利用多层阻抗梯度飞片产生准等熵压缩的理论解析

基于冲击波理论对多层阻抗梯度飞片击靶过程波系的相互作用做了理论分析，计算表明在多层阻抗梯度飞片的撞击下，样品的压缩线是一组通过不同初始状态点的冲击压缩线的连线, 它位于冲击压缩(hugoniot)线与等熵压缩线之间. 所以通过飞片层数的设计,可获得介于冲击压缩线与等熵线之间的任意状态点,这就为以后偏冲击压缩(off-hugoniot)状态方程的实验研究提供了理论参考. 实验测量的样品/窗口界面速度与理论计算的一致性支持上述结论的可靠性与准确性. 关键词： 准等熵压缩 多层阻抗梯度飞片 理论解析     

Fast imaging of the laser-blow-off plume driven shock wave: Dependence on the mass and density of the ambient gas

A systemic investigation of expansion dynamics of plasma plume, produced by laser-blow-off of LiF–C thin film has been done with emphasis on the formation of shock wave and their dependence on the pressure and nature of the ambient gas. The present results demonstrate that highly directional plume produces a strong shock wave in comparison to shock produced by the diverging plume. Shock-velocity, strength and its structure are strongly dependent on ambient environment; maximum shock velocity is observed in helium whereas shock strength is highest in argon environment. The role of chemically reactive processes was not observed in the present case as the plume structure is almost similar in argon and oxygen.     

Deformation of a bubble formed by coalescence of cavitation inclusions and shock wave inside it at strong expansion and compression

Dynamics of a cavitation bubble is considered at its strong expansion and subsequent compression. The bubble is formed by merging of two identical spherical cavitation microcavities in the pressure antinode of the intensive ultrasonic standing wave in the half-wave phase with negative pressure. Deformations of bubble and deformations of radially converging shock waves occurring therein at bubble compression are studied depending on the size of microcavities forming the bubble. It is found that compression of the medium in the bubble by the converging shock wave is kept close to the spherical one only in the case, when the radius of merging microcavities is 1800 times smaller than the radius of the bubble formed by merging at the time of its maximal expansion.     

The role of energy density and acoustic cavitation in shock wave lithotripsy

Today a high percentage of urinary stones are successfully treated by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL); however, misconceptions regarding fragmentation mechanisms, as well as treatment parameters like dose, applied energy and focal area are still common. A main stone comminution mechanism during SWL is acoustic cavitation. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of cavitation and energy density on stone fragmentation. A research lithotripter was used to expose a large set of artificial kidney stones to shock waves varying different parameters. Hundreds of pressure records were used to calculate the energy density of the lithotripter at different settings. Results indicate that energy density is a crucial parameter and that better SWL treatment outcomes could be obtained placing the calculus at a prefocal position.     

Temperature profile at the front of a shock wave propagating in a vibrationally excited stationary nonequilibrium gas

The variation of the temperature profile in a shock wave propagating in a vibrationally excited gas is studied as a function of the wave velocity and the degree of nonequilibrium of the gas.     

Effects of density profile and multi-species target on laser-heated thermal-pressure-driven shock wave acceleration

The shock wave acceleration of ions driven by laser-heated thermal pressure is studied through one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation and analysis. The generation of high-energy mono-energetic protons in recent experiments （D. Haberberger et al., 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 95） is attributed to the use of exponentially decaying density profile of the plasma target. It does not only keep the shock velocity stable but also suppresses the normal target normal sheath acceleration. The effects of target composition are also examined, where a similar collective velocity of all ion species is demonstrated. The results also give some reference to future experiments of producing energetic heavy ions.     

Fabrication and testing of the recoil mass spectrometer at Bombay Pelletron

A recoil mass spectrometer (RMS) has been designed, fabricated and installed at the 15° S beam-line of the Pelletron at TIFR. The RMS consists of a quadrupole doublet just after the target chamber followed by an ‘electrostatic deflector’, a magnetic dipole and a second electrostatic deflector. The recoils produced in the ¹²C + ⁵⁸Ni reaction using 60 MeV ¹²C beam were focussed with the help of electric and magnetic fields and detected in a strip detector placed at the focal plane of the RMS. Further testing of the spectrometer to obtain mass resolution and efficiency are in progress.     

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator (QWR) and an elliptical cavity. Compared to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation. The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.     

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator （QWR） and an elliptical cavity. Compared to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation. The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.     

Thermal conductivity of indium at high pressures and temperatures under shock compression

The results of investigations of the electrical and thermal conductivity of indium in the pressure range up to 27 GPa and at temperatures up to 1000 K are presented. In this pressure range, the electrical resistance of indium samples is measured under multishock compression. The equation of state constructed for indium is used to calculate the evolution of the thermodynamic parameters of indium in shock wave experiments; then, the dependences of the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity coefficient on the volume and temperature are determined. It is demonstrated that, in the pressure and temperature ranges under investigation, the thermal conductivity coefficient of indium does not depend on temperature and its threefold increase is caused only by the change in the volume under compression.     

Continuum approach to phonon gas and shape changes of second sound via shock waves theory

Summary A continuum approach, based on the principles of modern extended thermodynamics, describing the model of a phonon gas is performed. The main difference with the ideal phonon gas theory consists in the presence of athermal inertia. We apply the shock wave theory and discuss the selection rules for physical shocks (theLax conditions and theentropy growth). In this way the existence of two new kinds of shocks (hot andcold shocks) in rigid heat conductors at low temperature is pointed out. In particular a critical temperature, characteristic of each material, changing the structure of the previous types of shocks is analytically deduced. This characteristic temperature permits also to explain the modification of the received second sound wave form with respect to the initial wave profile. Finally, the results are applied to the case of high-purity crystals (NaF, Bi,³He and⁴He) and compared with experimental results.     

Influence of electric and magnetic fields on the shock wave configuration at the diffuser inlet

The possibility is investigated of influencing the shock wave configuration in a xenon plasma flow at the inlet of a supersonic diffuser by applying electric and magnetic fields. Flow patterns resulting from interaction of the plasma with external fields in the entire diffusor volume and its different sections are compared. The patterns are obtained by the Schlieren method using two recording regimes: individual frames or a succession of frames. The study focuses on the normal shock wave formation process under strong MHD interaction over the whole diffuser volume. Basic factors affecting the plasma flow velocity in the diffuser under externally applied fields are compared, namely, the ponderomotive force and the Joule heating of the gas by the electric field, which decelerate the supersonic flow, and the heat removal to the external electric circuit producing the opposite effect. It has been shown that the external fields are most effective if applied to the inlet part of the diffuser, while the flow in the diffuser section, where there is a large density of dissipative structures, is not readily responsive to external factors. It is suggested that the measure of response can be estimated by the energy that goes to the shock wave formation as a result of the flow interaction with the diffuser walls.     

Omega phase of zirconium: Formation under shock wave compressin and stability at atmospheric pressure

Abstract

The structure of Zr after shock compression in the 8–32 GPa range at initial tempertures 290 K and 90 K has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. ω-phase fraction vs. peak pressure and crystallographic relationship between α- and ω-phases have been obtained. A dilatometric study of Zr samples containing ω-phase has been performed.     

Shock wave similarity invariants. I. Convergence laws of spherical and cylindrical shock waves in a constant-density gas

Using the similarity and dimensional methods, dimensionless similarity invariants of shock wave similarity are determined, using which convergence laws of strong spherical and cylindrical shock waves in a constant-density gas are determined.     

Chiral magnetic wave at finite baryon density and the electric quadrupole moment of the quark-gluon plasma

The chiral magnetic wave is a gapless collective excitation of quark-gluon plasma in the presence of an external magnetic field that stems from the interplay of chiral magnetic and chiral separation effects; it is composed of the waves of the electric and chiral charge densities coupled by the axial anomaly. We consider a chiral magnetic wave at finite baryon density and find that it induces the electric quadrupole moment of the quark-gluon plasma produced in heavy ion collisions: the "poles" of the produced fireball (pointing outside of the reaction plane) acquire additional positive electric charge, and the "equator" acquires additional negative charge. We point out that this electric quadrupole deformation lifts the degeneracy between the elliptic flows of positive and negative pions leading to v(2)(π(+))相似文献   

Possible version of the compression degradation of the thermonuclear indirect-irradiation targets at the national ignition facility and a reason for the failure of ignition

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics - The main parameters of compression of a target and tendencies at change in the irradiation conditions are determined by analyzing the published...     

Formation of two-dimensional electron gas at AlGaN/GaN heterostructure and the derivation of its sheet density expression

Models for calculating the sheet densities of two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG) induced by spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in Al GaN/GaN,Al GaN/Al N/GaN,and GaN/Al GaN/GaN heterostructures are provided.The detailed derivation process of the expression of 2DEG sheet density is given.A longstanding confusion in a very widely cited formula is pointed out and its correct expression is analyzed in detail.     

Solvable lattice gas models of random heteropolymers at finite density: II. Dynamics and transitions to compact states

The European Physical Journal E - In this paper we analyse both the dynamics and the high density physics of the infinite dimensional lattice gas model for random heteropolymers recently introduced...