pa,在工程经验取值的范围之内;玄武岩内摩擦角36°、粘聚力600k Pa,在水利水电工程岩石力学手册推荐值范围之内;IV陡倾结构面强度参数内摩擦角35°、粘聚力150k Pa,符合一般结构面试验经验值。经计算复核,埋深浅、局部分布的T3凝灰岩主滑模式下安全系数为1.65~2.15;埋深大、分布连续的T2凝灰岩主滑的安全系数为1.32~1.67,T2主控下的安全系数要比局部分布T3情况小约0.33~0.48,平均降低约21%。虽然T2主控下的最不利工况安全系数也大于1.30,但是在实际施工和运行过程中仍需关注T2凝灰岩层可能形成的深大滑移问题。类似和临近工程可参考该凝灰岩强度参数或强度参数综合识别方法。     

缓倾外层状结构边坡变形破坏模式及支护对策研究

高速公路开挖形成越来越多的工程边坡。缓倾外层状结构边坡作为一种典型的岩质边坡,一般情况下整体稳定性较好,但在特定的结构面组合状况下,开挖后也可能产生整体变形破坏。本文以软弱结构面和长大裂隙发育的公路工程边坡为例,通过岩体结构及边坡一定范围内已有边坡破坏现象的调查研究,采用工程地质类比和三维离散元法综合分析边坡变形破坏模式,并针对变形破坏模式的特点,提出支护对策。研究结果表明,结构面贯通坡体形成切割块体的后缘和侧缘边界时,缓倾外层状结构边坡可沿层面产生滑移-拉裂变形,若滑面与临空面具有一定夹角,边坡的变形可表现为旋转式滑移-拉裂;结构面组合控制的缓倾外层状结构岩质边坡稳定性受坡体中下部的关键块体控制,一旦关键块体失稳,将引起上部块体的连锁失稳,此类边坡变形控制的重点是对关键块体分布区域进行强支护;支护工程实施后的变形监测结果表明,基于变形破坏模式分析的边坡支护方案保证了边坡施工和运营过程中的安全。     

一种机械结构结合面动力学参数识别方法

机械结构结合面刚度和阻尼的确定是对结构进行动态分析和优化设计的关键问题之一。本文提出一种结合面动力学参数识别方法。该方法通过实测结构少量几个点上的振型和传递函数确定结合面参数。它不要求预先建立结构各部件的解析模型,也不需要实测整个结构完整的动态信息,因此适用于复杂结构结合面动力学参数的识别。文章阐明了结合面参数的识别原理,并讨论了如何消除实验误差对识别结果的影响。用本文方法识别了一台钻床的结合面参数,得到了令人满意的结果。     

锦屏一级水电站引渠内侧自然边坡的稳定性

层状岩体顺层滑动但却存在反倾的后缘结构面的边坡稳定性研究尚未见到具体讨论。本文采用了数值模拟方法对锦屏一级水电站引渠内侧边坡的稳定性进行了分析,通过结构面参数折减法,求得该边坡稳定性系数为1.191,后端岩体对前端不稳定体不存在推力。通过数值分析方法和极限平衡法对结构面相关参数的敏感性进行了分析对比,对比表明采用参数折减法的数值分析方法结果可靠。本文为类似复杂岩体边坡稳定性判定提供参考。     

边坡倾倒变形的形成机制与影响因素分析

本文从边坡倾倒的变形特点出发,分析了倾倒变形的力学机制。在此基础上研究了结构面间距及力学参数对变形的影响。通过含有结构面的岩体的应力,位移以及屈服区的分布特点,讨论了反倾边坡的稳定性问题。     

裂隙岩体渗透系数确定方法研究

裂隙岩体渗透系数以及渗透主方向的确定对研究岩体渗透性大小及各向异性具有重要意义。高放废物地质处置库介质岩体的渗透性能将直接影响其使用安全性。本文运用离散裂隙网络模拟的方法对我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区3#钻孔附近裂隙岩体进行了渗透性质分析。通过对3#钻孔1715～1780m段压水试验数据的反演,标定了离散裂隙网络渗流模型中的裂隙渗透参数(导水系数T)。利用标定的离散裂隙网络模型对场区裂隙岩体进行了渗流模拟,确定了该区域裂隙岩体的渗流表征单元体(REV)的尺寸大小以及渗透主值和主渗透方向。运用离散裂隙网络模型计算得出的渗透主值的几何均值与现场压水试验计算结果较接近,证明了计算结果的有效性。     

危岩稳定性分析方法

通过试验建立了同时考虑危岩主控结构面贯通率和防治工程安全等级的危岩主控结构面抗剪强度参数贯通率法;按照出现频率,将作用在危岩体上的荷载拟定为三种荷载组合(工况).认为处于特大型水利工程区或高频率强烈地震区的一级防治工程,应将设计荷载组合调整为"自重+裂隙水压力(暴雨状态)+地震力";基于极限平衡理论详细推导了滑塌式危岩、倾倒式危岩和坠落式危岩在不同荷载组合下的稳定系数计算方法,结合稳定性评价标准,系统建立了危岩稳定性分析方法.应用这种危岩主控结构面抗剪强度参数贯通率法确定的c、ψ值比规范推荐的长度加权方法随机性要小,经2001～2007年现场观测验证计算结果是比较符合实际情况的.     

岩体结构面非线性弹性-塑性软化本构模型研究

在总结评述现有岩体结构面本构模型的基础上,将非线性弹性模型和弹塑性模型结合起来,并采用起伏角磨损演化方程来定量描述结构面的磨损软化,建立了岩体结构面非线性弹性-塑性软化本构模型.利用新建立的模型对岩体结构面直剪试验进行了预测,模型预测结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了模型的有效性和模拟能力.该模型概念清晰,参数易于确定,能够合理描述岩体结构面的非线性变形、塑性软化、弹塑性耦合、剪胀和磨损等主要力学特性.     

反分析法与室内试验法确定岩质边坡结构面抗剪强度对比研究——以西柏坡纪念馆不稳定斜坡为例

岩质边坡结构面抗剪强度是分析边坡稳定性的重要参数。反分析法是视滑坡将要滑动而尚未滑动的瞬间为极限平衡状态,求解滑动面抗剪强度的一种方法,相对于室内实验和原位测试具有成本低的特点,但其普适性较差,对反分析法的应用条件进行研究对该方法在边坡工程中的准确应用具有重要意义。本文用反分析和室内试验两种方法确定西柏坡纪念馆不稳定斜坡结构面抗剪强度,发现对于单滑动面岩质顺层滑坡,直接采用滑坡断面进行反分析获得的结构面抗剪强度与室内试验结果相近,可用于评价同一结构面边坡的稳定性。     

改进的六步相移法确定等倾角与等差线相位

光弹性应力分析是一种重要的实验方法,确定等倾线参数和等差线参数是光弹法的关键。常用的六步相移法可以自动确定等倾线和等差线参数,但在求解等倾角时,由于不能避免等倾线相位图中耦合等差线的影响,会造成误差。针对这个问题,本文提出优化方案--多次载荷-六步相移法,实现在等倾线相位图求解中消除等差线的影响。通过处理对称受压圆盘在不同载荷、不同光场下得到的光弹图像,实现光弹性等倾线和等差线的自动判读,验证了所提方法的可行性。     

三峡工程坝址花岗岩体缓倾角结构面成因综合研究

本文对长江三峡工程坝址花岗岩体中缓倾角结构面成因进行了全面的综合研究。从野外地质调查人手,在大量野外勘测的基础上进行宏观分析,同时辅之以扫描电镜、透射电镜、包体温度测定等方法进行微观构造组构、差异应力等的研究。在地质力学宏观分析的基础上,利用地质力学物理模拟进行相似条件下的反演,并利用非线性有限元数值模拟进行验证。同类研究在国内外均未见先例,可为同类工程研究借鉴。     

煤层倾角与覆岩变形破裂分带

地下采煤中三带(冒落带、裂隙带、弯曲带)高度的判断是预测采空引起地表变形破坏程度的依据。在诸多的影响因素中, 煤层倾角是控制“三带”高度的最主要因素。建立在实测统计基础上的经验范围值用于“三带”高度的判断带有一定的人为性。急倾斜煤层中冒落带和裂隙带高度随煤层倾角变化的规律已被褐示[7].通过弹塑性岩石材料的非线性有限元模拟, 本文提出了利用应力重分布图判断中、缓倾角煤层采空区覆岩“三带”高度的方法, 并应用于实际工程。     

Relative Permeability Estimation for Rich Gas-Condensate Reservoirs

This study addresses relative permeability prediction from well test data for low permeability, rich gas-condensate systems. Characteristic of these systems are high velocities and large pressure gradients within the near wellbore region. Within this region the relative permeabilties are rate sensitive and non-Darcy effects can be important. This study combines both the non-linear (in velocity) terms into a single effective relative permeability term. Effective relative permeabilities are estimated through non-linear regression with both synthetic and field data. Results show that a two-parameter simplified correlation is adequate for representing effective relative permeability. These parameters can be obtained by matching well test data. Mechanical skin was needed to match field data considered in this study. Non-Darcy effects can decrease the flowing bottom-hole pressures by about 480 kPa in high rate gas-condensate well tests. A well test design is proposed from which gas and condensate relative permeabilities can be estimated.     

Investigation of the porous drag and permeability at the porous-fluid interface: Influence of the filtering parameters on Darcy closure

The porous-fluid interface encompasses a region bridging the flow inside a porous medium and a free-flowing fluid. In the context of volume-averaged simulations, it can be described by a set of gradually changing parameters defining the porous medium, mainly porosity and permeability. In this paper, both the permeability and the porous-induced drag force are evaluated a-priori, by explicitly filtering a set of Particle-Resolved Simulations (PRS) of the flow in the channel partially occupied by the porous medium. Different porous matrices are considered and the influence of the geometry and filtering parameters on the macroscopic quantities is studied. Especially, the focus is placed on the requirements for the kernel type and size to perform filtering accurately, and their impact on the distribution of permeability at the interface. The performance of the typically used models for the permeability is compared to the explicitly filtered results. Lastly, a new model for permeability and the drag force is introduced, taking into account the information about the filtering size and non-uniformity of the velocity field. The model greatly improves the prediction of velocity at the porous-fluid interface and serves as a proof of concept that a successful porous drag model should strive to include information about both parameters.     

Numerical Simulations of Flows in a Heterogeneous Porous Medium

Numerical simulations are employed to investigate the fluid flow and pressure loss in a heterogeneous block within a composite porous medium. The mean permeability of the heterogeneous block is seen to affect the overall effective flux significantly. The heterogeneous parameters of the permeability field, such as the correlation length and variance, affect it quite differently. Because of the channelling effects, the effective flux depends strongly on the realization of the permeability for larger correlation length. Under a specific permeability field, higher effective flux results from smaller variances. The influences of the inertial factor are found to be insignificant within the range of practical interests.     

Mixed convection flow over a vertical wedge embedded in a highly porous medium

 The steady mixed convection flow over a vertical wedge with a magnetic field embedded in a porous medium has been investigated. The effects of the permeability of the medium, surface mass transfer and viscous dissipation on the flow and temperature fields have been included in the analysis. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations governing the flow field have been solved numerically using the Keller box method. The skin friction and heat transfer are found to increase with the parameters characterizing the permeability of the medium, buoyancy force, magnetic field and pressure gradient. However the effect of the permeability and magnetic field on the heat transfer is very small. The heat transfer increases with the Prandtl number, but the skin friction decreases. The buoyancy force which assists the forced convection flow causes an overshoot in the velocity profiles. Both the skin friction and heat transfer increase with suction and the effect of injection is just the reverse. Received on 21 May 1999     

3D Morphology and Permeability of Highly Porous Cellulosic Fibrous Material

Fibrous materials are structures whose complexity depends on the size and geometry of the fibres and on their arrangement induced by the manufacturing process. We interest here in the permeability for air of wood-based fibrous materials with high porosity on which experimental measurements are difficult to be implemented without structural modifications. In this study, we show the usefulness of 3D X-ray tomography imaging in both experimental and numerical permeability measurements. Image analysis tools derived from mathematical morphology are used to access quantitative structural parameters of the interconnected pores (porosities, pore size distributions and correlation lengths), as well as needed information on the experimental samples (cross-section area and length). A specific experimental setup and methodology is proposed to assess the permeability derived from Darcy’s law. Results are then compared to direct numerical simulation of Stokes flow carried out on 3D representative volumes of the fibrous materials.     

Three-Dimensional Characterization of Permeability at the Core Scale

In this article, we introduce an integrated method for characterizing permeability heterogeneity at the core scale. It combines the results of laboratory core flooding with already-developed field scale history matching techniques such as gradual deformation and pilot points. Prior to any experiment, X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging techniques are used to obtain three-dimensional porosity distribution in cores. The samples are submitted to viscous, miscible displacement of water by water–glycerin mixture. The dynamic data collected during injection are the time variations in inlet–outlet pressure drop and three-dimensional CT-scan concentration maps of invading fluid collected at successive times. We develop an inversion or matching process which takes advantage of the available data to characterize the spatial distribution of permeability heterogeneities within core samples. Permeability is assumed to be related to porosity. This matching process involves two successive optimizations. First, an initial permeability guess derived from porosity is modified by varying deterministic parameters until the corresponding simulated pressure answer fits the measured pressure drop. Second, an extended optimization process with both deterministic and stochastic parameters is run to match pressure drop and concentration data. This methodology is applied to a synthetic example for which the permeability–porosity relation is known. It yields a three-dimensional permeability model reproducing the reference pressure and concentration maps. The methodology is also applied to experimental data. In this case, it provides three-dimensional permeability models leading to an improved, but perfectible data match. A major difficulty is the unknown relationship between permeability and porosity.     

高强混凝土热-力响应的断裂相场分析方法研究

高强混凝土(High-Strength Concrete, HSC)的力学性能受温度影响较大,尤其在高温环境下性能衰退剧烈,因此在结构分析中宜采用随温度变化的材料性能参数．断裂相场方法基于Griffith变分断裂准则,无需复杂的裂纹拓展追踪技术便可处理多裂纹的问题,可方便地模拟裂纹的萌生、扩展、分岔及汇合过程．本文采用适宜进行结构断裂分析的断裂相场方法,基于能量泛函变分原理,将温度对混凝土材料弹性模量及断裂能的影响引入断裂相场分析方法中,用于高强混凝土高温环境下的强度和破坏分析．以高温作用下高强混凝土梁三点弯曲试验为算例,进行方法验证,通过与实测结果对比,证实了算法的有效性．     

Permeability Tensor for Heterogeneous Porous Medium of Fibre Type

A theoretical model which allows us to determine the permeability of a fibrous porous medium is proposed. Fibres are assumed to be parallel and nonuniform in space and material with a low volume fraction of fibres is considered. The model includes two geometric parameters: the diameter of fibres and the diameter of caverns or fissures inside the bundle of fibres. The tensor of permeability of the porous medium is determined based upon a generalized cell model. The components of permeability tensor depend on two parameters which are determined using experimental data and least-squares approximation. The influence of the geometric parameters on components of permeability tensor is discussed.